NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part B (yanlong li)

[TOC]

L12 Life on a desert island ⭐️

words

paradise /ˈpærədaɪs/ n. 天堂, 伊甸园
- 同义词
  - heaven n. 天堂
  - the Garden of Eden n. 伊甸园 (用 of 引出花园的名字)
- Paradise Lost 失乐园
- be a paradise for … 对某人来说像天堂一样
  - → Hawaii is a paradise for surfers.
    - surfer 冲浪者
    - Hawaii 读的时候 hawa 读完要停顿一下再读 ii
  - → California is a paradise for sun lovers.
wretched /ˈreʧɪd/ adj. 可怜的, 悲惨的
- lead a wretched life 过着悲惨的生活
  - lead a … life 中间的形容词可以替换, 下面的词和 wretched 同义
    - poor adj. 贫穷的, 可怜的
    - pitiful adj. 可怜的, 悲惨的
    - pathetic adj. 可怜的, 悲惨的
- wretch n. 可怜的人
  - → The poor wretch begs in the street.
- wreck n. 残骸(事故), 身心严重伤残的人,
  - → Poor man, mentally a wreck. 可怜的人, 精神上是个残疾.
    - mentally adv. 精神上的, 心理上的
      - mental adj. 心理的
starve /stɑːv/ v. 挨饿
- → He starved to death in the desert. 他在沙漠里饿死了
  - starve to death 饿到死
- → I’m starving. 我快饿死了.
  - starving adj. 非常饥饿的, 极度渴望的
- hunger v. 感到饿 n. 饥饿
  - hunger for …. 渴望得到 …
    - → I hunger for your touch.
  - hungry adj. 饥饿的
  - satisfy one’s hunger 喂饱某人
    - satisfy v. 满足, 使满意
- thirst v. 感到渴 n.
  - thirst for … 渴望得到 …
    - → The students thirst for knowledge.
  - satisfy/quench one’s thirst 解某人的渴
    - quench v. 浇灭
    - → Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
      - seek v. 寻找
element /ˈelɪmənt/ n. 元素, 要素, 成分
- there is an element of truth in … 某个东西有点道理
  - → There is an element of truth in his words. 他说的话有点道理
- chemical element 化学元素
  - 亚里士多德认为天地万物由四种基本元素构成, earth , water, fire and air , 所以 element 也有基本的意思
- the elements 自然力
- strugale/fight/battle against the elements 与自然做斗争, 战天斗地
- elementary /ˌelɪˈmentəri/ adj. 基本的, 初级的, 初步的 (由 element 的基础的意思的派生词)
  - elementary school 小学(美)
  - primary school 小学(英)
opportunity /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti/ n. 机会 (美音中第一个字母 o 多发 ɑ, 英音中多发ɒ) (并且最后的 t 会浊化为 d)
- a golden opportunity 一个宝贵的机会
- 一生一次的机会 a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity
- miss the **opporunity ** 错过机会
- seize the opporunity 抓住机会
  - seize v. 抓住
- Opportunity seldom knocks twice. 机不可失时不再来.
  - seldom adv. 很少
- take the opportunity to do … 就着这个机会来做某事(借机做某事)
  - Let me take the opportunity to introduce myself. 就让我借着这个机会介绍我自己.
genuinely /ˈdʒɛnjʊɪnli/ adv. 真诚地, 由衷地
- sincerely /sɪnˈsɪəli/ adv. 真诚地，诚挚地，真心地
  - sincere adj. 真诚的, 由衷的
- → He was genuinely glad to see Mary. 见到Marry , 他由衷的感到高兴
  - glad adj. 高兴的, 欣慰的
- genuine adj. 真诚的, 由衷的
  - → He has a genuine love for his family. 他真心的爱着他的家庭
    - love 后面的介词不用 to 通常用 for
  - genuine 也可以表示真的.
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-415) It certainly looked genuine. 它看上去是真的
- 表示 ‘假的’ 的词
  - hypocritical /ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkl/ adj. 虚伪的, 伪善的
  - artificial /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəl/ adj. 人造的, 非天然的
    - artificial hair/tooth/limb
      - 假发/假牙/义肢
  - fake adj. 伪造的, 假的, 欺骗的
    - fake money
  - counterfeit /ˈkaʊntəfɪt/ adj. 伪造的(书面语)
    - counterfeit moeny 假钞
  - pirated CDs/books 盗版的

text 1

什么什么的生活不能用 on
- life on a desert island 荒岛生活
- life at the monastery 在修道院的生活
- life in the army 军旅生活
- life on campus 校园生活
  - on campus 是固定搭配
form a picture of … = imagine … 想象
- form n. 形状
  - → Can you form a picture of what I described to you?
- unrealistic adj. 不切实际的, 脱离现实的
- 造句：他们之中多数人对于西方世界有一种不切实际的想象。
  - → Most of them have formed an unrealistic picture of life on westem world.
take a picture of … 给某人拍张像
- → Excuse me. My name is Richard Stewart. I’m a photographer. May I take a picture of you and your little boy?
  - photographer /fəˈtɑːɡrəfər/ n. 摄影师, (注意这个词不是 photo + grapher 连起来读)
- Look in the camera 看镜头
- Hold that pose. 别动, 保持姿势
- Say cheese. (拍照时候说茄子)
- You are photogenic. 你挺上像的.
  - photogenic adj. 上镜的, 适于拍照的
- The picture does not do your justice. 这照片没拍好
  - not do one’s justice 没有反映出某人的真实水平
  - → The exam does not do your justice. 这考试没考好
→ We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.
- imagine … to be … 把 … 想象成 … (把前者想象成后者)
- picture … as … 把 … 想象成 … (把前者想象成后者)
- conceive of … as … 把 … 想象成 … (把前者想象成后者)
- 把… 当成是 …
  - regard … as … 把 … 看作 … (把前者看作后者)
    - → (NCE3-11P54-L6) When l returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.(把前者看作后者)
  - consider … (to be) … 把 … 看作 … (把前者看作后者)
    - → (NCE3-23 P114-L2) If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy. 如果你住在地中海地区, 比方说, 你就会把章鱼看作是一种美味佳肴
      - consider octopus a great delicacy 把章鱼看作美味佳肴
  - see … as … 把 … 看作 …. (把前者看作后者)
    - → I see his words as a joke.
  - count … as …. 把 … 看作 … (把前者看作后者)
    - count 有把 … 算作 … 的意思, 所以可以表示把 …. 看作 … 的意思
    - → I don’t count him as a friend any more. 我再也不把他看作我的朋友了.
  - look on …. as … 把 … 看作 … (把前者看作后者)
    - → They look on her as a daughter. 他们把她像女儿一样看待
  - think of … as … 把 … 看作 … (把前者看作后者)
    - → Learning a language should be thought of as a natural process. 学习一门语言应该被看作是一个自然的过程
- 把 … 公认为是 …. (通常用被动 , … 被公认为是 … )
  - be recognized / acknowledged as …
    - recognized adj. 已被认可的
    - acknowledged adj. 公认的
    - → Heifetz was recognized/acknowledged as the greatest violinist of the 2Oth century.
      - violinist /ˌvaɪəˈlɪnɪst/ 小提琴手
        
