NCE 4 Lesson Notes part A (yanlong li)

[TOC]

L1 Finding fossil man

## words

• recount /rɪˈkaʊnt/ v. 叙述, 讲述

  • recount / relate / report sth. to sb. 讲述给某人听

    • → She recounted the events of the previous week to the police.
    • → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
    • → (NCE4-28 P166-L20) History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did.

  • tell sb. (about) sth.

    • → (NCE3-16 P74-L9) After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb.

  • 近义词

    • narrate v. 按照时间的顺序来记叙

      • narrative n. 记叙文

    • account n. 账户 v. 解释

      • account for … 占多大的比例

        • → Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population. 美国黑人占到了美国总人口的 12%

      • account for … 解释原因

        • → The gene they discovered doesn’t account for all those cases.

  • 形似词

    • discount n. 打折
      • → Members get a 20% discount.

• saga n. 长篇英雄传说 (叙事文)

  • saga: a prose narrative recorded in lceland in the Middle Ages. It’s written about the Vikings of Norway and lceland. (本意)

    • prose n. 散文
      • prose narrative 叙事散文
    • Middle Ages early = Dark Ages
      • Middle Ages (476 A.D. 西罗马帝国灭亡 到 1453 A.D. 东罗马帝国的覆灭)

  • 近义词

    • epic n. 长篇的英雄诗歌 (史诗)

      • the Iliad (伊利亚特(特洛伊的战争) - 荷马史诗)
      • Paradise Lost (失乐园)

    • legend n. 传说, 传奇 (更侧重民间传说, 野史)

      • → The legend of Robin Hood
      • → Robin Hood is a legendary hero.
        • legendary adj. 传说中的, 传奇的

    • myth / mythology n. 神话

      • myth 表示 神话故事 是可数的
      • mythology 表示 神话题材, 不可数
      • Greek myths / mythology

• migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. 迁移, 移居 (和国境无关)

  • migrate v. 迁移, 移居 (指人和动物皆可, 并且不分国境)
  • migration n. 迁徙的行为
  • migrant n. 迁徙的人, 迁徙的动物
  • immigrate n. 移民 (和国境线有关, 只指人)
  • immigration n. 移民进来的行为
  • immigrant n. 移民的人
    • illegal / permanet immigrants 非法移民 / 永久移民
  • emigrate from v. 从某个国家移民出去
    • immigrate to 移民进某个国家
    • → Europeans emigrating from their homelands after World War II were encouraged to immigrate to Australia.
  • emigration n. 移民出去的行为
  • emigrant n. 移民出去的人

• anthropologist /ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒɪst/ n. 人类学家

  • anthropology n. 人类学
  • "anthrop- ” = man
    • anthropoid n. 类人的
      • → Gorillas, chimpanzees and gibbons are all anthropoid apes.
        • gorilla 大猩猩
        • chimpanzee 黑猩猩
        • gibbon 长臂猿
        • ape 猿, 猴子
    • anthropogenic adv. 由人类导致地
      • → The pending extinction of some species are caused by anthropogenic factors, directly or indirectly.
        • extinction n. 灭绝
          • pending extinction 逐渐灭绝
        • species n. 种类
        • factor n. 因素
        • directly / indirectly adv. 直接地/ 间接地
    • philanthropist n. 慈善家 (爱人类的人)
      • “phil" = love
        • philosopher
          • soph = wisdom 智慧
  • “(o)logy" =to study
    • biology 生物学
      • bio = life
    • geology 地质学
      • geo = earth
    • psychology 心理学
      • psych- = 心理 , 精神
    • physiology 生理学

• archaeologist 考古学家

  • archaeology 考古学
  • archaic- = 古代的

• ancestor /ˈænsestər/ n. 祖先

  • an(=ante 前面) + ces(to go) + tor (person) 走在前面的人

  • → Yandi and Huangdi are the legendary ancestors of the Chinese nation.

  • 完美同义词

    • forefather n. 祖先

      • fore- 前面

    • forebear n. 祖先

      • bear > born 出生

  • descendant n. 后代

    • → He is a direct descendant of Confucius. 他是孔子的直系后代
    • 同义词

      • offspring n. 人的后代, 动物的幼崽 (单复数同行)

        • → the conflict between parents and their offspring

      • posterity n. [U] 子孙后代

        • → These works of art are preserved for posterity.

• rot /rɑːt/ v. 腐烂

  • → Too much candy will rot your teeth / make your teeth rot.

  • rot away 烂光了, 烂没了

  • rotten adj. 腐烂的

    • → One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel. 一个烂苹果 糟蹋了一大桶

  • 同义词

    • decay v. 腐烂
      • → Too much candy will decay your teeth / make your teeth decay.
      • → Each civilization is born, it culminates, and it decays.
        • culminate v. 达到鼎盛, 达到巅峰

## text 1

• find: discover

  • discover 首次作出重大发现

• fossil man: ancient man; prehistoric man

  • prehistoric 史前的

• 选题目的时候, 最好选短的词

  • 鼓励

    • encourage
    • spur n. 马刺; 激励

  • 静止

    • prohibit / forbid
    • ban

  • 竞争

    • compete v. 竞争,
    • vie v. 争; 竞争

  • 提名

    • nominate
    • name

• find 和 fossil 压了头韵

  • alliteration 头韵
    • 头韵 在题目中很常见
    • Finding fossil man
    • Spare that spider
    • Matterhorn man
    • The sporting spirit
    • Pride and Prejudice
    • Prince and Pauper
    • World Wide Watch
    • A Delicious Dish A Day
    • Beauty and the beast

• → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.

  • of 表示 关于

    • read of

    • speak of / talk of

    • hear of / learn of / know of

    • think of

    • dream of

    • 培根的系列文章标题

      • Of Truth 论真理 (of 表示关于 = about)
      • Of Death 论死亡
      • Of love
      • Of Envy 论妒忌

    • Of Human Bondage 论人性的枷锁(威廉毛姆)

  • 英语简单句中, 一般的语序是 事件-地点-时间, 中文 通常是 时间-地点-事件

    • → I saw him at the party yesterday.
    • → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people tirst learn to write.
      • 为了避免头重脚轻的现象, 所以改变了语序, 把 事件放到了最后面
      • 很多长难句读不懂是因为语序发生了改变 (重要的原因之一)

        • → (NCE4-4 P23-L1) Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colors with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls.

          • 这个 of people 是 修饰 cases 的

        • → (NCE4-5 P29-L14) He maybe conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders — as if mere age were a reason for respect.

        • 考研真题

          • 英译汉

            • → What is an intellectual? I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic wav about moral problems.
              • electe vt. 选择; 选举
              • Socratic 苏格拉底
              • → What is an intellectual? I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.
              • moral adj. 道德上的
              • pleasure n. 愉悦

          • 阅读

            • → As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.
              • → As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

  • The Near East (西亚和北非)

  • 形式上的定语从句

    • → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.

      • = → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. (原因状语从句)

    • 书面语中有一半以上的定语从句不是定语从句的功能

    • 定语从句 相对简洁

    • → (NCE4-13 P76-L12) We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.

      • = → We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, because it wastes oil and gas.

    • → (NCE3-32 P150-L1) The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.

      • = → The small ship, Elkor, after she had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.

    • 通常这种形式上的定语从句 修饰前面 紧紧挨着的 名词

    • → (NCE3-22 P110-L19) Much to the aristocrat’s amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.

      • = → Much to the aristocrat’s amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter and he proceeded to read it to the prisoner.

    • → I have to be very careful not to offend the boss, who could fire me at any time.

      • = → Ihave to be very careful not to offend the boss, because he could fire me at any time.

    • → The action, which has aroused universal disapproval, is nevertheless the only solution.

      • = → The action, although it has aroused universal disapproval, is nevertheless the only solution.

    • 汉译英

      • 造句：最近几年大批农民工 (migrant workers from the countryside)涌入大城市,因为他们在那里可以找到不错的工作并且养活家人。
        • → The past few years witnessed the great influx of migrant workers from the countryside to big cities, where they could secure decert jobs and support their families.

## text 2

• There be 句型的变化

  • There seem/appear to be …. 似乎有
  • There used to be … 以前有
  • There happen to be … 碰巧有
  • There is / are going to be … 即将要有
  • There be 句型的 更高级的用法
    • 造句：有越来越多的人对英语有兴趣。
      • → There are more and more people who are interested in English. (不佳, 在书面语中显得罗嗦)
      • 无灵主语 /物称主语 (inanimate subject)
        • → There is growing interest in English. (地道又简洁)
      • 表达效果相同的情况下, 用字越少, 水平越高
    • 造句：人们普遍同意妇女应该享有和男人完全的平等。
      • → People generally agree that women should enjoy full equality with men. (不佳)
      • → There is general agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men. (物做主语)
    • 造句：现在世界上依然有部分地区人们还吃不饱肚子(cannot satisfy one’s hunger).
      • → There are some parts of the world where even now people cannot satisty their hunger.

• → The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as … handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.

  • 名词唯一性的词来 限定的时候, 通常后面的从句用 that 而不用 which

  • preserve v. 保护, 保存 (keep something in good condition )

    • preserve historical records

    • preserve food / one’s eyesight

    • conserve v. 保存, 保护 (让数量不减少)

      • conserve natural resources
      • conserve wildlife

    • reserve v. 保护, 保存 (为了未来使用)

      • reserve one’s energy 保存体力
      • → I reserve the right to disagree. 保留持不同意见的权利
      • reserve a table for 2 预订一个二人桌

    • 六级真题

      • → The old building is in a good state of ___ except for the wooden floors. (CET6)
        • (A)observation (B)preservation (C)conservation (D)reservation
          • observation n. 观察, 观测; 某人发表的评论

  • 动词不定式做表语时,若前面出现了实义动词 “do” ,则常去掉 “to”

    • → All I have to do is dream. 只有寻梦去

      • all i have to do 我所要做的

    • → The best thing you can do now is write her an apology.

    • → (NCE3-60 P268-L14) The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they aarrived just when we wanted them.

    • → All I wanted was to help him

  • hand sth. down: pass sth. from older people to younger ones 传承下去, 代代相传

    • → The recipe was handed down from an ancestor of the family.
      • recipt n. 菜谱, 烹饪法; 秘诀, 诀窍
      • ancestor n. 祖先

  • story-teller 讲故事的人

    • tell stories 讲故事
    • fortune-teller 算命的人
      • tell one’s fortune

• → These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.

• → Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.

  • wonder v. 想知道, 好奇
  • peoples 一定是表示民族, people 本身就表示人的复数了
  • remote ancestor 远祖
    • 远亲 a distant relative
    • 近亲 a close / near relative

## text 3

• → But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten.

  • the first people who were like ourselves 的替换

    • fossil man
    • people who lived long ago
    • the first ‘modern men’
    • ancient men

  • … the first people like ourselves … = the first people who were like ourselves ….

    • 这里用介词 like, 做后置定语, 修饰 first people

    • 如果关系代词做定语从句主语, 关系代词和后面的 be 动词可以省略

    • be similar to …. 用形容词表达像

      • = … the first people who were similar to ourselves ..
      • = … the first people similar to ourselves ..

    • resemble 用动词表示像

      • = .. the first people who resembled ourselves . .
      • 如果不用定语从句, 那么可以用非谓语动词
        • = … the first people resembling ourselves …

    • bear a resemblance to … 用名词表示像 (较难)

      • = …. the first people who bore a resemblance to ourselves. …
      • 不使用 定语从句, 用非谓语动词
        • = … the first people bearing a resemblance to ourselves …

    • 自己精读的时候, 要考虑这个表达还能怎么说

    • → Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not. In some schools they have abolished failing grades; they’ ll give you as many times as you want to get the right answer. This doesn’t bear the slightest resemblance to anything in real life.

  • if 除了表示条件状语从句, 也可以表示让步状语从句, 表示即使

    • → God’s reasons, if He has any, are opaque to us. 神的理由, 即使他有的话, 我们也是无法理解的

      • opaque adj. 难以理解的; 不透明的
      • He 的 H 大写, 表示对上帝的尊重

    • GRE 范文

      • → There is every likelihood that the costs of the monitoring system, such as the purchase, maintenance and updates of software, employment of extra personnel in charge of it, will offset or even outweigh additional revenue, if there is any.

    • → His descendants, if any, never left the island

    • if ever 做条件状语

      • → He is seldom, if ever, absent from work. 他, 即使有过的话, 也很少缺勤

## text 4

• however 然而

• shape v. 使塑形 n. 形状

  • → He shaped the clay into a vase.
  • → Like it or not, our experiences shape our personalities.
  • 当代大量使用来自来自名词的动词, 它会比较形象

    • → He thundered at the door. 他用力在砸门

    • → The street was veiled in darkness. 街道笼罩在黑暗之中

      • veil 头巾

    • → A gust of wind whipped the dust along the road. 一阵风卷起了路边的灰尘

      • whip n. 鞭子 v. 抽打

    • → Honey, I forgot to duck.