        violin n. 小提琴
- a sort of
  - 意思1: n. 种类, 类型 v. 分类, 排序, 整理, adj. 整理好的, 整齐的
  - 意思2: 有些像…的, …. 般的
    - a sort of … = a kind of ….
      - a sort of paradise 天堂般的
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L14) In spite of this, the ltalians regarded him as a sort of hero. 意大利人把他看作英雄般的人物
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L16) Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers’ Everest.
    - → (NCE3-54 P244-L21) They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them.
    - → An atom is a kind of solar system.
      - solar 太阳系
    - → (NCE4-22 P127-L6) Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
  - kind of = sort of = somewhat adv. 有点 (注意辨析, a sort of 与 sort of 以及 a kind of 与 kind of 是不一样的意思)
    - somewhat adv. 有点地, 稍微地
    - somehow adv. 不知怎么地
    - somewhere adv. 某处
    - → I’m kind of hungry. 我有点饿了
    - → He felt sort of embarrassed. 他觉得有一点尴尬
ripe adj. 成熟的
- ripe fruit 成熟的水果
- → Soon ripe, soon rotten. 成熟的早, 腐烂的快
  - rotten adj. 腐烂的
- → The time is ripe. 时机成熟了
  - → I’m waiting till the time is ripe before I tell my parents that I failed my exames.
    - before 这里表示然后, 不一定表示之前
    - till prep. 直到
- 其他表示成熟的词的辨析
  - 人和动物成年了 (生理上成熟了)
    - adult/full-grown
      - adult n. 成年 adj. 成年人的
      - → an adult cat
      - → A full-grown giraffe is 5.5 m tall.
        
        giraffe n. 长颈鹿
  - mature /məˈtjʊə(r)/ adj. 心理上成熟了, 心智成熟
    - → He is very mature for his age.
  - 牛排的熟度
    - well-done 全熟的
    - medium well 七八分熟的
    - medium 五分熟的
    - medium rare 四分熟的
    - rare 三分熟的
    - raw 全生的
    - → How would you like your steak (cooked)?
    - → I’d like my steak well-done / medium well / medium / medium rare / rare.
    - → Ilike to eat fish raw.
      - raw fish 未加工的鱼 (刚捞上来的)
      - fish raw 生鱼片(鱼生)
quite
- 做副词有两个意思,
  - 一个是表示相当的, 颇为…
  - 一个是截然, 完全, 彻底
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L12) In winter, however, life at the mionastery is quite different.
the opposite 反面, 对立面
- → The opposite of love is hatred. 爱的反面就是恨
- → the opposite bank 彼岸
- → the opposite sex 异性
- → be quite the opposite 截然相反
- 造句：我的父亲是个性格平和的人，但是我的母亲却截然相反。
  - → My father is a very calm person , but my mother is quite the opposite.
either … or … 要么… 要么…
waiting for a boat which it never comes.
- = waiting for a boat but it never comes
there is an element of truth in … …. 有点道理
- → There is an element of truth in what she said. 她说的有点道理
- → **There is an element of truth in ** she words
there is a good deal of truth in … … 很有道理
- → (NCE3-9 P46-L7) Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea.
there is no truth in … … 没道理
- → **There is no truth in ** the rumor
过于乐观和过于悲观的表达
- → The former picture is unduly optimistic while the latter picture is unduly pessimistic前者太过于乐观
  - unduly adv. 过分地
  - optimistic adj. 乐观的
  - pessimistic adj. 悲观的
  - 上文可以优化成下面这样
    - → The former picture is unduly optimistic while the latter unduly pessimistic.

text 2

→ Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer.
- coral /ˈkɒrəl/ n. 珊瑚, adj. 珊瑚色的
  - coral island 珊瑚岛
- spent(spend)
  - 表示度过
    - (NCE3-4 P26-L11) He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.
      - dustman n. 垃圾工
      - overalls n. 工装裤
- ‘wish’ 型的虚拟语气(表示希望)
  - 除了 wish 型, 还有 ‘if’ 型的表示如果, ‘should + do’ 表示应该
  - wish 型
    1. S.+ wish + (that) + S.+ (S. 表示主语)
      1. did/were (现在)
      2. had done (过去)
      3. would/should/could/might + do (将来)
      - 注解: wish 和 hope 的区别
        
        hope 一般用于真实语气, 表示可能性还是比较大的
        
        wish 一般是对可望不可及的一种希望, 一般表示可能性微乎其微
      - 例句:
        
        → I wish (that) I met my uncle now. (现在)
        
        → I wish (that) I had met my uncle yesterday. (过去)
        
        → I with (that) I could meet my uncle tomorrow. (将来)
    2. would rather/sooner (that) + S. +
      1. did/were (现在)
      2. had done (过去)
      3. would/should/could/might + do (将来)
      - 注解
        
        表示真希望, e.g. 要是真这样就好了
        
        需要和 would rather do than do 区分开, 后者表示宁愿做某事也不愿做某事
      - 例句
        
        → I’d rather you started off now. (现在)
        
        → Id rather you had been present yesterday. (过去)
    3. **if only + S. + **
      1. did/were (现在)
      2. had done (过去)
      3. would/should/could/might + do (将来)
      - 注解
        
        表示真希望, e.g. 要是真这样就好了
      - 例句
        
        → If only Tessa were here now!
        
        → If only I had listened to my parents at that time.
→ They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin lslands to Miami to have it repaired.
- 从某地到某地的表达
  - from A to B
  - out of A towards B
  - for B from A
- 从某个时间到某个时间的表达
  - from A to B
    - → The store is open from Monday to Saturday.
  - from A until/till B
    - → The store is open from Monday until /till Saturday.
  - A through B
    - → The store is open Monday through Saturday.
begin to do 表示客观发生的现象
- begin doing 多表示人主动的行为的发生事情
→ They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island .
- dinghy n. 皮筏, 充气的救生艇
- Load B with A 是固定搭配, 给…里面装上什么东西
  - load A into B , 把 A 往 B 里装,
  - B 和 A 哪个长放后面, 哪个短放前面
  - → He is loading groceries into his car.
  - → He is loading his car with groceries.
  - be loaded with …
    - → (NCE3-28 P134-L1) Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour.
      - ware n. 器皿, 大宗商品
- match n. 火柴
- can n. 罐头, 罐装的, 易拉罐
- → Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back. 学如逆水行舟, 不进则退
  - advance n./v. 前进, 促进, 提高
prove (to be) + adj./n. 被证明是…. (固定搭配)
- → (NCE3-1 P74-L9) The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L8) He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village.
- → (NCE2-77 P358-L6) The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin.
plenty n. 丰富的
fresh water 淡水
- salt water 海水, 盐水
→ These two pieces of equipment proved (to be) essential to their survival. 这两项设备对他们的生存是至关重要的.
→ They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it ‘ate like kings’ .
- lobster n. 龙虾 (单复数同行)
- put it = express it 措辞说
  - → I don’t know how to put it
  - to put it another way 换句话说
    - → It’s fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don’t try this at home.
      - fairly adv. 颇为, 相当地 / 公正地
  - Let me put it this way 让我这么说吧
  - 听力题
    - W: You had Professor Johnson before, right? How would you describe his lectures? M: Well, let me put it this way: I could never stay awake in one of his classes without first drinking at least two cups of coffee.
      
      Q: What does the man imply?
    - lectures n. 大学里的授课, 演讲；讲座；课程
    - awake adj. 醒着的, 警觉的, v. 醒着
→ When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave. (形容词补足语)
- sorry adj. 遗憾的, 难过的
  - genuinely adv. 由衷地
    - 同义词
      - sincerely adv. 真诚地, 真心地
      - from the bottom of their hearts 由衷地, 发自心底的
  - 同义词
    - regretful adj. 遗憾的, 后悔的
      - regret v. 遗憾
        
        使用 regret 改写上面的句子
        
        → Both men genuinely regretted that they had to leave
        
        → Both men genuinely regretted having to leave. (regret + doing)
        
        regret to say …
        
        regret to tell you …
        
        regret inform you …

L13 ‘It’s only me’ ⭐️

### words

costume /ˈkɑːstjuːm/ n. 化妆服, 历史上某个时期穿的衣服
- → The movie won Oscars for best costumes and best screenplay.
  - screenplay n. 剧本, 电影剧本
    - screen n. 屏幕
- historical costume 古装
- traditional national costume 传统民族服饰
- 表示衣服的词
  - overalls(英式) / coveralls (美式) 蓝领工人穿的工作服, 工装裤
  - uniform 制服
    - school uniform 校服
    - military uniform 军装
  - wear 为后缀的名词
    - wear v. 穿着, n. 服装, 磨损
    - 通常 wear 为后缀的表示衣服的词通常不可数
  - sportswear n. 运动服 (不可数)
  - underwear n. 内衣 (不可数)
  - leisure wear n. 休闲装
  - rags n. 乞丐服, 破布, 破旧衣服
  - shroud n. 寿衣, 裹尸布
consist /kənˈsɪst/ v. 由…. 组成
- consist of … 由..组成 (常用搭配)
- 同义词 (被动)
  - be composed of … 由 … 组成
  - **be made up of … ** 由 .. 组成
  - **comprise … ** 由 … 组成
- 主语是整体, 宾语是组成的成分
- 例句
  - → The committee
    - consists of 100 members.
    - is composed of 100 members.
    - is made up of 100 members.
    - comprises 100 members.
- 同义词2 - 组成了什么 (主动)
  - comprise v. 组成了什么, 由什么组成 (皆可)
  - make up v. 组成了什么
  - compose v. 组成
  - constitute v. 组成, 构成, 制定
- 例句
  - → One hundred members
    - comprise the committee.
    - make up the committee.
    - compose the committee.
    - **constitute ** the committee.
metre(英) / meter(美) /ˈmiːtər/ n. 仪表
- an electricity meter 电表
- a water meter 水表
- a gas meter 煤气表
- read the water meter 查水表
  - 查不用 check, check 有检修, 坏了要检查的意思
- meter 做字缀
  - thermometer n. 温度表
  - barometer n. 气压计
  - odometer/milometer n. 里程表
  - speedometer n. 速度表
    - 口语读成 speedo
pace /peɪs/ n. 一步, 步伐
- step 是 pace 完美同义词
- take one pace/step forward 向前迈了一步
- quicken one’s pace/step 加快了某人的步伐
- pace n. 节奏, 速度 (派生义)
  - 同义词 tempo n. (音乐或者运动) 节奏 , 乐曲的速度
  - the pace/tempo of life 生活的节奏
  - the fast pace/tempo of modern life 当代的快节奏的生活
- stride v. 迈出一大步, 跨越
  - make strides in … 在某方面取得了长足的进步
    - → Medical science has made great strides in tackling infertility.
      - tackling infertilify 不孕不育
- leap n./v. 纵身一跃, 跃过, 猛增
  - → That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. – Neil Armstrong
  - by leaps and bounds : very quickly (习语搭配, 不要理解错了)
    - bound v. 跳跃, (bind 的过去式)束缚, 限制 adj. 有义务的, 必然的,
    - M: Your little nephew is growing by leaps and bounds.
    - W: Yes. He must be at least three feet tall already.
    - Q:What do the speakers say about the woman’s nephew?
    - He’s growing very quickly.
slam /slæm/ v. 砰地关上 n. 猛撞,
- → The door slammed (shut). 不及物动词
- → Don’t slam the door. 及物动词
- 完美同义词
  - bang /bæŋ/ v. 使砰的一声响，猛撞；（名词）猛撞声，爆炸声
    - → The door banged (shut).
    - → Don’t bang the door.
    - → The door shut with a slam/bang.
- 听力题
  - → The door banged shut.
    - shut v. 关闭, 关上