      • duck n. 鸭子 v. 躲闪

• 形容词后面加不定式 = 不定式 it is 形容词 的用法

  • easier to shape = to shape it is easier

• may / might have done 备不住, 有可能 ….. (对过去的一种肯定的推测, 但把握不太大)

  • must have done 对过去 的把握大 的肯定推测
  • cannot / could not have done 对过去的把握大的否定推测
  • should / ought to have done 责备的语气(也有可能是自责), 责备为何过去该做的事情没有完成
  • should not / ought not to have done 责备的语气, 责备为何过去不该做的事情为什么做了
  • would have done 多用于虚拟语气
  • 练习题

    • 1

      • — She looks very happy. She ___ have passed the exam.
      • — I guess so. lt’s not difficult at all.
        • (A) should (B) could (C) must (D)might

    • 2

      • — I can’t find my purse anywhere.

        • purse n. 女士的小手包

      • — You ___ have lost it while shopping.

        • (A) may (B) can (C) should (D)would

    • 3

      • — I’m sorry. I ___ at you the other day.
      • — Forget it . I was a bit out of control myself
        • (A) shouldn’t shout (B) shouldn’t have shouted (C) mustn’t shout (D)mustn’t have shouted

    • 4

      • The policeman declared that the blow on the victim’s head ___ from behind.
        • declare v. 宣称
        • (A) should have been made (B)must have been made (C) would have been made (D) ought to have been made

• skin n. 皮肤(人皮), 兽皮 (无毛)

  • hide n. 专指 兽皮 (无毛)
  • fur n. 裘皮, 皮草
  • feather n. 羽毛

    • fur and feather 飞禽走兽 (借代修辞)

    • fin , fur and feather 天上飞的 , 地上跑的, 还有水里游的

      • fin n. 鱼鳍, 鱼翅

    • metonymy 借代修辞

      • → A bald slipped out of the house. 一个秃子(秃头的人)出去了

      • → He has been messing around with several skirts of his class.

        • messing around 鬼混
        • skirt n. 裙子 (这里指的是女孩)

      • → The crown should not yield to the cross. 王权不应该屈服于神权

        • yield v 屈服于

        • crown 王冠

          • crowd n. 人群

        • cross n. 十字架 (神权)

• rotted away 烂光了

• → Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

  • decay = rott 腐烂

  • so 在这里做副词, so = therefore adv. 所以, and 在这里引导并列句

  • when 在这里是特殊用法, 不是引导时间状语从句, 在这里表示’尽管’, 类似于 though, 这种用法下不放句首, 有时候也会翻译成’既然'

    • 类似的用法
      • → He walks when he might take a taxi. 他在走路, 尽管他可以选择打车
      • → Why do you walk when you have a car? 既然你有车, 为什么你走路呢?

  • disappeared without trace 消失的无影无踪

    • disappear / vanish without trace
      • → The burglar slipped out of the house and then disappeared / vanished without trace.
        • burglar n. 入室小偷, 梁上君子

• 这篇文章的语篇模式叫做 Problem-Solution Pattern 问题-解决 模式

  • 整个过程就是不断产生新的问题, 然后找到解决方案, 推进文章

L2 Spare that spider

## words

• census /ˈsensəs/ n. 对数量的统计, 普查
  • the fifth national (population) census 第五次国家人口普查
  • road traffic census 道路交通调查
  • 其他也表示调查的词, 不过可能对象不一样
    • investigation v. 调查 (事故, 案件)
      • → The case is under investigation. 这个案件正在 调查当中
        • 习惯用 under, 表示处于调查中
      • → The investigation into the cause of the air crash is continuing. 对于这起 坠机事件的调查正在持续中
        • 对于….的调查, 习惯用 into
    • inquest v. 调查 (对死因)
      • → an inquest into the death of the actor 一个对于这个演员死因的调查
    • survey / poll / opinion poll v. /n. 民意调查
      • ~ find / show / indicate / reveal ….
      • → (NCE3-47 P216-L19) The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike.
    • inquiry / enquiry (意思和读音相同, 只是两种拼写) v. 调查
      • on the spot / official / sampling inquiry 现场调查 / 官方调查 / 采样调查
• content /ˈkɑːntent/ adj.满足的, 满意的 (只能当表语用, 不能放到名词前修饰名词)
  • be content / satisfied with … 对于某事满意的
    • → He seems fairly content with his life. 他看起来对他的生活相当满意
  • be content / satisfied to do … 做某事很满意
    • → He is content to stay in his present job.
  • contented adj. 满意的, 满足的
    • → A contented mind is a perpetual feast. 知足常乐 (一颗满足的心灵, 是一个永远也不会散的宴席)
    • 改错题
      • → When contented(A), and occasionally when hunger(B), cats frequently(C) make a purring sound(D).
        • hunger -> hungry
  • 反义词
    • be discontented / dissatisfied with ….. 对于某事不满意的…
  • 名词
    • content / satisfaction n. 满意
      • live in peace and content 过着平静而满足的生活
    • discontent / dissatisfaction n. 不满意
  • 造句: 有越来越多的人对这个政策不满
    • → There are more and more people who are discontented with the policy. (不佳)
    • 例句:
      • → (NCE3-32 P150-L8) The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.
      • → (NCE3-34 P158-L5) There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that little the floors.
      • → (考研真题) While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
        • 如果英译汉 翻译的别扭, 有三个法宝
          1. 无灵主语 换 人称主语
          2. 名词换动词/ 形容词
          3. 被动换主动
    • → There is growing discontent with the policy.

## text 1

• Spare that spider (title)
  • aliteration 头韵
    • Finding fossil man
    • Matterhorn man
    • The sporting spirit
    • Pride and Prejudice
    • Prince and Pauper
    • World Wide Watch
    • A Delicious Dish A Day
    • → Our hopes, our hearts, our hands are with those on every continent who are building democracy and freedom. (克林顿 就职演说)
    • → I am in favor of the ingenious, interesting and informative advertisements which give me a lot of enjoyment and inspiration. (GRE 范文)
    • → A wise decision is always based upon careful scrutiny and concrete, convincing proot, not unclear, unwarranted assumptions and anticipations. (GRE 范文)
  • rhyme 尾韵
    • → Without art, society could still survive, but not thrive. (GRE 范文)
    • → Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. (爱迪生)
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L8) Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
    • → without knowledge, there would be neither basis nor guidance for any progress and development of mankind. Without imagination, human society would lose precious inspiration, innovation and reformation, and eventually grind to a standstill ….
  • spare v. 饶恕; 剩下 adj. 多余的 n. 备用零件, 备用轮胎
    • Spare my life!
    • Spare the rod and spoil the child 省下了棒子, 宠坏了孩子
    • → The government will spare no expense to stem the bird flu from spreading.
      • spare no expense to 不惜一切代价 (没有一点不支付)
    • → China will spare no effort to realize peaceful reunification. 中国将不遗余力的实现和平统一大业
      • Spare no effort to 竭尽全力 (没有一点努力被省下来)
• should 如果在疑问句中出现, 表达一种意外的, 略微有点难以理解的语气, “怎么会?”
  • → How should I know? 我怎么知道呢?
  • → Why should conservatives vote for Bush? 保守派的人怎么会投给 Bush 呢?
  • You may wonder why spiders are our friends. (不佳)
    • 重点有偏离, 句子最重要的信息应该放在主句中
    • 课文中 把 You may wonder 弱化, 变成插入语,
      • 类似的例子
        • → (NCE3-7 P38-L8) Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money.
        • → (NCE4-8 P47-L1) Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.
        • → (NCE4-33 P195-L1) A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
      • 利用插入语仿写
        • → Many of us believe that economic development is of paramount importance to China.
          • → Economic development , many of us believe, is of paramount importance to China. (重点突出, 主次分明)
• 仿写开头段写法
  • → Building harmonious personal relationships is very important in the modern society.
    • → Why, you may wonder, should some of us become experts in building and maintaining personal relationships?
• 回答 why 的问题一定用 because
• 杀死的替换
  • kill off 大量死去
    • → Pollution in the sea has killed off a lot of marine life.
      • marine adj. 海洋的
  • slaughter / massacre 残忍的大量的杀人, 屠宰动物
    • → The army slaughtered / massacred hundreds of unarmed civilians.
      • civilian n. 平民百姓
    • Nanjing massacre
  • wipe out / exterminate 使绝种, 使灭绝
    • → What wiped out / exterminated dinosaurs from the earth?
• 人类的同义词
  • human race n. 人族 (U)
  • man / human being man 表示人类的时候当不可数名词来用, human being 当作可数名词来用
  • mankind/humankind 书面语, 人类
  • humanity 人类, (U), 人性, 人道
    • humanities n. 文科, 人文学科
    • a crime against humanity 反人类罪
• → Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world ; they wouild devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were (虚拟语气) not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
  • devour 贪婪的吞吃掉
  • crop n. 庄稼 (常用复数)
  • flock n. 羊群 (通常指羊群/ 鸟群)
    • a flock of sheep / pigeons.
  • herd n. 畜群 (常指 牛/鹿/大象)
    • a herd of cattle / deer /elephants
    • a drove of horses / cattle / sheep
      • drove n. 驱赶之中的牲口群
    • a pack of wolves / tigers /lions
      • pack n. 猛兽群; 一伙,一帮
    • a pride of lions
      • pride 专门表示狮群
    • a swarm of flies / bees
      • swarm 专门表示飞虫群
    • a colony of ants /termites
      • colony 专门表示 爬虫群
      • termites n. 白蚁
    • a school / shoal of fish
      • school n. 鱼群
      • shoal n. 鱼群
  • insect n. 昆虫
  • 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
    • If+ S. + did / were … , S. + would / should / could / might + do …
    • if it were not for …. 若没有… 的话 (固定搭配)
      • → If it were not for your support, I would be in big trouble now.
        • → Were it not for your support, I would be in big trouble now.
          • 如果虚拟语气中出现了 Were 那么可以使用倒装, 把 Were 放到句首, 然后省略 if,
      • 同义搭配
        • but for … / except for …. 若没有… 的话
          • → But for / Except for your support, I would be in big trouble now.
          • 真题
            • ___ the tlood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.
              • (A) In case of (B)In spite of (C) Because of (D) But for
            • He might have been killed ___ the arrival of the police.
              • (A) except for (B) but for (C) with (D)for
          • except for 还有 ‘除了…之外’ 的意思
          • but for 和 except for 后面跟短语, 如果跟从句的话要用下面的, 但意思反过来
            • except / but (that) … 要不是…的话
              • → I would buy a Mercedes except / but (that) I am poor.
              • → I would buy a Mercedes if I were rich.
  • make it possible for sb. to do 使某人能够做某事
    • = enable sb. to do
      • → (NCE3-26 P126-L10) They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.
    • = render sb. /sth. + adj. 使某人某物出现某种结果 (书面语)
      • → His injury rendered him unfit for work. 他的外伤使他不适合再工作了
      • → Solar power could become a viable energy source, rendering fossil fuels obsolete.
        • obsolete adj. 过时的
        • fuel n. 燃料

## text 2

• 圆周句(掉尾句)- (结构强调句)
  • 一篇文章一般就一两个
  • 目的: 为了在前面制造悬念, 让句末的重点突出, 强调的意味是所有句子里最浓的
  • 雄狮型的句子
  • 通常的句子是孔雀型的, 脑袋小, 尾巴大
  • 句尾比句首重要
  • → (NCE4-24 P138-L8) That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.
  • → Although Tchaikovsky himself thought of the Pathetic Symphony as his crowning masterpiece, the premiere on October 28th 1893 in St. Petersburg proved a disappointment.
    • thought of …. as …. 把…看作 ….
• 吃昆虫的动物
  • animals which eat insects (不佳)
    • insect-eating animals
      • 利用复合名词做形容词
  • citizens who abide by the law (不佳)
    • law-abiding citizens
  • silverware which is made by hands (不佳)
    • hand-made silverware
  • diseases which are related to stress (不佳)
    • stress-related diseases
  • 利用复合名词做形容词
    • state-owned enterprises 国有企业 (SOE)
    • flower-selling girls 卖花姑娘
    • epoch-making masterpieses 划时代的作品
      • epoch = era
    • cancer-causing substances 致癌物质
• 造句：如果我们没有得到杀毒软件的保护,计算机病毒可能会使我们无法安全地浏览网络,它们可能会摧毁计算机里全部的数据并窃取我们的个人信息。
  • → Computer viruses would make it impossible for us to surf the Internet safely, they would destroy all the data in the computer and steal our personal information, if it were not for the protection we get from the anti-virus software.
• → We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroved by spiders.
  • owe 欠
    • IOU n. 欠条 (I owe you)
    • → How much do I owe you? 我应该给你多少钱? (一般不翻译成我欠你多少钱)
      • → ‘How much do I owe you?’ ‘Well, thatll be eighteen dollars and seventv cents. No charge for the cleanup. It’s on the house.’
        • be on the house 本店请客
    • → You owe him an apoloqy / explanation. 你欠他一个道歉/解释
    • → I feel like I owe you an explanation. I don’t ordinarily go around kissing guys at parties.
    • I owe you (one) 表示感谢
    • I owe you a lot / a great deal = thank you so mach
    • I owe a lot to my father. (owe a lot to sb.)
    • 高级书面语中经常用到的
      • 把 A 归因为 B
        • owe A to B
          • → I owe my success to good luck. (我把我的成功 归因为 运气好)
        • put A down to B
        • attribute A to B
        • assign A to B
        • ascribe A to B
        • credit A to B
          • 阅读真题:
            • → Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity in a famous scientist to the fact that he never went to school. There is undoubtedly a truth in his observation, but such a truth is not criticism of schools.
  • 除了同义词 和 近义词替换, 还可以用 上义词(范围比上一个词大一些, 例如椅子-家具, 熊猫-濒危物种) 替换,
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-L17) The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road.
      • lorry n. 卡车 , vehicle n. 陆地载具
    • ship / vessel 轮船 / 船只
    • gaint panda / endangered species 大熊猫 / 濒危物种
      • → (GRE 范文) Giant pandas are considered a national treasure(国宝) and the Chinese government are doing their best to protect this endangered species .
    • → (GRE 范文) Moreover, in the past two years other nearby cities may have begun to build similar golf courses or resort hotels. Indeed, the fact that Ocean View has already built these facilities might actually portend failure for Hopewell, …
      • faciltity n. 设施, 场所
  • fraction: a small amount of sth. 分数(分式数); 一小部分 (只能表示一小部分)
  • proportion / percentage 比例/百分比 (既能表示一大部分, 也能表示一小部分)
    • a high / large proportion / percentage of ….
    • a small / tiny proportion / percentage of ….
      • → (NCE3-56 P252-L15) We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are effected by flooding, ..
  • 博闻强记, 广览多读
  • 造句：我们所有人加在一起挣的钱也不过是比尔-盖茨的一小部分而己。
    • → All of us put together earn only a fraction of the money made by Bill Gates.
• → Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
  • harm n./v. 损害
    • do harm to …. 对 sth. 有损害
    • do no harm to … 对 sth. 无害
    • never do the least harm to … 从未造成最轻微的损害 ….
    • 加强语气的手法
      • 用最高级
        • → I have no idea what to do next.
          • → I don’t have the foggiest idea what to do next. 加强语气
          • foggy adj. 模糊的
        • → I have no interest in boxing.
          • → I don’t have the slighttest interest in boxing
            • slight adj. 轻微的
        • → Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not. In some schools they have abolished failing grades; they’l give you as many times as you want to get the right answer. This doesn’t bear the slightest resemblance to anything in real life.
      • 双重否定
        • → All of us are influenced by ….
          • → No one can avoid being influenced by …
        • → All of us admit that…
          • → No one can deny that
        • → All of us are attracted by …
          • → No one can resist … 没人可以 抗拒..
  • Moreover 此外, 而且, (没有感情色彩, 表示递进)
    • 等价替换
      • besides
      • further/furthermore
      • what is more
      • in addition
      • additionally