### text 1

send sb. to+n./ to do 打发/派某人去某地/去做某事
- → I sent the boy to school/bed
- → I sent the boy to buy some beer.
- 完美同义词
  - **dispatch sb. to + n./to do ** 更正式的版本 (一般拼写复杂的是更加正式的版本)
  - → An ambulance was immediately dispatched to the area. 一辆救护车立刻被派往这个区域
    - ambulance /ˈæmbjələns/ n. 救护车
  - → The government dispatched 150 police to restore order. 政府派遣了 150 个警察来恢复秩序
    - police 本身就是复数, 类似 people
房间的名词
- hall n. 门厅, 衣帽间, 大厅, 礼堂,
- living room / sitting room / drawing room n. 客厅, 起居室
- dining room n. 餐厅
- kitchen n. 厨房
- bathroom n. 淋浴间
- guestroom n. 客房
- study n. 书房
- bedroom n. 卧室
- master bedroom n. 主卧
- storeroom n. 储藏室
- attic/loft n. 阁楼
- basement(能住人的地下室) / cellar (地窖)
- balcony n. 阳台, 露台
- → (NCE3-13 P62-L9) Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, there was a knock on the front door.
- → (NCE3-13 P62-L10) She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table.
- → (NCE3-13 P62-L11) Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.
- → (NCE3-23 P114-L16) I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours.
- → (NCE3-24 P118-L14) George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L1) My cousin, Harry,keeps a large curiously shaped bottle on permanent display in his study.
- → (NCE3-58 P260-L10) Looking into the drawing room, she saw a scene of confusion over by her writing desk.
- → (NCE3-58 P260-L22) The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or entered over the balcony.
- → (NCE3-58 P260-L12) Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
- → (NCE3-49 P224-L31) They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar!
- → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they may one day need just those very things.
→ She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy-dress party with her husband.
- 未加粗的部分是主句,
- too … to … 太… 以至于 … (表否定)
- housework && homework 都是不可数名词
  - household chore 也表示家务活, 是可数, 习惯上用复数
    - household n. 家庭, 家人,
    - chore n. 琐事, 杂物
    - → I spent all morning doing (the) housework / household chores.
  - do/wash the dishes 洗碗筷
    - do the washing-up 洗碗筷
      - washing-up n. 洗涤碗碟 (习语搭配)
    - 听力题
      - W: Have you asked your brother to do the dishes?
      - M: Thousands of times.
      - Q: What does the man mean?
      - Answer: (D) He has asked his brother to wash the dishes many times.
      - 听力题中经常会换同义表达增强迷惑性
  - do the laundry/washing n. 洗衣服
    - laundry n. 要洗的衣服, 洗衣房
    - washing n. 洗涤, 洗衣
    - 注意区分 do the washing 和 do the washing-up 前者是洗衣, 后者去洗碗
(过去)将来进行时 表示一种可预见性, 而不是强调将来正在做. 这个事提前已经安排好了,到那个时间将会发生.
- (NCE3-4 P26-L14) He will soon be working in an office. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, …
**(fancy-dress) costume ** n. 化妆服, 化妆晚会穿的衣服
- fancy-dress party = masquerade(美式) 化妆晚会
  - fancy adj. 花哨的, 奇特的, v. 想象,想要, 喜欢 n. 幻想, 想象力
→ She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on.
- intend to do 计划做 (主观上)
  - → We intend to go to Australia next year.
- 同义词
  - mean to do 有意做, 打算做
    - mean 表示意思是. 但后面加动词不定式表示有意做
    - → (NCE3-57 P256-L10) He always meant to go back one day but not to stay.
  - be going to do 有意做某事, 打算做某事
    - → I’m going to have my hair cut this weekend.
    - → (NCE3-20 P90-L12) Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up earlv enough.
  - **have every intention of doing …. ** (较为正式) 有意做某事, 很想做某事
    - intention n. 意图, 打算, 目的
    - 形似词:
      - attention n. 注意力
    - → I had every intention of phoning her this morning, but Ijust didn’t get a chance.
- 反义词
  - not intend to do 不打算做某事, 没打算做某事
  - not mean to do 不打算做某事, 没打算做某事
  - be not going to do 不打算做某事, 没打算做某事
  - have no intention of doing … 不打算做某事, 没打算做某事
    - → (NCE3-28 P134-L9) I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
- 意似词
  - tend to do 有倾向的计划做 (客观趋势/非主观意愿/ 往往, 常常, 大多数情况下)
dress up as … 打扮成 …. 的模样
- → The children dressed up as pirates for Halloween.
- **dress sb. up as … ** 把某人装扮成
  - → We dressed him up as a gorilla.
  - → (NCE3-40 P182-L8) …,he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.
- 造句：他打扮成一个鬼去参加这个化妆晚会.
  - → He went to the fancy-dress party dress up as a ghost.
- disguise sb. as ….把某人装扮成
  - disguised sb. as …. 某人被装扮成
    - → He disguised himself as a dustman.
    - disguised as … (非谓语动词)
      - → (NCE4-9 P53-L1) Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.
the night before n. 某一天的前一天晚上
- the earlier / previous / preceding night n. 某一天的前一天晚上
  - the earlier / previous / preceding day n. 某天的前一天
- the night after n. 某一天的后一天晚上
- the next /following/succeeding night n. 莫一天的后一天晚上
  - the next /following/succeeding day 某一天的下一天
**be impatient to do **n. 急不可耐的想做某事, 迫不及待地想做某事…
- impatient adj. 不耐烦的
- be eager / anxious / itching / desperate / dying to do. n. 迫不及待地想做某事…, 急切的想要做某事…
  - eager adj. 渴望的
  - anxious adj. 焦虑的
  - itching adj. 瘙痒, 感觉痒
  - desperate adj. 绝望的
    - be desperate to do 语气稍重
  - dying adj. 临终的, 垂死
    - be dying to do 语气稍重
- can’t wait to do 等不及去做某事
consist v. 由…组成
- → Though the costume consisted only of a sheet.
  - → Though the costume was composed only of a sheet….
find 是找到, find out 是获取信息
- figure out 弄清楚, 找到答案
形容词后的动词不定式都用主动结构.
- → He is easy to fool.
- → She is. extremely difficult to please.
- → The machine is awkward to handle.
- → The man is hard to work with.

### text 2

Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, there was a knock on the front door.
- 就在此时 的同义搭配
  - Just as …
  - At the very moment (when)
    - → At the very moment (when) Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, ..
      - very adj. 正是, 就是
- 无灵主语的应用
  - 敲门
    - → …, somebody knocked at the front door. (略显罗嗦)
    - → there was a knock on the front door. (使用无灵主语, 简洁)
  - 在中国有越来越多的人对英语感兴趣.
    - → There are more and more people who are interested in English in China. (略显罗嗦)
    - → There is increasing interest in English in China.(使用无灵主语, 简洁)
  - 人们普遍同意妇女应该享有和男人完全的平等.
    - → People generally agree that women should enjoy full equality with men. (略显罗嗦)
    - → There is general agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men. (使用无灵主语, 简洁)
      - There is general agreement among sb. that ….. (还是继续用无灵主语.)
  - 例句:
    - → (NCE3-32 P150-L8) The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.
      - 那有大量的兴奋在船上, 当木箱被拉起来的时候
      - raise v. 提高, 举起
      - rise v. 上升
    - → While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
      - While 在书面语中, 尤其放句首的时候, 大多数翻译成尽管, 表让步.
      - **vary **v. 变化
      - amongst(英式) 和 among(美式), amongst 相对 among 更正式
      - greatly adv. 很大, 非常
通常没看到人脸 , 不知道是男是女, 就会用 it 去指代, 而不是用 he/she/you.
- Who is it?
- Who is there?
→ She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table.
- bread n. 面包
- come straight in
  - straight adj./adv. directly ; immediately; without delay.
    - → I got home and went straight to bed 我回家直接睡觉了
    - → Time is short so i’Il get straight to the point. 时间有点短, 我直奔主题了.
    - 听力题:
      - M: We thought we’d all go out for lunch today. Can you be ready to leave at one o’clock?
      - W: I have to pick up my car and do a couple of other errands. So I’ll just come straight to the restaurant.
        