## text 3

• → Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.
  • as 引导的非限定性定语从句
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-L12) Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.
    • as 引导的非限定性定语从句 的 主句是否定的时候, 如何翻译
      • 如果 as 引导的非限定性定语从句 位于句首, 那么 as 引导的非限定性定语从句 指代的是整个主句
        • → As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如前面说到的, 语法并不是一套死的规则
      • 如果 as 引导的非限定性定语从句 位于句中或者句尾, 那么 as 引导的非限定性定语从句 指代的是肯定含义的主句, 要抠掉否定词
        • → She did not open the box, as her friends feared 她没有像她的朋友担心的那样打开盒子
        • → She did not, as her friends feared, open the box..
    • 蜘蛛并不是很多人认为的那样的昆虫,
  • nor 连词, 放在否定含义的句子后面, 表示否定含义 ‘也不能’, 后面会引起部分倒装语序
    • → Cuba cannot be conquered, nor dominated.
      • → Cuba cannot be conquered, nor can she be dominated. (并列句中重复出现的主语和谓语都可以去掉)
        • → … nor are spiders even nearly related to them.
      • → (NCE4-23 P132-L13) It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; …. (前后不一样, 则不能省略)
      • → (NCE4-24 P138-L15) If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.
      • → (John F. Kennedy) All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor (will it be finished) in the Hife of this Administration; nor (will it be finished) even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.
  • 造包：鲸鱼并不像很多人认为的是鱼, 甚至和鱼几乎没有关系。
    • → Whales are not fish, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.
• → One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
  • tell the difference 看出区别
    • tell sb. /sth. apart 分辨开
      • → It’s hard to tell the identical twins apart
        • identical adj. 一模一样的
  • distinguish / differentiate / disscriminate between A and B/ A from B 把 A 和 B 分辨开
    • **~ between ** causes and effects 将 因果分辨开
    • ~ cancer cells from normal tissue 将 癌症细胞 从 普通的组织中分辨开
      • tissue n. (动植物的)组织
  • → One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never (has) more than six (legs).
    • 并列句可以省略重复的谓语动词 和宾语 , 只要不引起歧义都可以省去
      • → Paul likes poetry, and Peter (likes) fiction. 注意前后对仗, 前后都是不可数名词
      • → Paul likes poetry, and I know that Peter likes fiction. 为什么后面的 likes 不能省略了? 因为 这个 likes 存在于宾语从句之中

## text 4

• be engaged in (doing) sth. 从事某事
  • → He is engaged in politics / business 他从政 / 经商
  • → He is engaged in searching for solutions. 他在从事寻找解决方案 的工作
  • → (NCE4-5 P29-L7) For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
    • seek v. 追求, 寻找
• **on one’s behalf / on behalf of sb. = in one’s interest / in the interest of sb. ** 为了某人的利益; 代表某人某物
  • → We are raising a fund on behalf of orphans.
  • → I beat you on your behalf.
  • → The guardian signed the contract on behalf of the minor child. 监护人代表 这个儿童签了这份合同
    • guardian n. 监护人
    • minor n. 未成年人 adj. 较小的, 不重要的
• → One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6.000.000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
  • authority on sth. 某方面的权威
    • → Yuan Longping is a leading authority on hybrid rice. 袁隆平 是杂交水稻领域首屈一指的权威
      • leading authority 首屈一指的权威
    • the authorities 政府当局
    • the local authorities 当地政府
    • the French / Chinese authorities 法国当局 / 中国当局
    • → (NCE2-62 P284-L7) When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.
      • the forest authorities 森林管理部门
    • → (NCE3-37 P170-L6) It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities when something does go wrong.
      • the railway authorities 铁路管理部门
  • that is (to say) : or more exactly 也就 是说,确切地说
    • → I loved him – that is , I thought I did.
    • → The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.
      • fare n. 交通费 (船票, 车票)
    • → Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to says, without using the student’s own language.
  • something like … 大约…
    • some …. 如果跟数字要翻译成 ‘一些’
    • something / somewhere in the region of …
      • in the region of … 大约
      • → …. that is some / something in the region of 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
    • 书面语尽量避免使用俚语
    • something like 后面不一定跟数量
    • → (NCE4-32 P188-L1) In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective.
  • 运动场的表达
    • a football / soccer pitch / field 一个足球场
      • soccer n. 足球 (AmE)
      • pitch / field n. 大型运动场地
    • a tennis / backetball / badminton court 一个 网球/篮球/羽毛球 场
      • court n. 中型的运动场地
    • ring 拳击台
      • a boxing ring
    • rink 溜冰场
      • skating rink 冰场
      • roller skating rink 旱冰场
    • baseball diamand / court 棒球场
    • golf course / links 高尔夫球场
    • bowling alley 保龄球馆
• → Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.
  • less less least
• → It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.
  • creature n. 动物
  • guess
    • → Guess what? John got engaged to Susan!
    • 听力题
      • W: Guess what? I just nominated you for this year’s class treasurer.
        • nominate v. 提名
        • treasurer n. 出纳员, 会计
      • M: Oh, no, Sally, you didn’t!
      • Q: What does the man imply?
      • Answer: (B) He doesn’t want to be treasurer.
    • make a guess at … 在 … 作出猜测
      • → Make a guess at who’s hehind the door.
  • wild: unreasonable; without careful thought 胡乱的, 离奇的
    • a wild dream / imagination / speculation 一个离奇的梦, 一个胡乱的想象, 一个 胡乱的推测
      • speculation n. 推测
    • → Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams.
  • more than + n. 超过; 不仅仅… (翻译难点, )
    • → Peace is more than the absence of war.
      • absence 不在, 缺席, 缺少, 缺乏
    • → (NCE4-8 P47-L2) These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
      • tariff n. 关税
    • → (NCE4-30 P177-L3) The open sea was deep and mysterious, and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bed was flat.
      • give a passing thought to …. 一闪念
  • 对于 蜘蛛杀死了多少昆虫, 要作出一个稍微靠谱一点的猜测, 几乎是不可能的.
  • → ⋯..but they are hungry creatures, (being) not content with only three meals a day.
    • 后半句可以看作省略了 being 的独立主格, 就剩下一个形容词短语
  • 造句：他们是有事业心的年轻人 ,不会满足于平淡的日常生活。
    • → (NCE3-31 P146-L3) This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life.
    • → They are enterprising young people, not content with the dull routine of everyday life.
• → It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
  • 鼻腔爆破 nasal explosion
    • [t] / [d] + [n]
      • Britain
      • mutton
      • certain
      • mountain
      • didn’t
      • student
• 文章结构
  • 不断的提出 question, 不断的自问自答

L3 Matterhorn man

## vocabularies

• pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪr/ n. 先驱, 探索者; v. 开拓, 探索

  • Young pioneers 少年先锋队
  • → Henry Ford was a pioneer in the auto industry.
    • inductry n. 工业
  • → The Wright brothers pioneered in early aviation.
    • aviation n. 飞行,
  • pioneering adj. 开拓性的, 探索性的
    • pioneering work
    • pioneering spirit 开拓性的精神
      • spirit n. 精神, 心灵,
    • in the pioneering days 在事业刚刚起步的时候; 在做开拓性的工作的那些日子里
  • 同义词 / 同义搭配
    • break new ground 开创, 开拓
      • → Deng Xiaoping’s reform programs broke new ground in China.
        • reform v. 改革
    • ground-breaking 开拓, 开创
      • ground-breaking educational reforms 开拓性的教育改革
    • lead the way 开拓, 开创
      • → The company has led the way in developing environment-friendly products.

• summit /ˈsʌmɪt/ n. 山顶, 顶点; 峰会

  • summit / peak 山峰
    • peak 不能表示峰会
  • → the summit / peak of his career 他事业生涯的巅峰
    • career 事业 (长期或终生)
    • job 职位/工作 (相对短期)
  • → The two presidents agreed to hold a summit in the coming spring.
    • hold v. 举行
  • → (NCE4-8 P47-L10) They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th.
  • 其他表示顶点的词汇
    • crest n. 山峰 ; 浪尖; 巅峰
    • pinnacle n. 建筑物的尖顶; 巅峰
      • → the crest / pinnacle of one’s career
    • apex n. 顶点 (任何事物)
      • → the apex of a triangle 三角形的顶点
      • → the apex of one’s career
    • zenith n. 巅峰 ;天顶 (如果把天空看成半圆形的话, 最高的那个点称为 天顶 zenith)
      • → At the zenith of its power, the Yuan Dynasty ruled almost all of the Eurasian continent.
        • Eurasian n. 欧亚

• perilous /ˈperələs/ adj. 非常危险的 (每一秒钟都可能发生重大危险)

  • a perilous journey across the mountains

  • perilous country roads

  • peril n. 危险 (每一秒钟都可能发生重大危险)

    • → The ship was in grave peril
      • grave adj. 重大的

  • hazarous adj. 有风险的, 有隐患的

    • → a hazardous investment 风险投资
    • → Being the President’s bodyguard is a hazardous occupation. 做总统的保镖是一个有风险的行业
    • hazard n. 风险, 隐患

      • a health / safety / fire / traffice hazard 一个健康隐患/安全风险/火灾风险/交通隐患

      • be / present / pose / constitute a hazard to .. 构成了风险

        • → The busy traffic entrance is / presents / poses / constitutes a hazard to pedestrians.
        • → (NCE4-30 P177-L1) Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land .

      • be / present / pose / constitute a threat / menace to … 对… 构成了威胁

        • threat n. 威胁

        • menace n. 威胁

        • → Inflation may pose a potential threat to China’s social stability.

          • Inflation n. 通货膨胀

        • → Religious extremism constitutes a grave menace to the security and stability in the region.

• shudder /ˈʃʌdər/ v. 颤抖,不寒而栗 (人或物)

  • → She shuddered at the thought of the murder. 一想到这起谋杀就害怕
  • → The ship shuddered when she struck the rocks.
  • tremble v. 颤抖 (人或物)
  • shiver v. 颤抖 (人或物)
  • quiver v. 颤抖 (人或物)
    • → (NCE3-10 P50-L12) Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
    • → He trembled with anger / fear / excitement.

• solitary /ˈsɑːləteri/ adj. 唯一的 (=single)

  • → Beckham scored the solitary goal of the game.

  • → (NCE4-3 P17-L6) They had a single aim, a solitary goal — the top !

  • solitude n. 独自, 独处 (只描述状态, 没有感情色彩)

    • → I love tranquil solitude — P.B. Shelley

      • tranquil adj. 安静的, 静谧的(书面语)

    • in solitude 处于独处的状态

    • → I spend the morning in solitude.

    • → I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity. — Albert Einstein

  • loneliness n. 孤单, 寂寞

    • → (NCE3-42 P196-L2) Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.

  • “sol”=alone

    • sole adj. 单独的, 独自的 (书面语)
    • solo v. 独奏, 独唱
    • soliloquy v. 独白

• impoverish /ɪmˈpɑːvərɪʃ/ v. 使贫困

  • → The EU trade policies will impoverish developing countries.

  • deplete v. 使渐渐枯竭

    • → Solar storms deplete ozone layer. 太阳风暴 使得臭氧层 逐渐枯竭耗尽
      • ozone 臭氧

  • inpoverished adj. 贫困的, 贫穷的 (书面语, 委婉的表达贫困)

  • destitute adj. 贫困的

    • the institute for the destitute 平民学院
      • -stitut- = stand

  • deprived adj. 贫困的

  • disadvantaged adj. 贫困的 (失去优势的)

  • underprivileged adj. 贫困的 (在特权之下的)

  • underdeveloped adj. 欠发达的(常指地区) countries / regions … 欠发达地区/国家

• flea-ridden adj. 不慢跳蚤的

  • flea 跳蚤

  • flee (fled, fled) v. 逃跑, 逃窜

    • → (NCE3-13 P62-L15) When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.

  • "-ridden”: full of sth. unpleasant 充满了不愉快的东西的

    • unpleasant adj. 不愉快的

      • pleasant adj. 令人愉快的, 舒适的

    • debt-ridden countries 负载累累的 (布满债务的)

    • mosquito-ridden swamps 滋生蚊虫的 (布满蚊子的)

      • swamp n. 沼泽地

    • disease-ridden slums 滋生疾病的 (布满疾病的)

      • slum n. 贫民窟

  • "-infested" 充满了讨厌的动物/昆虫的

    • shark-infested waters 到处是鲨鱼的海域

      • water用复数表示 海域, 水域

    • rat-infested warehouses 到处是老鼠的仓库

      • warehouse n. 仓库
      • ware n. 商品

    • insect-infested tree 住满了虫子的树

• boast /boʊst/ v.炫燿,自夸；拥有

  • 人做主语表示 炫耀, 自夸

    • boast of / about sth. 夸口, 炫耀 某物

      • → Every salesman boasts of his own wares.

    • boast that … 后跟定语从句

      • → They boasted that they had never lost a single game.

  • 事物做主语时, 表示拥有 好的特征

    • → China and France boast sound bilateral relations.

      • sound adj. 良好的, 完好的
      • bilateral : bi-later-al adj. 双边的

    • → China and the EU boast consensus on environment.

      • consensus: con-sens-us n. 共识

    • 拥有好的东西/特征 的同义词

      • enjoy v. 享有

        • → (NCE3-3 P22-44) The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

      • be blessed with … 幸运的拥有好的东西 (后天拥有的)

        • → They were blessed with two children, a bay and a girl.

      • be endowed with … 天生就拥有

        • → She is endowed with both brains and beauty.

          • endow v. 赋予

        • Declaration of Independence –Thomas Jefferson

          • → We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

    • 近义词

      • cherish v. 拥有某种感情
        • → (NCE3-34 P158-L10) Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.
        • → He cherished the memory of his late wife.

    • 表示没有的词

      • be free from … 没有 (后面通常跟不好的东西)
        • → The composition is free from errors.
        • → Organic produce is free from harmful chemicals.
        • → (NCE3-27 P130-L15) He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people.

## text 1

• → Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.

  • alpinists n. 登山者

    • 词源来自 Alps , 阿尔卑斯山

  • regard n. 注重

  • modern adj. 当代的, 当今的, 现如今的

    • 同义词
      • modern-day
      • present-day
      • today’s
      • … of today
      • contemporary
        • Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

  • sport n. 乐趣 [U] tun; amusement

    • → Swimming in the sea will give you good sport.

      • good sport 好多乐趣

    • → He tormented the cat only for sport.

      • for sport 为了好玩
        • → (NCE4-18 P104-L4) On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.

    • …. which will give them good sport, …

      • → … which wil give them good / a lot of fun, ….

  • → the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. 越…就越…

    • 变化一: 比较级部分倒装放到句首

      • 前面是 从句, 后面是主句 (后面的主句有时候还会用倒装, 在主语太长的时候)

      • → The younger the child is, the more is the child’s need of sleep.

        • 越小的孩子, 对于睡眠的需要就越多

    • 在 越…就越…. 句型中, 如果谓语动词 是be 动词, 无论是主句还是从句, 并且主语不是代词, 那么 be 动词可以省略. 可以随便省略

      • → The younger the child (is), the more (is) the child’s neeed of sheep.
        • 这事句子里没有 谓语动词,
      • → The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force.
        • magnet n. 磁铁
        • 磁铁越强, 磁力线越多
        • → The stronger the magnet is, the greater is the number of lines of magnetic force.
      • → The higher the standard of living, the greater the amount of paper used.
        • → The higher the standard of living is, the greater is the amount of paper used.

    • 变化二: 前半句放在句中, 后半句放在句首

      • → I play (the) better, the more I practice.
      • 后半句是从句, 前半句是主句 , 先翻译后半句, 再翻译前半句
      • = → The more l practice, the better I play.

    • 真题

      • → A compound is considered the more stable, the smaller its potential energy.
        • poterntial n. 势能
        • compound n. 化合物
        • 势能越小, 化合物就被认为越稳定

    • → (NCE4-37 P218-l13) We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something selfevident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes.

    • → (NCE3-55 P248-L20) A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.

• 表示’实情’的句型

  • → This was not the case at all.

    • case 实情

  • → (NCE3-22 P110-L3) One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.

    • case 实情

  • → (NCE3-30 P142-L10) No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case.

  • 总结:

    • This is not the case at all. 这完全不是实情
    • This is not always the case. 这不总是实情
    • This is indeed the case. 这就是实情
    • This is not necessarily the case. 这不一定是实情
    • This might not be the case. 这可能不是实情

• → The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before.

  • seek sought sought v. try to achieve sth.

    • seek refuge / asylum 寻求避难

    • seek advice 寻求建议

    • → The incumbent president will not seek reelection.

      • incumbent adj. 现任的
      • reelection n. 连任, 重选

    • Virgo woman seeks Scorpio man

      • 一位处女座的女子 寻求一位天蝎座的男子

  • attain v. 取得, 到达

  • the early climber = the pioneers 先驱

    • = the pioneer climbers
    • = their preducessors 更早从事同样工作的人, 老前辈
      • → (NCE3-56 P252-18) Sometimes we go upstream to a favorite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.

  • prize (暗喻) = sense of pride / honor / accomplishment

  • I came, I saw, I conquered!

    • Veni, vidi, vici — Julius Caesar

## text 2

• → It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

  • It is / was true that …. , but … (诚然, 但是却…..)(黄金句型)

    • → (NCE3-16 P74-L12) It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.

    • 造句：中国确实还是一个发展中国家,但是她却充满了潜力。

      • → It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential / potentialities.
        • potential adj. 潜在的, 可能的
        • potentialities n. 潜力, 潜在性

    • 同义搭配

      • Admittedly , / Granted , … but …
        • admittedly adv. 公认地, 无可否认地
        • granted adv. = admittedly
        • → (NCE4-47 P274-413) Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.

    • 总结

      • It is true that / admittedly, / granted, …., but /yet

        • 后半句可以跟

          • that is not to say that …..
          • it does not necessarily mean that ….
          • we cannot ensure / guarantee that ….
          • there is no guarantee that ….
            • guarantee = ensure v. 确保

        • yet 既是副词, 也是连词, 当连词的时候 等于 but

  • face = confront v. 面对. 面临

    • be faced / confronted with … 面对着, 面临着

      • → China is faced / confronted with the problem of overpopulation.
        • overpopulation n. 人口过剩

  • nature 经常放 of 后面做后置定语, 表示 某一种类的

    • → I can’t approve of things of this nature.
    • of a … nature 表示事物的种类
      • treaties of a political nature. 政治性的条约
      • questions of an academic nature 学术性的问题
      • articles of a technical nature 科技类的文章

  • be equipped with … 装备着….

    • → (NCE3-3 P22-L7 The City was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

  • at the thought = at the thought of the manner 一想到….

    • manner n. 方式
    • at the … of … 一…就….
    • → (NCE3-23 P114-L5)… your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat …
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L4) … they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country …
    • → She screamed at the sight of the murder.
    • → She woke at the sound of the bell.
    • → She fainted at the news of her father’s death.
      • faint v./n. 晕倒, 晕厥

  • 造句：防暴警察(riot police)在体育场外巡逻(patrol the stadium),装备得使足球流氓(soccer hooligan)一看到就不寒而栗。

    • → Riot police were patrolling the stadium, equipped in a manner which would make a soccer hooligan shudder at the sight.
      • equip v. 装备
      • equipment n. 装备

• go out of one’s way (to do …) 特意的, 不嫌麻烦的做某事

  • → Please don’t go out of your way for me.
  • → It was very kind of you to go out of your way to meet us at the airport.

• court v. 追求 (书面语) ; n. 法院

• single aim, solitary goal

  • 同义词连用

    • 中文中很常见

      • 虚情假意
      • 千刀万剐
      • 深仇大恨

    • → I’m sick and tired of your silliness.

      • sick and tired 厌倦了

    • → He is never one to pick and choose.

      • pick and choose 挑挑拣拣

    • → She is always complaining of her aches and pains.

      • aches and pains 这疼那疼

## text 3

• → It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.

  • 在动词不定式前面, 经常用 for 引出 动词不定式的逻辑主语.

• → Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular. Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.

  • 过去分词短语当后置定语来用

  • except for / but for … 除了….

    • except for / but for / if it were not for … 若没有…..的话

      • → except for / but for / if it were not for your support, I would be in big trouble now.
      • → (NCE4-2 P11-42) Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

    • except / but (that) … 如果不是 …的话

      • → I would buy a Mercedes except / but (that) | am poor. (从句用真实语气, 主句用虚拟语气)
      • except/ but (that) = if I were rich

  • Chamonix the cradle of modern mountaineering 当代登山运动的发源地

  • tend to do 往往, 常常

    • intend 打算做某事
    • → People tend to need less sleep when they get older.
    • → women tend to live longer than men.
    • 同义替换

      • have a tendency to do = tend to do 往往, 常常, 多数情况下

        • → The drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches.

      • generally

      • mostly

      • on the whole

      • for the most part

      • in general

      • in most cases

      • by and large

      • most of the time

  • settlement n. 小的居住区

  • cut off from civilization by the high mountains. 做后置定语, 相当于 定语从句

    • (which were) + …. + civilization

      • cut off from

      • our of touch with

      • isolated from

        • isolated adj. 隔离, 隔绝

      • separated from

• → Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often tvelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.

  • inn n. 乡下的小酒馆, 小客栈

  • as 引导限定性定语从句 (前面没有逗号和主句隔开, 表示和主句关系密切)

    • 使用条件

      • 先行词 as 前面一般有与他呼吁的词
        • such / the same / as / so … as …

    • → I need the same tool as you are using.

    • → I need such a tool as you are using.

    • → I need as useful a tool as you are using.

  • generally = tend to do 通常, 一般

  • …； the food (was) simply local cheese accompanied by bread often 12 months old.

    • 并列句重复的成分可以省略
      • → (NCE4-2 P11-L8) …,for a spider always has eight legs and insect never (has) more than six.
      • → Paul likes poetry, and Peter (likes) fiction
      • 但如果位于宾语从句中就不能省略了
        • → Paul likes poetry, and I know that Peter likes fiction.

  • accompany 陪伴, 伴随

    • → The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever.

      • sneeze 喷嚏
      • fever 发热, 发烧

    • → strong winds accompanied by heavy rain 伴有大雨的狂风

  • wash sth. down with sth. 用液体把某些东西冲下去

    • → We ate some sausage, and washed it down with whiskey. 我们吃了一些香肠, 并且用威士忌酒把它送下去

• → Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could—sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishionersl), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.

  • boast 事物做主语的时候表示 有 好的东西或特征, 人做主语是吹牛皮

    • 人做主语 和 物做主语 的意思不同的词

      • find one’s way

        • → (NCE2-96 P434-L5) Specially-made lanterns are hung oitside each house to help the dead to find their way. (人做主语, 找到路)

        • → (NCE3-15 P70-L8) My nephew, George, has a money box but it is always empty. Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way there. (物做主语, 到达某地)

      • promise to do

        • → Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the mystery. (人做主语表示答应/答应做某事, 物做主语, 表示有可能会…)
          • Groundbreaking 开创性的, 开天辟地的
          • shed some light = reveal 揭示

  • shelter n. 不可数

    • Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are basic necessities of daily life.
      • 衣食住行 四个词都不可数
        • food
        • clothing
        • shelter
        • transportation

  • priest n. 牧师, 神父

    • parishioner n. 教区的居民

    • parish n. 教区

    • as poor as church mouse 穷得叮当响

  • shepherds n. 牧羊人

• → Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.

  • dirt 和 poverty 是 n. , 所以第一个 and 连接两个名词, 后面的 uncomfortable 是形容词, 所以再用了一个 and 和千米那的 dirt and poverty 连起来

• → For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.