        thought 是 think 的过去式,
        
        errands n. 日常生活需要完成的差事
- If ever = whenever 无论什么时候
  - Maybe she was asleep.
  - Maybe she was on the phone. 正在打电话, 不是在电话上面
  - Maybe she was listening to music.
  - Maybe she was in the bathroom.
- happened to do 碰巧
  - - if she ever happened not to open the door and to leave the bread
- leave 留下
  - Please leave a message. 留个信息
  - Please leave your address. 请留下你的地址吧/ 留个地址
  - Did anybody leave a jacket behind last night? 昨晚谁把夹克落在那忘拿走了?
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.
- poor man 可怜的家伙
- hid v. 隐藏, 是 hide 的过去式, hidden 是 hide 的过去分词
- 开头的非谓语动词相当于原因状语从句
  - Because she didn’t want to frighten the poor man, ..
  - 类似的变化
    - Because he didn’t want to be recognized, the suspect(嫌疑犯) dressed up as a priest(牧师).
      - $\Rightarrow$ Not wanting to be recognized, the suspect dressed up as a priest.
→ Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the metre.
- 想到某事
  - sb. realize sth.
  - sth. occur to sb.
  - sth. strike sb.
    - strike ./v. 打击,袭击,
  - sth. dawn on sb.
    - dawn n. 黎明, 拂晓 v. 开始显露, 开始出现
  - → (NCE2-46 P206-L4) lt suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box.
  - → It suddenly struck me how we could improve the situation.
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L15) It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour, but barely chugging along at thirty.
  - → It suddenly occurred to Mrs. Richards that it must be .
  - → It suddenly struck Mrs. Richards that it must be ..
  - → It suddenly dawned on Mrs. Richards that it must be …
- the man from the Electricity Board 来自于电力局的人
  - from
    - (NCE3-1 P14-L4) experts from the Zoo 来自于电力局的专家
    - (NCE3-7 P38-L16) a spokeswoman for the Bank 在这银行工作的女发言人
    - (NCE3-5 P30-L1) editors of newspapers and magazines 报纸或者杂志的编辑, 不表示在某个单位工作
    - 英文中表示的意思不同, 会用不同的介词
  - Electricity Board n. 电力公司, 电力局
    - board n. 委员会(局), 木板, 董事会
    - “Electricity Board” 通常是指一个负责管理和供应电力的机构，也就是我们常说的“电力公司”。这个名称的来历可能和电力行业历史相关。在以前的时代，电力系统是由公共部门或政府直接管理和经营的，通常由一个管理委员会（board）来负责。这个委员会通常会被称为 “Electricity Board”，因为它们的职责是管理和供应电力，因此这个名称就变成了代表电力公司的称呼。随着时间的推移，电力行业逐渐向私营化的方向发展，但这个名称仍然被保留下来，成为现在大多数国家中的主要名称。
    - the Water Board n. 供水局, 自来水公司
    - the Gas Board n. 煤气局, 煤气公司
    - the board of directors n. 董事会, 董事局
      - He is on the board / a board member. 他是董事会成员
  - read the meter 读表
    - take a meter-reading 读表 (取走表上的读数)
    - read music 识乐谱
    - read one’s mind 读懂某人的心思, 看透某人的想法
    - read one’s palm 看手相
      - palm n. 手掌,手心, v. 掌握, 藏起来
She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘It’s only me’, but it was too late.
- situation n. 情况, 形势
- She tried to explain the situation and said it’s only me’. (不佳, 问题在于这样写的话 tried 和 said 看上去同样重要, 英文的句子要写成树形的, 而不是像中文一样是竹子形的.)
  - 汉语：parataxis—平行语，连动句，没有轻重之别。
  - 英语：hypotaxis—层次语，突出中心动词(作为谓语动词) ，次要动词状语化(非谓语, 独立主格, 状语从句等)。
- 这句话在强调前面的解释这个情况, 如果想强调后面的 It’s only me. 可以像下面这样写
  - → Trying to explain the situation, she said ‘it’s only me’.
- 改写句子
  - → He looked at his watch and saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times and then it stopped. (劣, 重点不明确)
  - → (NCE3-2 P18-L6) Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. (优, 主次得当)
let out v. 释放，泄漏，放松，放开，发出（声音）
- let out a cry 发出一声大叫
  - cry v./n. 哭泣, 喊叫
- let out a scream 发出一声尖叫
- utter v. 喉咙发出什么声音
  - utter a cry/scream
- give v. 发出
  - give a cry/scream
toward 是单音节词

L14 A noble gangster

## word

gangster /ˈɡæŋstər/ n. 匪徒, 歹徒, 暴徒, 黑社会成员 (中的一个人)
- gang n. 团伙, 匪帮
  - Hi, gang. 大家好./你们好.
    - → Hi, gang. Hi, everybody. Well, what’s going on?
      - what’s going on? 发生什么事了?
    - → Anybody home? We’re in here, Dad
      - → Oh. Hi, gang. Hello, Philip. How was your day?
      - → My day was just fine. So was my night.
promptly /ˈprɑːmptli/(t 不发音) adv. 迅速地, 立刻地, 准时地
- 准时到达
  - → She arrived promptly at ten. 十点钟准时到达
  - → She arrived punctually at ten. 十点钟准时到达
  - → She arrived at ten sharp.
    - sharp /ʃɑːrp/ adj. 尖锐的, 敏锐的, 精明的, 准确的,
      - 放时间后面表示准时
- immediately without delay
  - → An ambulance was promptly dispatched to the area.
    - dispatch v. 派遣, 发送, n. 派遣, 分派
- prompt adj. 准时, 迅速的, 及时的 adj. 迅速地, 立即地, v. 促使, 推动, 激励
  - 准时
    - a prompt/punctual start 一次准时的出发
    - → The drowning child was saved by Dick’s _____ action.
      - (A) acute
        