  • for men 到后面的逗号, 整个是一个很长的介词短语

  • be accustomed to sth. / doing 习惯于 (经常当后置定语)

    • → (NCE4-21 P121-L11) Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos.
    • 等价于 be used to sth. / doing
    • 等价于 be in the habit of sth. / doing

  • course n. 课程; 疗程; 过程; 航线; 一道菜

    • seven-course
    • 一道菜上一次, 七道菜不一定是七盘菜
    • 法餐有 三道菜, 五道菜, 七道菜 之分
      • 第一道菜: appetizer n. 开胃菜
      • 第二道菜: soup
      • 第三道菜: fish
      • 第四道菜: main dish n. 主菜
      • 第五道菜: salad
      • 第六道菜: dessert n. 甜点
      • 第七道菜: beverage n. 饮料, 酒水

  • fine adj. 好的, 讲究的

  • sheet n. 床单

L4 Seeing hands

## words

• solid /ˈsɑːlɪd/ adj. 结实的; 实心的; 立体的
  • solid adj. 1. firm; hard; Strong
    • → solid doors and walls
    • → The villa has solid foundations.
      • foundation n. 地基
    • 反义词
      • flimsy adj. 不结实的, 脆弱的, 一推就倒的
        • a flimsy table
        • a flimsy excuse 一个站不住脚的借口
  • solid adj. 2. with no holes inside
    • a solid ball
    • 反义词
      • hollow adj. 空心的
  • solid adj. 3. three-dimensional
    • solid geometry 立体几何
  • 同根词
    • solidarity v. 团结
      • Solidarity means strength / victory 团结就是力量
      • safeguard national unity and ethnic solidarity 维护国家的统一和民族的团结
    • consolidate v. 巩固
      • consolidate and strengthen the bilateral relationship 巩固双边关系
• commission /kəˈmɪʃn/ n. 委员会 (专门为了调查, 处理某种事物成立的委员会)
  • 9/11 commission
  • National Development and Reform Commission 国家发展和改革委员会
  • committee n. 委员会 (代表某个组织行使权利的委员会)
    • the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress 全国人大
  • council n. 委员会 (委员会,理事会, 政务会)
    • the State Council 国务院
    • the United Nations Security Council 联合国安理会
• opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/ adj. 不透明的
  • an opaque glass door
  • God’s reasons, if He has any, are opaque to us. 上帝的理由, 如果有的话, 对我们也是难以理解的
  • transparent adj. 透明的
  • translucent adj. 半透明的
• blindfold adj.& adv. 被蒙住眼睛的（地）
  • → I can do that blindfold.
  • -fold 字根, 表示倍数 (由本意 折叠 衍生)
    • twofold / fourfold / tenfold
      • a tenfold increase 一个十倍的增长
      • Business has increased tenfold.
      • → （NCE4-22 P127-L16） We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.

## text 1

• Hands that can see things
  • = thing seeing hand
  • 再省略 thing , 变成 seeing hands
• → Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colors with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls.
  • 英文简单句的顺序: 事件, 地点, 时间
  • of people 修饰前面的 cases , 隔这么远的原因是太长了, 所以改变了正常语序, 大多数长难句看不懂都是类似的原因, 语序发生了改变
    • → （NCE4-1 P5-L1） We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first leamn to write.
    • → （NCE4-5.P29-L14） He maybe conceited， ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous， but l do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders—as if mere age were a reason for respect.
    • → （NCE4-24 P138-L15） If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.
    • → What is an intellectual？| shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.
    • → His function is.analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
    • → As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.
    • → We hold these truths to be self-evident， that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
  • detect v. perceive ; discern (费力的, 觉察到不好觉察的东西)
    • → I detected a hint of irony in her words.
      • hint 暗示
    • → （NCE4-4 P23-L3） ….. but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin， ….
    • → （NCE4-39 P228-L6） In the breaking and remaking, in the timing，interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began.
  • see through 1. 能透过看到 2. 看穿了阴谋诡计
  • → We can all see thirough your little game.
  • through 的搭配 (记冷僻单词不如记习语)
    • see sb. through sth. 帮助某人渡过难关
      • → Her courage and perseverance saw her through the hard times.
    • see sth. through 把某个不容易做的事情坚持完成
      • → The English course is very hard to learn, but I’m determined to see it through.
      • → She promised to stand by him, and once you make that commitment you have to see it through.
        • stand by sb. 支持某人
          • stand by (后面不跟东西) 表示 袖手旁观
      • = get it over with 咬牙坚持完成
        • 听力题
          • W: I honestly don’t want to paint the room this weekend, Joe.
          • M: Neither do l, but l think we should get it over with.
          • Q: What does Joe suggest？
      • = stick it out 咬牙坚持完成
        • Rachel: Oh God, I hate my job， I hate it, I hate my job, I hate it.
        • Monica: I know honey, I’m sorry.
        • Rachel: Oh, I wanna quit, but then I think I should stick it out.

## text 2

• → One case concerns an eleven-yearold schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
  • concern v. be about sb. or sth.
    • 1 be about; 2 使担忧
    • → （NCE3-7 P38-L9） A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiance， John, runs a successful furniture business.
    • be concerned with … = about
      • a book concerning music
        • = a book concerned with music
  • vision 视力([U] 不可数)
    • have normal vision 拥有正常视力
    • have good / perfect / 20-20 vision
    • have bad / poor / defective vision
      • defective 有缺陷的
    • near-sighted(美) / short-sighted(英) 近视
    • far-sighted(美) / long-sighted(英) 远视
    • 各种医生
      • ophthalmologist 眼科医生
      • optometrist / optician 验光师
• happen to do 某事偶然发生….
  • = it happen that …. 某事偶然发生
    • → I happened to meet an old friend in town.
    • → It happened that I met an old friend in town.
  • = chance to do
  • = it chance that …
    • → I chanced to meet an old friend in town.
    • → It chanced that I met an old friend in town.
  • = as it happen 某事偶然发生, 碰巧
    • → As it happened , I met an old friend in town.
  • 听力题
    • W: I don’t imagine you would have time to help me with this.
    • M: As it happens, I would.
    • Q: What does the man mean？
    • Answer： （B） He can help the woman.
  • = by accident 碰巧, 某事偶然发生 (做状语)
  • = by chance 碰巧, 某事偶然发生 (做状语)
  • = accidentally 碰巧, 某事偶然发生 (做状语)
    • → I met an old friend in town by accident / by chance / accidentally.
  • = as luck would have it 碰巧,(无时态变化, 必须照搬)
    • → As luck would have it, I met an old friend in town.
    • 听力题
      • W: You do look cold. What happened？
      • M: I’ve been standing outside in Arctic temperatures for over an hour waiting for a bus.
      • W: Over an hour, but I thought your apartment was only a ten-minute bus ride to campus.
      • M: Under normal conditions, but the bus was delayed because of the weather and when | stepped into a drugstore to call home for a ride, the bus went by. As luck would have it, there was no one at home， so I had to wait another forty five minutes for the next bus.
      • W: That’s Murphy’s law, isn’t it. What was it said “If anything can go wrong, it will.” Well, we still get twenty minutes to gather our wits together.
        • gather one’s wits 镇静一下
• safe 保险柜
• → Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there， and even described the way they were done up in bundles.
  • lock sth. away / up 把某物锁好, 把某物锁在安全的地方
    • → He locked his money away / up in the safe.
  • the way + in which / that / (/) the were ….
    • that 在这里做关系副词
    • in which 最书面
    • → （NCE3-27 P130-L8） The conditions of society are such thatskills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
    • → （NCE4-44 P257-L11） John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
    • the time + when / at which / that / (/) + she was here
      • at which 最书面
    • the day + when / on which / that / (/) + she arrived
  • do … up = fasten …. 系好, 包装好, 捆好
    • fasten 扎牢…
    • → He stopped to do up his shoe lace. 他停下来去系鞋带
    • → All the packages are done up and ready for the post.
  • bundle 一束, 一长条, 一捆
    • in + 单位
      • → Lions often hunt in pairs. 狮子总是两两结伴打猎
      • → People began to arrive in twos and threes. 人们开始三三两两的来了

## text 3

• → Vera’s curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.

  • talnet n. 才华 (特指天赋)
  • be brought to sb.’s notice / attention 引起了某人的注意 (被动结构)
    • → Their working conditions were only brought to public notice / attention last year.
    • = come to sb.’s notice / attention 引起了某人的注意 (主动结构)
      • → Vera’s curious talent came to the notice / attention of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk.
        • institute 研究所;学院;学校 (科学教育机构)
          • MIT
      • → （NCE3-32 P150-L19） From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light.
        • come to light 被发现, 被了解
        • come to light / be brought to light 主动/被动 结构 (英文中的主动还是被动并不由 中文释义决定, 在于表达的意思和方式)
        • New evidence in this case
          • has recently come to light
          • has recently been brought to light
        • 被动语态的目的之一也是为了避免头重脚轻
  • give sb. a test 基于某人测试
  • a series of 一系列的
    • a series of lectures / rainy days / math books
    • = a train /chain / string / stream / succession / progression of 一连串的
  • commission 是为了专门调查 或者 事项 而成立的委员会
  • the Ministry(英) / Department(美) of Health / Education / Commerce / Finance 卫生部/教育部/商务部/财政部
  • 翻译的时候, 英文的被动换成中文主动, 一般来说会更通顺

• → During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child’s game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it, and, in another instance， wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet.

  • stranger still 更奇怪的事, (前面通常用逗号隔开,位于主句或者分句句首)
    • 类似格式的搭配
      • better still 更好的是
      • worse still 更糟的是
        • = to make matters / things worse
      • harder still 更困难的是
      • → The medical expenses are a massive drain. Worse still, Greg may lose his job.
        • drain n. 下水道, 地沟 v. 排出, 耗尽
    • 其他能表达 “更…的” 的表达
      • let alone …. 更不用说… (一般放在否定含义的句子后面, 前后相同的词项)
        • → The baby can’t talk, let alone run.
        • → He can’t run a hundred yards, let alone a mile.
        • → I don’t suspect him of theft, let alone of robbery. 我不会怀疑他偷窃, 更不会怀疑他抢劫
      • not to mention … 更不用说… (一般放在肯定句后面, 后面一般加名词)
        • → They own two houses, not to mention a yacht.
          • yacht n. 游艇
        • → The dampness is unpleasant, not to mention the cold.
        • GRE 写作范文
          • → In short, without better evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the Chairperson cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusion about the overall recycling commitment of West Egg residents—let alone about how quickly the landfill will reach capacity.
            • in short 简而言之
            • 简而言之, 如果没有更好的证据, 这篇调查在数据方面是可靠的, 这位主席就不能依靠于它 , 得出任何确定性的结论, 关于对于 West Egg 居民的承诺, 对于 垃圾填埋场多块会达到他的极限
            • landfill 垃圾填埋厂
          • → Moreover, the author has not shown any correlation, let alone a cause-and-effect relationship, between the number of hours a person spends watching television and that industry’s profits.
          • → In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for the strong sales the vice president cannot convince me that Plainsville residents are exercising reqularly, let alone that they would be interested in buying the sorts of food and other products that NW sells.

• → … she was able to make out with her foot the outlines and colors of a picture hidden under a carpet.

  • 并列句省略重复内容
  • → In 1975, the number of students in our school was about five hundred, and in 1981, over two thousand.
  • make out: see or hear sb. or sth. with difficulty 困难的看清或者听清
    • → I could just make out a figure in the darkness.
    • → I couldn’t make out what he was saying.

• → … except when （she was） blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin.

  • 状语从句 的主语如果和主句主语统一, 状语从句的谓语出现 be 动词, 那么从句中的 主语 和 be 两者可以一起省略
    • → Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled.
    • → Francis Preston Blair Jr. , although he was born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
    • 特殊情况: 即便 状语从句的主语 和 主句不统一, 也可以省略主语和 be 动词
      • 状语从句的主语是虚主语 it, 这个时候即便不统一也能省略
        • → We’ll resolve the Taiwan issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary.

• → It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.

  • 名词可以当状语来用
  • cease v. 停止
    • cease to do = cease doing 停止做某事, 不再做某事
    • → There are instances when patriotism ceases to be an empty slogan.
      • There are instances …. 有些情况下
    • stop to do =! stop doing
      • stop to do 停下手头的事, 去做另外一件事
      • stop doing 停止正在做的事
      • Stop to smell the flowers 驻足片刻闻花香
        • → I’m exhausted. Let’s stop to smoke.
          • exhausted adj. 耗尽的, 用完的
        • → Please stop smoking. Smoke really bothers me.
          • bother 烦扰, 打搅
  • … the moment + at which / when /that / (/) + her hands were wet
    • wet 表面上满都是水的, 或者里面泡满了水的
      • a wet sponge
        • sponge 海绵
    • moist & damp 潮湿 (没有到滴水的程度)
      • moist 中性, 褒义
        • Bring me a moist towel
      • damp 贬义 , 湿了吧唧的
        • a could , damp collar
          • collar 衣领
    • humid 空气中水分大
      • humid atmosphere 潮湿的空气
      • humid summer nights 潮湿的夏夜

L5 Youth

## words

• leave n. 允许, 许可; 休假(请的假)

  • leave n. permission 允许，许可 (书面)
    • → He did it without my leave 他在没有我允许的情况下做了
    • → The senator asked leave to take the floor. 参议院请求允许起立发言
      • senator n. 参议员
      • take the floor 起立发言
    • I take leave to do sth. (文气的书面语) 请允许我冒昧的做某事…
      • → I take leave to say / doubt / think …
      • = forgive me for doing 原谅我做某事
        • → Forgive me for saying so, but what you said is nonsense. 请允许我冒昧的说一句, 你刚才说的都是废话
      • = I take the liberty of doing (庄重的表达) 请允许我冒昧的做某事… (擅自拿过做某事的自由)
        • → I take the liberty of asking you a question.
      • = I venture to do 请允许我冒昧的做某事…
        • → I venture to say that you are making a dangerous mistake.