        adj. 1. 尖锐的，锐角的 2. （疾病或情况）急性的，紧急的 3. （感知力）敏锐的，敏感的
      - (B) alert
        
        adj. 警觉的, 机警的 v. 警报, 提醒 n. 警报, 通知
      - (C) profound
        
        adj. 1. 深奥的，深刻的 2. 意义深远的，重要的 3. 极度的，非常的
      - (D) prompt
  - 立即地
    - → Staff should be prompt in dealing with complaints. 员工应该立刻处理投诉
      - complaints v./n. 抱怨,投诉
  - 推动, 激励
    - → The teacher tried to prompt the students to participate in the discussion. 老师试图激励学生参与讨论.
hire /haɪər/ v. 1. 雇用, 聘请, 租用, 2. 出租
- hire … from … 雇用, 租过来
  - =rent … from …
    - rent /rent/ n. 房租, 租金, v. 租用, 出租 (和 hire 是完美同义词)
- hire (out) … to … 出租
  - =rent (out) … to …
- A 把 B 租给了 C
  - A hires/rents (out) B to C
  - C hires/rents B from A
dedicate /ˈdɛd.ɪ.keɪt/ v. 奉献, 把…(时间, 精力…) 奉献给 (把某些东西投入到 … 里面去…, 但还是属于原作者 ), 把… 题献给某人…
- ate 在动词末尾一般是发双元音 /ei/ 的音
- dedicate/devote … to ….
  - → He has dedicated himself to scientific research.
  - devote /dɪˈvəʊt/ v. 献身于, 致力于, 专心于
    - → (NCE2-85 P390-L10) After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardering.
  - 近义词
    - sacrifice .. . for … 为…献祭… (舍弃, 不再属于主语, 彻底不要了)
  - dedicated to my beloved wife 把这个作品题献给我深爱的妻子
    - beloved 心爱的, 被喜爱的
  - dedicated /ˈdɛdɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 专用的, 全身心投入的,
    - → (NCE3-34 P158-L8) A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it.
      - bargain /ˈbɑːɡən/ n. 廉价货, 便宜货 v. 议价, 谈判
memory /ˈmɛməri/ n. 记忆, 回忆, 记忆力, 纪念 (对死者的追忆, 哀思)
- in memory of … 以纪念某人…
- to the memory of … 以纪念…
  - → The monument was built in memory of all the soldiers who died in the war.
  - → The monument was built to the memory of all the soldiers who died in the war.
- commemorate /kəˈmɛməreɪt/ v. 纪念(某事, 某人, 这个词搭配更加灵活, 含义更加宽泛)
  - → A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet’s birthday.
    - statue /ˈstætʃuː/ n. 雕像, 雕塑

## text1

→ There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’.
- **there was a time when …. = once **曾经
  - → There was a time when I was down and out.
    - down and out : 穷困潦倒,低谷. (来自拳击里的词汇, 表示被打趴下了, )
  - 同样用 there be + when 的句型:
    - there are times when … = sometimes 有时候
      - → There are times when even the tiger sleeps. 即使是老虎也有打盹的时候
      - → There are times when silence has the loudest voice. 有时候, 沉默是最响亮的声音.
      - → (NCE3-27 P130-L6) There are times when we would wilingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. 有时候，我们会不惜一切去挽救自己的生命，但却可能会因为付给外科医生高额的费用提供这项服务而感到不满。
    - **there are rare instances when … = occasionaly ** 偶尔
      - → (NCE3-35 P162-L7) There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
- 同一个词在可数不可数时意思不同
  - business / businesses
    - → (NCE3-7 P38-L9) Arecent.case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiance, John, runs a successful furniture business.
      - a business (可数) 公司, 商业, 商号
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L4).. put a man out of business ..
      - business (不可数) 商业
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L12) .., when business was bad,
      - business (不可数) 生意 (没冠词也没复数, 单独使用, 表示这是不可数名词)
      - → He has done a lot of business here in Beijing.
- 表示钱的数量
  - pay large sums of money 支付一大笔钱
  - make large sums of money 赚了一大笔钱
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L14) Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way.
  - earn enormous sums of money 赚了海量的钱
    - (NCE3-21 P106-L19) He earned enormous sums of money
      - enormous adj. 巨大的, 庞大的, 海量的
- in return for… 以换取
  - → America helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy.
    - rebels n. 叛乱分子, v. 反叛, 反抗
    - democracy n. 民主, 民主制度
  - 省略宾语时, 介词必须一并省略, 因为介词后面跟宾语
    - → He is always willing to help people out, without expecting anything in return (for his help).
  - 同义搭配
    - in exchange for … 以换取, 以交换…
      - → They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.
        
        shelter n. 住处, 避难所 v. 庇护, 掩蔽
    - in compensation for … 以补偿, 以弥补
      - → She received $10,000 in compensation for her injuries at work.
  - 目的状语
    - in memory of … 以追忆 … (后面跟一个已死之人)
    - in honor of … 以纪念…, 为 … 表示敬意… (后面跟的人不做限制)
      - → The college was named in honor of George Washington.
      - → a banguet in honor of the president
        
        banquet n. 宴会, 盛宴 v. 款待, 宴请
    - **in appreciation of … ** 以感谢某人
      - → I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.
**put sb. out of business( 习语搭配) **使某人破产
- = make sb. broke / bankrupt
  - bankrupt adj. 破产的, 财务失败的 v. 破产, 倒闭
  - rupt 词根, 破裂, 断裂
- **put sb. out of work (习语搭配) **使某人失业
  - → The changing economic conditions have put many people out of work.
obtain /əbˈteɪn/ v. 获得, 得到, 取得
- extort sth. 勒索某物 (钱财)
  - → Gangsters used to extort money from local businessmen.
- blackmail sb. 敲诈某人
  - → Someone was trying to blackmail him with pictures of him and his mistress.
    - mistress n. 情妇, 情人, 女主人, 主妇
crime /kraɪm/ n. 罪行, 犯罪
→ As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
- as long ago as … 早在… 就….
  - = as early as …
  - 造句：早在公元前十五世纪，这座庙宇就被当作做礼拜的场所.
    - → As long ago as the 15th century BC, the temple was used as a place of worship.
- Sir John Hawkwood 前面的 Sir 表示爵士, John hawkwood 爵士 (受王室册封的)
  - Sir Winston Churchill 温斯顿-丘吉尔爵士
    - Sir Winston 温斯顿爵士
      - 如果是Sir 的简略称谓, 那么 Sir 后面跟名字
    - Mr. Churchill 丘吉尔爵士
      - 如果是 Mr. 的简略称谓, 那么 Mr. 后面跟姓氏
  - dab on shoulder (n./v. 轻拍, 点触)
  - “pat”, “tap” 和 “dab” 都是动词，表示在物体表面使轻轻地接触、拍打或轻压。它们的区别在于使用的方式、力度和动作方式。
    - “Pat” 通常指以柔和、平稳的方式轻轻拍打物体表面。例如：“She patted her son on the back to show affection."（她轻拍儿子的背部以表达爱意。）
    - “Tap” 通常指以轻柔的方式敲击物体表面，通常是为了触发一些反应。例如：“She gently tapped the door with her fingertips."（她轻轻地用指尖敲门。）
    - “Dab” 通常指在物体表面上轻轻涂抹，通常用来表示某种涂抹或清洁的动作。例如：“She dabbed her face with a tissue to remove the sweat."（她用面纸轻擦脸上的汗水。）
- would rather/sooner …. than … 相比某件事, 更愿意做另一件事
  - prefer to do rather than do 倾向于做 … 而不是做 ..
  - perfer doing to doing 喜欢做 .. 而不喜欢做 ….
  - **would rather/sooner (that)… ** (虚拟语气) 真希望….
    - I’d rather (that) Susan were here now. 我真希望Susan 要是在这就好了
- have sth. done 1. 请某人来做某事, 2. 表示某种不愉快的倒楣的经历
  - → He had his watch stolen.
  - → King Charles I had his head cut off.

## text2

Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.
- 造句：早在1994年，我就随父母到了北京，并在天坛(the Temple of Heaven附近定居了下来。
  - → As long ago as nineteen years ago, I arrived in Beijing with my parents and settled near the Temple of Heaven.
- settle down 不再漂泊, 留下来过安定的日子 (尤其暗指结婚生子)
  - → They’d like to see their daughter settle down, get married, and have kids.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-L22) Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.
make a name for oneself 出名, 成名的意思(习语搭配)
- → Ge You first made a name for himself in the movie ‘Wan Zhu’.
- become famous overnight 一夜成名 (习语搭配)
  - overnight 在夜里, 在夜间
  - → With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.
    - record n. 记录, 唱片, v. 记录, 录音
- rise to fame 成名, 出名 (习语搭配)
  - fame n. 名声, 声望, 名望
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L11) Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.
    - swiftly adv. 迅速地, 敏捷地
come to do 也可以翻译成 开始做某事
A be known to B as …
B 把 A 称为 … / A 被 B 称为是…
→ (NCE3-31 P146-L8) He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
造句：中国人把李白称为诗仙 (poet immortal)。
- → Li Bai was known to the Chinese as ‘poet-immortal’
- poet n. 诗人
- immortal adj. 不朽的, 永恒的, 不死的
  - poet immortal 诗仙
造句：篮球运动员 Earvin Johnson 迅速出名了，并且美国人开始把他称为 “魔术师约翰逊” 。
- → Basketball player Earvin Johnson soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Americans as “agic Johnson’.
→ Whenever the ltalian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
- city-states: 城邦, 一个城市和周边地区就是一个国家
- princes: 可以表示王子, 但也可以表示小的城邦国的国王
  - king 统治的一般是 kingdom 王国, 比较大,
- **be at war with … ** 和某国打仗
  - → China had been at war with Japan for 8 years.
  - declare war on … 和某国宣战
    - declare v. 宣布, 声明,
    - → The Chinese government has declared war on official corruption. (宣战的比喻意)
  - wage war on … 向某国发动战争
    - → (NCE3-54 P244-41) We continually wage war on them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops.
      - (发动战争的比喻义)
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.
- march v. 军队前进
  - the long march 长征
  - 造句：早在20世纪30年代，红军就完成了伟大的长征，在这期间他们走过了25,000里。
    - 在这期间的表达:
      - (NCE3-20 P90-L9) A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twentysix miles.
    - → As long ago as the 1930’s, the Red Army had completed the successful Long March during which they covered 25,000 li.
- burning down 烧毁, 烧光
- 生意好或者不好的表达
  - 生意不好: Business is bad/slow/slack.
  - 生意好: Business is good/booming.
- → The general commanded his men to fire.
  - 军队场合 his men 代表他的士兵
  - subordinate n. 下属
- offer to do … 主动提出做某事…
  - volunteer to do … 主动提出做某事
  - → Jill volunteered to go with me to the hospital.
- provided (that)… 只要
  - providing (that) … 只要
  - as/so long as … 只要
    - → (NCE3-7 P38-L15)’So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back,’ said a Spokeswoman for the Bank.
  - **on condition (that) … ** 只要
  - 只有
    - only if …
      - → She will go only if Peter goes.
      - → Only if Peter goes will she go.
**a sort of … ** 有点像, 某种程度上类似于…
→ When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.
- gave sb. a state funeral 给某人一个国葬
  - a state funeral 国葬
  - a state visit 国事访问
  - a state banquet 国宴
  - state affairs 国事
    - affairs n. 事务, 事情
  - the State Council 国务院
- 1. 请某人来做某事, 2. 表示某种不愉快的倒楣的经历
- 造句：当罗纳德里根(Ronald Reagan)在93 岁去世时, 美国人为他举行了一次国葬, 并请人塑了一尊塑像以纪念这位伟大的总统.
  - When Ronald Reagan died at the age of 93, the Americans gave him a state funeral and had a statue built which was dedicated to the memory of the great president.
高级作文句子要领
1. 复合句为主, 简单句作为点缀和过渡
2. 句式多变, 尤其句首切忌雷同.
以本文举例:
1. 无灵主语开头，复合句。
  - There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’.
2. 条件状语从句开头，复合句。
  - If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop.
3. 无灵主语开头，简单句。
  - Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime.
4. 介词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。
  - As long ago as the 14th century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
5. 副词短语作时间状语开头，复合句
  - Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in ltaly with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.
6. 主谓结构开头，复合句。
  - He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
7. 让步状语从句开头，复合句。
  - Whenever the ltalian citv-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
8. 介词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。
  - In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.
9. 主谓结构开头，简单句。
  - Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way.
10. 介词短语作让步状语开头，简单句。
  - In spite of this, the ltalians regarded him as a sort of hero.
11. 时间状语从句开头，复合句。
  - When he died at the age of 80, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ’the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue
牢记, 在写作文的时候
- Sentence opening is very important to create sentence variety.
- 句子的开头对于制造句子的多样性来说是非常重要的.