• fundamentals n. 基本原理，基本原则 (习惯用复数)

  • fundamentals n. basic rules, ideas or principles 基本原理，基本原则
    • the fundamentals of philosophy / economics
  • = the basics
  • = the rudiments
  • = the first principles
  • fundamental adj. basic, essential 根本的
    • the fundamental difference 根本性的区别
    • the fundamental cause of the problem

• glorious adj. 光辉灿烂的，荣耀的，辉煌的

  • a glorious achievement 一个辉煌的成就
  • → All the Chinese compatriots should take concerted efforts to create a glorious future of the Chinese nation.
    • compatriot n. 同胞
    • concerted v. 共同的, 协作的
      • concert n. 音乐会
    • nation n. 民族, 国家
  • a glorious future
    • = a rosy / briliant / splendid / magnificent future
  • glory n. 光荣, 光辉
    • glory days 光辉岁月

• rub n. 难题，困难，困境; 摩擦, 涂抹

  • rubber n. 橡皮; 橡胶
  • rub n. a problem or difficult situation 难题，困难，困境
  • → Here is the rub. 问题就出在这里
  • → That’s where the rub is. 这就是问题所在
  • rub sb. the wrong way 令某人生气, 令某人不快
    • 听力题
      • M: what do you think of our new ecbnomics instructor？
        • instructor n. teacher
      • W: I don’t know. Something about him rubs me the wrong way.
      • Q: what does the woman say about the instructor?
      • Answer：（A） She has a negative impression.of him.
    • = get on one’s nerves 令某人不快, 让某人生气
      • 听力题:
        • M: Why did you come to the meeting late？I left a massage with your d roommate about the time change.
        • W: She has a very short memory and it really gets on my nerves sometimes.
        • Q: What does the woman imply ?
        • Answer： （C） Her roommate is unreliable about delivering messages.

• commitment n.信奉，信仰；承诺 (promise 的完美升级)

  • commitment to sth. 对于 某个事物/宗教 的信仰
    • → have a sincere commitment to religion /communism
      • sincere 由衷的, 真诚的
  • make a commitment to do … 承诺做某事
    • = make promise to do …
    • → She promised to stand by him, and once you make that commitment you have to see it through.
  • honor / fulfill one’s commitment 履行了承诺, 兑现了承诺
  • → We must honor our commitments to small nations.
  • → The President of the United States has reiterated the U.S. commitment to the Three Sino-U.S. Joint Communiques.
    • Sino- 中国的
    • joint n. 共同的, 联名的
    • Communiques 公报
    • reiterated v. 重做, 重审

• devotion n. 热爱; 奉献/忠诚

  • devotion to sb. / sth. 对某事某物的热爱 (多表示有奉献精神的爱)
    • devotion to the cause of education
  • love 爱
  • affection 慈爱, 柔情
    • = gentle love
    • parental affection 父母亲的爱
    • maternal / paternal affection 母爱/父爱
      • maternal 母亲的
      • paternal 父亲的
    • affection for sb. 对某人的爱
    • affectionate adj. 充满柔情的
  • infatuation n. 不理智的爱, 热恋
    • → Their infatuation with each other won’t last.

• cosmic adj. 宇宙的

  • cosmos n. 宇宙
  • comic adj. 喜剧的, 滑稽可笑的
  • comet n. 彗星
  • cosmetics n. 化妆品(商场里卖的瓶瓶罐罐, (还没用到身上的))
    • = make-up 化妆品 (已经用到身上的)
      • → She doesn’t wear make-up. (T)
      • → She doesn’t wear cosmetics.
  • universal adj. 普遍的, 全人类的 (不翻译成 宇宙的)
    • → （NCE3-29 P138-L8） Certain funny Situations have a universal appeal.

• suburban adj. 郊区的；见识不广的，偏狭的 (sub+urban); 外围的

  • provincial adj. 省的, 首都之外的, 首府之外的 ; 见识不广的，偏狭的, 目光短浅的(地域歧视)
  • 地域的形容词的总结
    • rural adj. 农村的
    • pastoral adj. 田园的 (褒义, 其实还是农村, 只不过是褒义)
    • suburban
    • urban adj. 城市的
    • metropolitan adj. 大城市的, 大都会的
      • metropolis n. 大城市, 大都会
    • cosmopolitan adj. 国际性大城市的, 国际性大都会的
      • cosmopolis n. 国际性大城市, 国际性大都会

## text 1

• be always doing sth. 令人烦的老是做某事
  • → He**’s always having** arguments with people.
  • → （NCE3-2 P18-L1）Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
  • 听力题
    • W: Mary is always complaining about her job.
    • M: Maybe if you try typing letters every day, you’d see what it’s like.
    • Q: What does the man mean？
    • Answer： （A） The woman would understand if she did Mary’s job.
  • = be forever doing
    • → （NCE3-41 P192-L8） He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and gentle pace of living.
  • = be constantly / continually doing sth.
    • → Your behavior reflects on me, and I can’t do my job if you’re constantly humiliating me.
      • → Constantly? Aside from today, give me one example.
        • reflect on = have negative on ….
  • = keep (on) doing sth.
    • → （NCE3-29 P138-L13） From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.
    • → （NCE3-29 P138-L20） In the process， he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals.
  • = do sth. all the time / time and time again / with monotonous reqularity / ad nauseam(Latin) (越到后面越正式)
    • → （NCE3-50 P228-L2） The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity.
    • 听力题
      • W: I thought the doctor said you should stay off your foot until the swelling goes down.
        • stay off one’s foot 卧床休息, 不能下地
        • swell v. 肿
      • M: She did. It just makes me uncomfortable to ask my friends to wait on me all the time.
        • wait on 伺候某人
          • wait for 等某人
      • What does the man mean？
      • Answer： （D） He doesn’t like to bother people.
• youth 青年时期; 泛指年轻人
• → If there is one—which I take leave to doubt — then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.
  • it is 强调句
    • it is / was …. that /who …
      • 如果强调 物的话, 用 that
      • 如果强调 人的话, 用 that 和 who 都行
    • If …. —which I take leave to doubt — then it is … that /who …， not… (整个句子的结构是表达一种条件性的假设，并对这个假设表示怀疑，然后说明如果这个假设是真的，真正的情况或责任所在。)
      • 因为后面的主句和 if 离得比较远, 所以用了一个 then 表示 和if 主句的关系
      • 造句：如果真有天堂的话（请允许我对此表示怀疑），那么也是有钱有势的人 （the rich and powerful） 去的地方，而不是穷人自己可以去的地方。
        • the rich and powerful 表示既有钱又有权的人
        • the rich and the powerful 表示 有钱的人 和 有权的人 , 总共两种人
        • → If there is heaven—which I take leave to doubt—then it is the rich and powerful who can enter， not the poor themselves.
• → Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders.
  • go down th sth. / doing 开始认真严肃的来做某事
    • to start doing sth. seriously
    • Let’s get down to business 让我们来做正经事吧/ 下面让言归正传
    • Let’s get down to discussing the details. 让我们来认真讨论一下细节吧
  • agree v. accept /admit /acknowledge / recognize / concede 同意
    • → All these countries recognize / concede that there is only one China.
• → There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him：and maybe that is where the rub is.
  • where the rub is 这就是问题所在
    • rub 难题; 擦
  • over 可以替换为
    • just / merely / no more than one difference
    • a single/solitary difference
  • **antithesis 对比/对仗 - 结构修辞法 ** (语义相反, 但结构是同一个结构)
    • → When poverty comes in at the door， love leaps out at the window. 贫困跨门而入, 爱情破门而出
    • → A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman takes twenty minutes to make a fool of him.
    • 谦受益, 满招损
    • 卑鄙是卑鄙者的通行证, 高尚是高尚者的墓志铭
    • 无情对 (文字游戏)
      • 文竹, 武松
      • 孙行者 祖冲之
      • 三星白兰地, 五月黄梅天
      • 一品天青带, 六味地黄丸
  • that’s where 这就是
    • → That’s where you and l differ. 这就是你和我的不同
    • → That’s where I draw the line. 这就是我画的线

## text 2

• → When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain—that Iwas a new boy in a huge school， and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.
  • teenager / teen n. 十几岁的孩子 (13-19)
    • in one’s teens 在某人 13岁 ~19 岁期间
      • → When I was in my teens, …
    • 其他的青少年的表达
      • adolescent n. & adj. 青春期的孩子 (暗示叛逆, 不听话)
        • → When I was an adolescent, …
        • my adolescent daughter
      • adolescence n. 青春期
      • juvenile n. & adj. (法律场合) 青少年, 青少年的
        • juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪
        • juvenile delinquent 少年犯
  • 暗喻 (没有比喻词, 直接把本体和喻体说成一回事) (某种程度上来说比 明喻 更高级)
    • 明喻: The society is like a huge school.
  • I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. 其实是一个虚拟语气, 还原回去:
  • → … I would have been very pleased if I had been regarded as something so interesting as a problem.
  • regard A as B 把 A 看作是 B
    • 同义搭配:
      • regard / see / count A as B 把 A 看作是 B
      • think of / look on / conceive of A as B 把 A 看作是 B
      • consider A (to be) B 把 A 看作是 B
        • 口语中可以用 consider A as B, 但书面语中不这么用
        • → （NCE3-23 P114-L2） If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance， you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
      • deem / reckon A to be B (书面语) 把 A 看作是 B
      • be recognized / acknowledged as … 被公认为是…
        • → Heifetz was recognized /acknowledged as the greatest violinist of the 20th century.
  • Being a problem is better than being a nobody.
• → For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
  • for one thing … 原因之一是…
    • for one thing … for another … 原因之一是 … , 另一个原因是 ….
      • → “Why won’t you come to New York with me？”
        • → “For one thing, I don’t like flying, and for another, I can’t afford it.”
      • 同义搭配:
        • on the one hand … on the other （hand）…. 一方面 … , 然而 另一方面 …. (一定是矛盾, 或者转折的关系)
          • → On the one hand I’d like a job which pays more, but on the other （hand） I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.
        • not that …，but that … 不是因为前者, 而是因为后者. 要求上下文对仗
          • → Not that I love Caesar less, but that Iove Rome more. — Shakespeare ’ Julius Caesar’
          • → Not that | love you less, but that Ilove liberty more.
          • → Not that I love my teacher less, but that l love truth more.
        • It is not that … but （that）… 不是因为前者, 而是因为后者. 这个结构不要求对仗
          • → （NCE3-57 P256-L15） It was not that lactually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, …
        • 英译汉真题
          • → It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former
  • be engaged in sth. / doing 从事某事
    • → （NCE4-2 P11-L9） How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf？

## text 3

• → It’s as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.

  • if 从句在极其不可能的时候可以用虚拟语气
  • as if …/as though ..（虚拟语气）
    • → Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach.
  • in some sense 某种意义上来说
    • → I think he may be right in some sense.
    • to some degree / extent 某种程度上
      • degree 程度
      • extent 广度, 面积, 程度, 限度
      • → Iagree with you to some degree / extent.
    • in some measure 在某种程度上
      • measure 程度
      • → The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained liberation from the self. — Albert Einstein
        • 一个人的价值 主要取决于, 他能在什么程度上, 和什么意义上, 从自我中解放出来
  • being 表示存在
    • cosmic being 宇宙生物
    • human being
    • intelligent being 智慧生物
    • alien being 外星生物
    • → To be, or not to be: that is the question. — William Shakespeare
    • → I think therefore I am. — Rene Descartes 我思故我在
    • → Being and Nothingness — Jean Paul Sartre 存在与虚无
  • in/ by contrast to / with .. 与….对比
    • in / by comparison to / with …
    • compared to / with …

• be in one’s mind 记得, 记在心中

  • be on one’s mind 牵挂着某人某事

• → He may be conceited, ill-mannered， presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders—as if mere age were a reason for respect.

  • ill+ 形容词, 构词表示不好的
    • ill-mannered 没有礼貌的
    • ill-tempered 坏脾气的
    • ill-advised 不明智的
    • ill-bred 没有教养的
      • breed 哺育, 养育, 教养
    • ill-educated 没有受到良好教育的
      • → （NCE4-28 P166-L13） Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine.
  • clishes 陈词滥调
    • 英文中的法语词汇通常是比较正式的书面语
  • turn to … for … 向前者 寻求后者
    • → The child turned to his mother for comfort .孩子到妈妈那里寻求安慰
    • → The refugees turned to the embassy for protection. 难民向大使馆寻求保护
    • → He had to turn to his brother for help, because his brother is the only person he could trust.
      • 语序替换
        • → He had to turn for help to his brother, the only person he could trust. 这样就不用写两遍 his brother 了
        • → （NCE4-46 P268-L28） The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.
  • age 年龄; 年长; 老年时期
    • → An idle youth , a needy age
      • idle 闲散的
      • needy 困窘, 没钱的

• → I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if l think he is wrong.

• 语篇模式

  • Claim-Response Pattern 主张, 反应 模式
    • claim
    • response
    • reasons for response
    • relevant example(s)
    • reaffirmation

L6 The sporting spirit

## words

• goodwill n. 善意, 友好

  • exude goodwill 流露出善意
    • exude vt. 渗出, 散发, 流露
  • promote goodwill 促进友好
    • promote 促进; [AmE] 宣传; 晋升
  • create and strengthen goodwill 建立和加强友好关系
  • goodwill games 友好运动会, 亲善运动会
  • goodwill visit 友好访问
  • goodwill tour 友好访问 (通常会访问不止一个国家)
    • 其他同类的词
      • official visit 正式访问
      • official goodwill visit 正式友好访问
      • informal visit 非正式的访问
      • private visit 私人访问
      • state visit 国事访问

• inclination n. 意愿 (主观意图)

  • have an inclination to do sth. 有意做某事
    • haven’t the slightest inclination to … 一点做某事的意愿都没有
      • → I haven’t the slightest inclination to become a journalist. 我一点也不想成为一个记者
  • incline v. 倾向; 倾斜 (客观趋势)
    • be inclined to do sth. 倾向于去做某事, 往往, 常常 (高频)
      • → Be careful not to annoy the boss,
        • because he is inclined to lose his temper.
        • because he tends to lose his temper.
          • tend to 常常.往往
        • because he has the tendency to lose his temper.
          • tendency n. 倾向,
        • because he is apt / prone to lose his temper.
          • apt / prone adj. 有 …. 的倾向的

• contest n. 比赛

  • contest 强调是裁判组 打分的具体比赛 或者 泛指所有的竞技比赛运动

    • a speech / beauty / dance contest

  • game/match 多指双方正面对垒的比赛

    • a boxing / basketball / football / volleyball match / game
      • volleyball n. 排球; 排球运动

  • games 运动会

    • the Olympic Games

  • race 竞速比赛

    • a car / boat / horse / swimming race

  • open 公开赛

  • tournament 淘汰性质的锦标赛, 巡回赛, 系列赛

  • championship 冠军赛 (各地的冠军到一起再比一场的比赛)

• deduce v. 推断

  • deduce A from B 由 B 推导出 A

    • deduce effect from cause 由原因推导出结果

  • deduction n. 推理; 推导出的结论

  • conclude A from B 由 B 推导出 A 这个结论

    • conclusion n. 结论; 事情结束

  • infer A from B 由 B 推导出 A 这个结论

    • → What can we infer from the passage?
    • inference n. 推理; 推导出的结论

• patriotism n. 爱国主义

  • “patr” = “pater”: father
    • patriot n. 爱国者
      • patriotic adj. 爱国的, 爱国主义的
        • patriotic songs / education
    • patriotism n. 爱国主义
    • compatriot n. 同胞
    • patriarchy n. 父权制, 父权主义
      • -(i)archy : rule 统治
    • patricide n. 弑父, 弑父罪
      • -icide : 杀
        • suicide
        • pesticide
    • paternal adj. 爸爸的, 父亲的
      • paternal affection 父爱
        • affection 慈爱/柔情 ; 影响
      • paternity 父亲的身份 (fatherhood)
        • → He is on paternity leave.
          • 产假(男人的)
          • leave 假(休假)
  • “matr” = “mater”: mother
    • matriarchy n. 母权制, 母权主义
    • matricide n. 弑母, 弑母罪
    • maternal 母亲的, 妈妈的
    • maternal affection
    • maternity 妈妈的身份 (motherhood)
      • → She is on maternity leave.
        • 产假

• disgrace v. 使出丑, 使丢脸

  • → The dishonest minister was publicly disgraced. 这位不诚实的部长当众受辱了

  • 同义替换

    • shame
    • humiliate
    • bring shame on ….
    • bring disgrace on…
      • → his behavior brought disgrace on his family.

  • 近意

    • show sb. up 意思更窄, 主要是 某人做了某些丢人的事情, 让同行的人出丑了
      • → Mary’s boyfriend showed her up by falling asleep at the concert.

## text 1

• → I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.

  • peoples 表示民族， people 表示人们

  • cricket 板球

  • inclination 意愿

  • amaze sb. 惊讶 (使某人迷惑不解的)

    • maze n. 迷宫

    • → (NCE3-3 P22-L14) When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.

    • surprise sb. 惊讶, 使惊讶 (无倾向)

    • astonish sb. 惊讶, 使惊讶 (because of something unbelievable)

      • → (NCE2-46 P206-L5) He was astonished at what he found.A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods.
        • astonished at 是固定搭配
        • pile 一堆

    • astound / dumbfound sb. (把某人惊呆了)

      • dumb adj. 哑的; 傻的

        • dumb found 就发现之后傻了哑了

      • → (NCE3-19 P86-L16) The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.

  • 两个并列的宾语从句 (… that …. and that …) 的情况, 第一个 that 可以省略, 而第二个不行, 否则难以区分哪个是主句哪个是从句

  • if only 有两种用法, 一个是直接引导简单句, 另一种用法是引导条件状语从句, 表达说话人的内心的一种盼望/希望, 但愿这个事情是真的就好了, 但是往往无法实现, 通常和虚拟语气连用

    • → If only I were as clever as you are!
    • → If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding , anniversary.
      • be 动词都用 were, 然后主句中用 would/should/might/…. + 动词原型
      • A.K.A. if 从句的虚拟
    • 辨析 only if …. , 就是普通的 if 从句, 表示只有…满足某个条件, 才能如何如何, 用真实语气
      • → She will go only if Peter goes. 只有 Peter 去的时候, 她才去
      • Only 放句首会引起部分倒装 (NCE3-5)
        • → Only if Peter goes will she go.
• → Even if one didn’t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, 3 for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
  • Even if … 引导让步状语从句, 表示即使…
  • contest 如果是单数具体指某个赛事, 多指 有裁判组打分的赛事, 如果是泛指的话, 可以泛指任何赛事, 尤其是竞技体育的赛事
  • lead to 导致
  • deduce 推导
  • even if …. / even though … 的区别, 两者都是让步
    • even if 表示对假设的让步, 翻译成即使
      • → Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit. 即使你不喜欢城堡, 华威城堡依旧值得一去
    • even though 表示对既成事实的让步, 翻译成尽管
      • → Even though you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit. 尽管你不喜欢城堡, 华威城堡依旧值得一去
    • 上述两个例句的细节上的区别, 一个可能两个人比较相熟(even though), 一个是两个人可能不熟(even if)
  • concrete / solid adj. 具体的, 实实在在的 n. 混凝土
  • solid 结实的; 实心的; 具体的, 确凿的
  • solid / concrete examples/conditions 具体的例子, 具体的条件
  • 反义词
    • abstract adj. 抽象的
      • → Beauty itself is abstract. 美, 本身, 是抽象的
  • 某人正在当权 可以用 sb. is in authority
    • authority n. 权威, 权力,
      • in authority 正在当政
  • see A as B, 把 A 看成是 B
  • fascist 法西斯
  • ideology n. 思想体系
  • take advantage of 利用; 占某人的便宜
    • advantage 处于优势地位; 优点
    • adventure 冒险
    • advanced 先进的; 高级的
  • advertise 宣传
  • blond 淡金色的
  • disgraced adj. 丟脸的，耻辱的，不光彩的
  • hatred n. 仇恨, 敌意
  • orgies of … / an orgy of … 疯狂的; 过度的; 没有节制的
    • orgy n. 疯狂, 放纵; 古罗马一种纵酒淫乐的聚会叫做 orgy
    • orgies of hatred 疯狂的敌意
    • an orgy of killing 一次疯狂的杀戮
    • an orgy of spending before Christmas 圣诞节前的疯狂购物
    • 同义词
      • binge / spree n. 放纵 (一般用在固定搭配里)
        • go on sth. binge/spree 疯狂的做某事
        • → He went on a drinking binge over the weekend. 他在周末疯狂的喝酒
        • → The girls went on a shopping spree on Saturday. 女孩子们疯狂的在周六购物

## text 2

• practise / practice v. 经常做, 从事; 练习
  • practice n. 常规; 习俗, 惯例
    • → (NCE3-23 P114-L5) On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat-the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
  • British English:
    • noun: practice
    • verb: practise
  • American English:
    • noun & verb: practice
• do/try one’s utmost to do [高频] 尽某人最大的努力
  • 同义
    • **do/try one’s best to do **
      • → (NCE3-29 P138-L15) Though the doctor did his best, the patient’s recovery was slow.
    • go to great lengths to do 竭尽全力做某事
      • → (NCE3-28 P134-L11) The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real.
    • endeavor(美式) / endeavour(英式) to do
      • → (NCE4-13 P76-L12) We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.
    • spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做某事
    • → China will spare no effort to realize peaceful reunification.
    • 通俗版本
      • give one’s all to do 竭尽全力做某事(全都给了)
      • go all out to do 竭尽全力做某事 (全都使出去了)
        • → W: Look at the delicious sandwiches. John’s really gone all out this time. M: Just wait until you see the dessert.
          • Just wait until …. 表示吊胃口, 现在这种语境下表示后面的更好, 需要看后面说什么表示倾向
            • → Part 1 of the movie was amazing. Just wait until you see Part 2.
• little meaning 没什么意义
• → On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
  • the village green 乡间的绿地
  • pick up sides 一群人 随便组织两个队伍
  • patriotism 爱国主义
    • local patriotism 地方的爱国主义, 地域主义
  • prestige 声望, 声誉
    • question of prestige 声誉问题
      • question of pride 面子问题(不要翻译成骄傲问题)
      • question of time 时间问题
        • → She is so talented and diligent that her success is only a question of time.
      • matter of … …的事(和question of …. 是一个意思)
        • → (NCE4-33 P195-L20) Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. 荒野中的教育不是钱的问题(不是…的事)
        • → It’s only a matter of time. 这只是个迟早的事/这只是个时间上的事= It’s only a question of time. 这只是时间问题
        • → It’s a matter of personal taste. 这只是个人品味的事/品味的问题
        • → It’s a matter of preference. 这是个爱好问题
        • → It’s a matter of interest. 这是个兴趣问题
        • → It’s a matter of life and death. 这是一个生死攸关的问题
        • → I can’t take the money. It’s a matter of principle. 我不能拿这个钱, 这是个原则问题
  • arise arose arisen vi. 问题或者困难出现了
    • pharse:
      • arise from … (矛盾/问题) 是由哪里产生的
        • → The conflict arose from tensions between different ethnic groups.
          • ethnic 种族的
            • ethic 伦理, 道德
          • tension n. 紧张
  • arouse vt. 激发, 激起
    • arouse interest / hostility / resentment
  • as soon as 引导 时间状语从句, 一旦…就…
    • as soon as 一旦⋯就⋯.
    • as long as 只要⋯就⋯.
    • as far as 就⋯.而言
  • unit n. 组织, group; organization
  • savage 野蛮的
  • combative 好斗的
  • instinct 本能
• → At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.
  • frankly adv. 坦白地, 直率地; 老实说, 坦白的说
  • mimic 模仿, 模拟; 模拟的
  • warfare n. 战争; 冲突
    • warfare 表示战争的时候, 多表示战争的种类, 多当抽象词
    • 常见搭配
      • germ warfare 细菌战
      • jungle warfare 丛林战
      • nuclear warfare 核战
      • chemical warfare 化学战
      • guerrilla warfare 游击战
        • guerilla / guerrilla n. 游击队员
        • gorilla n. 大猩猩
      • psychological warfare 心理战
• → But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe at any rate for short periods that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
  • not …. but … 不是….., 而是….
    • not that … but that … 不是因为..而是因为…
      • → Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. —– Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
      • → Not that I love you less, but that I love liberty more.
      • → Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.
    • it is not that … but (that)… 不是因为…., 而是因为….
      • → (NCE3-57 P256-L15) It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town …
      • → It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working: but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
    • 辨析
      • It is .. that / who…,not… 是 这个, 而不是 那个
        • it’s … that/who … ,not … 是not … but … 反过来意思
        • → (NCE4-5 P29-L2) It is older people who create it, not the young themselves.
        • → It is the attitude of the spectators that is significant, not the behavior of the players. (改写句型)
        • → It is the attitude of the spectators that is significant / that is of significance, not the behavior of the players.
          • 辨析 significant 和 of significance
            • 第二种写法更加正式, 更书面
            • of significance 带“抽象属性”的味道，像在谈“重要性这一属性”的存在与大小，有时显得更客观、去人称。
        • → It is the attitude of the spectators that is significant / that is of significance / that matters / that counts, not the behavior of the players.
          • → It is the thought that counts.
            • thought 在这里就表示心意,
            • counts 表示“才是关键/起作用/算数”。
  • spectator 观众
    • 多指体育比赛的观众 , 一般是坐的地方高, 往下看
    • 多指一个观众, 一个一个的数
    • 辨析
      • audience 观众
        • 多指看电影的, 听音乐会的, 听讲座的观众
        • 一般是坐的地方低, 往上看
        • 多指一群观众, 一群一群的数
      • viewer 多指电视观众
        • 出现在 统计收视率之类的场景
      • onlooker / looker-on 旁观者, 看热闹的
  • work sb. into… 使某人产生某种情绪
    • → He worked himself into a rage.
    • → He worked his audience into enthusiasm. 他让台下的观众充满热情
  • at any rate 有两个含义
    1. 无论如何 = in any case/ event = come what any
       • ~, we must go on Tuesday
    2. 至少 = at least
       • They felt, or ~ Dan felt, both relieved and frightened.
  • fury n. 狂怒, 暴怒
    • 和 rage 同义
  • absurd adj. 荒唐的
  • virtue n. 人的品德; 好的素质
    • 同一个名词, 很多 一抽象就不可数, 一具体就可数了
• → For example, Hitler saw the Olympics as a test of the Aryan racial superiority.
• → But the author argue that sport is only for sport; it has nothing to do with prestige or national virtue and it won’t create goodwill between the nations.

L7 Bats

## words

• utilitarian adj. 实用主义的

  • utilitarian adj. designed to be useful rather than attractive (略有贬义味道)
  • ugly utilitarian buildings 丑陋而又实用的建筑
  • utilitarian furniture 实用主义建筑
  • • utility+"tarian" 重要字根
      • -tarian (主义的; 主义者)
        • vegetarian 素食主义的;素食主义者
        • totalitarian adj. 极权主义的; n. 极权主义者
          • → Germany was once a totalitarian state.
        • humanitarian 人道主义的; 人道主义者
        • egalitarian adj. 平等主义的; n. 平等主义者
          • equal
          • → an egalitarian attitude to voting

• elapse v. 时间流逝

  • → Three years elapsed
  • 同义词: go by / pass
    • → Three years went by / passed
  • "-lapse" = slide 滑动 (重要字根)
    • collapse 倒塌, 坍塌
    • relapse 倒退, 退步

• interval n. (两件事之间的) 间隔时间

  • interval between A and B A和 B两件事之间的间隔时间
  • at …. intervals 每隔多久
    • at weekly/20 minute intervals 每周的/ 每20分钟的
    • → The trains run at hourly intervals. 列车每隔一个小时发一趟
    • → (NCE4-46 P269-L1) Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.

• shoal n. 鱼群(量词)

  • a school / shoal of fish 鱼群
  • 量词

    • a flock of sheep / pigeons 羊群, 鸟群

    • a herd of cattle / deer / elephants 牛群, 鹿群, 大象群

      • cattle 本身就是复数
      • deer 单复数同行
      • elephant 单数

    • a drove of horses / cattle / sheep 赶着的一群马/ 一群牛 / 一群羊

    • a pack of wolves / tigers / lions 狼群/ 虎群/ 狮群

    • a swarm of flies / bees 一群苍蝇, 一群蜜蜂

    • a colony of ants / termites 一群蚂蚁, 一群白蚁

## text 1

• 科技英语的特点

  1. 倾向于将动词名词化
  2. 倾向于更多地使用被动语态

• → Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

  • 部分否定
    • not 与全部肯定词 all, every, everything, everyone, both 连用，多表示部分否定.
      • 表示部分否定的情况
        • → All that glitters is not gold. (Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice) 闪光的不都是金子 (不要翻译成 全部闪光的都不是金子)
          • glitters 闪烁的
        • → Not every sound made by animals serve**s** as language. 并不是所有的动物发出的声音都是当作语言来使用的(不要翻译成 所有的动物发出的声音都不是当作语言来使用的)
      • 完全否定 和 部分否定 的情况都成立
        • → All of the arrows didn’t hit the target.
          • 以下两种翻译都成立, 需要从逻辑和上下文进行判断
            • 并非所有的箭都命中了靶子
            • 所有的箭都没有命中靶子
      • 完全否定的句子
        • → All civilized people can’t be cannibals. 所有的文明人都不可能吃同类 (不要翻译成 并非所有的文明人都不可能吃同类)
          • cannibal 同类相食的动物; 食人族
        • → Not all the water in rough rude sea can wash the balm off from an anointed king. 所有汹涌澎湃的沧海之水都洗不掉国王头上的芬芳 (不要翻译成 并非所有汹涌澎湃的沧海之水都洗不掉国王头上的芬芳)
          • rough rude sea 汹涌澎湃的沧海
          • balm 芬芳, 香味
          • anoint 施涂油礼; 选定
      • 完全否定词(避免歧义)
        • None
          • → None of the arrows hit the target. 没有一只箭击中了靶子
  • serve as …. 可用作….., 当作什么来用
    • → (NCE3-25 P122-L1) One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of past.
    • = be used as …. 被用作….
    • = act as …. 充当…, 起..作用
    • = function as… 起.作用，具有….功能
  • have only to 只需要做某事
    • have to 必须得做某事
    • have only to do … to do … 只须 … 就可以 …
      • → You have only to press the button to call the nurse.
      • → You have only to click the following link to download the software.
    • have only to turn to sth. to do … 只需借助于…就可以⋯⋯
      • 造句：我们只需借助于1936年奥运会的具体例子就可以知道国际体育比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨。
      • → We have only to turn to the concrete example of the 1936 Olympic Games to know that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred.
  • turn to 求助于, 诉诸于, 借助于
  • strictly adv. exactly and completely 完全地 ; 严格地
    • → She is strictly a beauty. 她完全是个美女 (不能翻译成她严格地是个美女)
    • → It’s strictly a, neutral organization. 这完全是个中立的组织
  • play a … role / part in sth. ⭐️ 在某事中发挥着什么作用
    • → (NCE3-56 P252-L1) The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
    • → The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.
      • prominent 突出的, 显著的
    • → (NCE4-15 P87-L9) This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
    • → (NCE4-44 P257-L5) The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
    • → (NCE4-44 P257-L10) John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.

## text 2

• → To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.

  • appreciation 熟词僻意, 这里要翻译成理解

    • 冷僻的含义往往就越文言, 书面语中的含义, 往往就不是最常见的那个

      • → There is, I think, much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick’s observation that “lecturing is an unnatural act, an act for which God did not design human.” 演讲的这个技能不是本能, 需要后天培训

        • much truth in 表示很有道理 (不要翻译成 有很多真实在里面)
        • observation 熟词僻意, 某人评论说

      • → With, the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.

        • news coverage 新闻报道
          • coverage 熟词僻意, 新闻报道

      • → Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.

        • disciplines 纪律; 学科

      • → “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.

        • latitude 纬度
          • 僻意 自由
        • lies in sth. 在… 之中, 位于…
        • not … but … 不是…. 而是…
        • disputable 可质疑的

    • 如果使用 … to fully appreciate what this means … 就不如原文更加正式和庄重

  • turn to … 必须借助于, 求助于
    • resort to … 求助于, 诉诸于(往往是一个令人不愉快的, 不得已的, 最后的手段)
      • → We can solve this problem without resorting to legal action.

• → Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.

  • mountainside 山坡, 山腰

  • in the vicinity of … 在 临近地区

    • vicinity 临近地区
    • 近义词
      • in the neighborhood of … 在… 附近
      • close to ….
      • adjacent to …
      • near …
      • off …

        • → I rent an apartment off campus.

        • 如果是要表示公寓在校园中, 不使用 of 而是用 on, 如果听到 “of campus” 的话, 一定是 off campus(校园附近) 而不是 of campus(校园里)

          • → I rent an apartment on campus.

        • 听力题

          • M: Will you be living in the dormitory this year?
          • W: Not if I can help it. I’ve been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of mine.
            • dormitory 美式: 宿舍楼 英式: 宿舍的房间
            • help 僻意,避免
            • housing 住处(不可数)
              • house 房子(可数)

  • come back

    • 同义
      • bounce back 反弹回来
      • be reflected 被反射回来
        • → (NCE4-7 P41-L5) A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, …
          • hull 船壳

• → The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.

  • off

    • He lives far away = He Lives far off

  • obstruction n. 障碍物

  • elapse 逝去, 流逝

  • 越…就越… 这个句型在 Lesson 3 详细讲过

    • 如果位于动词是 be 动词, 在这种句型中可以省略
      • → the further off this solid obstruction is …

  • far 的比较级

    • further

      • 英式: 皆可
      • 美式: 如果表示抽象的远, 只能用 further
        • further development / investigation

    • farther

      • 美式: 如果表示物理上的远, 一般用 farther
      • 英式: 不表示抽象的远的话, 都能用

  • 原文的表达 = The time and the distance are in proportion.

    • 反意
      • The time and the distance are out of proportion. 时间和距离不成比例

• → A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

  • will be reflected = will come back = will bounce back

  • sea bottom = sea bed = sea floor 海底

    • get to the bottom of sth. 弄清楚了某事

  • receipt 通常意思是收据/小票, 比较少用作接收, 用名词表示接收 体现书面语的庄重, 翻译成中文需要转化为 动词

  • … between the tapping and receiving the echoes … (不佳示例, 相比原文)

  • 科技英语的两个特征,

    1. 会大量使用名词结构,
    2. 会大量出现被动语态

  • 英语中必须有主语, 对应中文中一些无主语的情况, 表达可以用物做主语然后使用被动结构

    • sb. can calculate sth.
      • 变为 sth. can be calculated
        • **sound will be reflected **
        • depth can be calculated

• The echo-sounding apparatus was born so. 回声探测仪就是这样诞生的

  • So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, so 提前避免头重脚轻, so 放到句首会引起部分倒装
  • apparatus 仪器

• → Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.

  • nature 性质
  • vary according to sth… 根据…而有所不同
  • 造句
    • 造句：每一个退休工人都可以得到一笔退休金（pension），根据职务 （post）和工作年限（working period） 而有所不同。
      • Every retailed workercan receive a pension, varying according to his post and working period

• A shoal of fish will do this

  • = A shoal of fish will reflect a sound, varying according to its size and nature.

• comparatively adv. 相对地

  • = relatively
  • It is a comparatively simple step from A to B. 从 A 到 B 只有相对简单的一步
    • = It is a small step from A to B 从 A 到 B 只有简单的一步
      • That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. — Neil Armstrong
      • It is a small step from loving a man to hating him.
        • It is a small step from loving a man to the bone to hating him to the core.

• → With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

  • tell 分辨, 辨认

  • by prep. according to … 根据…

    • → (NCE3-10 P50-L3) Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.

  • herring 鲱鱼

  • 随着经验的积累

    • with experience (true)

      • experience 表示经验是不可数, 表示经历体会是可数的
      • 已经隐含了积累的意思, 不用再加别的词表示积累, 比方说 accumulate
        • With accumulating experience (false!)

    • with time (true) 随着时间的流逝

      • with passing time (false)

    • with seasons (true) 随着季节的更替

      • with changing seasons (false)

  • Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. — William Strunk, Jr.

    • vigorous 生动的

    • concise 简洁的

    • 例子

      • the cause of justice (ture) 正义事业

        • cause 事业

      • the cause of national reunification (false) (国家统一大业)

        • 上文的正义不是事业, 所以要加 cause, 表示 正义事业. 而国家的统一本身就是事业, 所以不用加 the cause of

      • the cause of socialist construction (false) (社会主义建设事业)

        • 同上, 句子的语法没错, 就是有点罗嗦

      • accelerate the speed of economic reform (false) 加快经济体制改革的速度

        • accelerate 本身就有速度的意思

      • 船长知道他的尝试不会是唯一的尝试

        • The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only attempt. 比较罗嗦
        • The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only one. 好点还是稍显罗嗦
        • The captain knew that his would not be the only attempt. (阅读的时候要get 到这种省略)
          • 省略了前面的 attempt
          • 上面的his 是形容词性物主代词, 后面跟名词. 这里的 his 是名词性物主代词,
          • 中文翻译的时候不能这么省略

      • 我们的时代是

        • Our age is a tragic age. 罗嗦
        • Our age is a tragic one. 啰嗦
        • Ours is a tragic age. – Shakespeare

    • Brevity is beauty. 简洁即是美。

## text 3

• → It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed.
  • emit 发射(声音, 光线)
    • emit: “e"(out)+”mit"(send)
      • transmit: “trans"(across)+”mit"(send) 传播
        • sexually transmitted diseases
        • The US open will be transmitted live via satellite.
          • open 僻意, 公开赛
          • live adj. 现场直播地
      • omit: “o"="ob"(away)+”mit"(send) 省略, 删除
      • submit: “sub"(under)+”mit"(send) 上交
        • submit to 向…屈服, 顺从
      • vomit: “vo” (eat) + “mit” (send) 呕吐(医学用语)
        • 日常用 throw up 表示呕吐
  • steer clear of …. = avoid … = get around … 绕过, 避免, 躲避
    • steer vt. 引领; 驾驶; 肉牛
    • → We tried to steer clear of political issues.
    • → I steered clear of the main roads where I might be recognized.
  • squeak v. 尖叫声, 吱吱声
  • feed on sth. 以…为食(肉食性和草食系皆可以表示)
    • 对于本文中的情况, 自己写的时候不要写成 ….which they feed on., 因为在书面语中, 如果关系代词做介词宾语的话, 这个介词在书面语中要放到关系代词前面, 写成 ….on which they feed.
    • → Cows feed on hay
    • 近意辨析
      • prey on sth. 捕食, 以…为食.(只表示肉食性)
        • → Owls prey on mice.
      • live on sth. 以…为食 (只表示人类)
        • → I live on rice
  • obstacle n. 阻碍
• → This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
  • campare A with/to B 既可以表达AB 的不同之处, 也可以强调两者的类似之处
    • 近义词辨析
      • contrast A with B 一定是强调 AB 之间明显的不同
        • comtrast n. 差异, 比较, v. 对比
  • “名词+介词+关系代词”引导非限定性定语从句
    • 修饰的不是先行词本身,而是先行词相关 的一个事物, 或者先行词的一部分
    • the principle of which is similar.
    • → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuable find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
    • 造句
      • 造句：他有两个儿子，其中的一个死于战火。
        • He has two sons, one of whom dead in the war.
      • 造句：演讲者提了四个问题，它们的答案被证明非常有启发性。
        • The speaker posed(asked/rised) four questions, the anwsers of which proved very illuminating.
  • principle 原理; 原则