L15 Fifty pence worth of trouble

## word

appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ v. 欣赏, 感激
- appreciate music 欣赏音乐
- appreciate wine 欣赏葡萄酒
- I appreciate your help.
- I appreciate it.
- in appreciation of ….. 以感激, 以感谢
  - → I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.
- 表示感激感谢的词
  - → I’m thankful/grateful to you for your help.
    - greatful adj. 满心欢喜的
    - grateful adj. 感激的
    - graceful adj. 优美的, 雅致的
  - → I’m much obliged to you for your advice.
    - to sb. 和 for sb. 都是可拆卸的
    - oblige v. 强迫, 迫使, 感激, 帮忙
  - → I’m deeply indebted to you for your encouragement.
    - encouragement n. 鼓励, 激励, 勉励
  - → I owe you (one). 我感激你(常用在熟人之间)(暗示会报答)
    - owe v. 欠(债务, 道义, 感情等 )
    - → I owe you a lot. (常用在熟人之间)
    - → I owe you a big favor. (常用在熟人之间)
      - favor n. 恩惠, 好意
pocket money n. 零用钱, 零花钱
- beer money n. 给男人的零花钱
- pick one’s pocket 偷某人的钱
- pickpocket n. 扒手
  - Watch out for pickpocket. 小心有扒手.
- money burns a hole in one’s pocket 存不住钱
- 听力题:
  - W: Have you saved enough to buy that new printer for your computer yet ?
  - M: You know money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately. Maybe next month.
thrifty /ˈθrɪfti/ adj. 节俭的, 节约的
- a thrifty housewife
- 同义词
  - frugal /ˈfruːɡəl/ adj. 节约的, 节俭的 (褒义)
  - economical /ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪkl/ adj. 经济的, 节约的 (褒义)
- 近义词
  - miserly /ˈmaɪzərli/ adj. 吝啬的, 小气的
  - stingy /ˈstɪndʒi/ adj. 吝啬的, 小气的
  - wasteful adj. 浪费的, 费力的
  - extravagant /ɪkˈstrævəɡənt/ adj. 奢侈的, 过渡的, 放肆的, 铺张浪费的
    - → (NCE3-21 P106-L20) ., he was so extravagant.that he was always in debt.
- 动词
  - save on…. 节约使用 sth.
    - save on water / electricity
  - economize on … 节约使用 sth.
    - economize on water / electricity
    - economize v. 节约
nephew /ˈnefjuː/ n. 侄子, 外甥 (同辈的小孩)
- niece n. 侄女,
- cousin n. 兄弟姐妹(堂, 表)
- sibling n. 兄弟姊妹(亲)
  - sibling revalry 兄弟姊妹间的竞争
  - → He has two siblings, a brother and a sister.
- aunt n. 和母亲同辈的女性亲属
  - ant n. 蚂蚁 (发音一样)
- uncle n. 和父亲同辈的男性亲属
- parental /pəˈren.t̬əl/ adj. 父母的
- maternal /məˈtɜːr.nəl/ adj. 母亲的
- paternal /pəˈtɜːr.nəl/ adj. 父亲的
  - parental / maternal / paternal affection 家长/母亲的/父亲的慈爱(父爱, 母爱)
- filial adj. 子女的
  - filial duty 子女的义务
  - filial piety 对父母亲的虔诚 (孝顺)
bounce /baʊns/ v./n. 弹起, 弹跳
- bounce=bound v.&n.
- → The ball bounced when it hit the ground.
- → She came bouncing in and told me the good news. 她蹦蹦跳跳的走了进来, 并且说了一个好消息
- → That’s the way the ball bounces. 那就是球弹起来的方式 (回答很傻的问题, 就是这样子的, 没有为什么 , 的回答)
- by leaps and bounds: very quickly
  - → Her health is improving by leaps and bounds. 他的健康迅速的在好转.
stick /stɪk/ n. 棍, 枝条, 手杖 v. 粘住, 贴在, 卡住, 伸出
- → The drawer sticks badly. 抽屉卡死了
  - drawer n. 抽屉
- → **Stick ** your tongue 伸出你的舌头(医生)
- → Stick’em(them) up! 举起双手! (警察或者拦路抢劫的罪犯)
  - → Freeze! Stick’em up! Your money or your life?
    - Freeze 不许动!(俚语)
    - (回答) Definityly my life! take my money!
- 表示粘在什么上, 也可以表示坚持住 (派生义),
  - stick to …
    - → l’ll stick to my job until I find a better one.
  - cling to …
    - cling v. 紧紧抓住, 粘着
  - adhere to …
    - adhere v. 粘附, 坚持, 遵守

## text 1

money + worth of + sth.
- → (NCE3-6 P34-L16) They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
→ Children always appreciate small gifts of money. Mum or dad, of course, provide a regular supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income.
- 零花钱的表达
  - small gifts of money
  - pocket money
  - extra income
- regular adj. 规则的, 有规律的
- 英文书面语中, 相比于使用形容词, 更喜欢使用名词, 更庄严正式. 口语中则更喜欢使用动词和形容词
  - → provide a regular supply of …
  - 动词短语转化成名词短语的练习
    - greatly(adv.) contribute(v.) to … (动词短语)
      - make great(adj.) contributions(n.) to … (名词短语)
    - specially emphasize/stress 特别强调 (动词短语)
      - emphasize v. 强调, 着重指出, 重视
      - stress n. 压力, 强调, v. 强调, 使紧张
      - lay/put special emphasis/stress on …(名词短语)
    - fully understand… 完全理解了 (动词短语)
      - have a full understanding of … (名词短语)
    - carefully consider…. 仔细考虑(动词短语)
      - give careful consideration to … (名词短语)
    - strongly object to … 强烈反对 (动词短语)
      - object n. 物体, 事物, 目标 v. 反对, 提出异议, 抗议
      - have a strong objection to …. (名词短语)
    - 造句：这份报告特别强调了必须要吃充足的新鲜蔬菜和水果。
      - → This report lais special emphasis on that must eat enught fresh vesitable and fruit.(自己写的)
      - → The report specially stresses that it is necessary to eat plenty of fresh fruit and vagetables. (蔬菜水果在英语中通常称为水果和蔬菜) (使用动词短语)
      - → The report lays special stress on the necessity of consuming adequate fresh fruit and vegetables.
- source 来源
  - the source of the Yangtze River 长江的发源地
  - ‘resource n. 资源
    - natural resources 自然资源
    - mineral resources 矿物资源
  - origin /ˈɔrɪdʒən/ n. 起源
    - the origin of mankind
    - the origin of the universe
    - originate in … 起源于
      - originate v. 开始, 发源
    - stem from … 起源于
      - stem n. (1)（植物的）茎；（2）（船的）船首；（3）（酒杯的）杯柄 , v.(1) 阻止，遏制，制止（某事发展）；（2）源于，起源于
    - have its roots in … 起源于
      - Printing originates in/stems from/has its roots in China.
      - (NCE3-29 P138-L9) However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from America, has recently come into fashion.
  - 造句：学习英语对我来说总是一种乐趣。
    - → Learning English is always a source of pleasure for me.
- 对于某人/某物来说:
  - **with …/for …/to … **
    - → (NCE3-15 P70-L6) For most of them, 50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
  - go a long way 可以用很久
    - → The battery can go a long way.
    - go a long way towards … 在很大程度上有助于….
      - → The book will go a long way towards solving your problems.
    - come a long way 取得了很大的进步
      - M: I saw some of your paintings at the student art exhibit. They are great.
      - W: Thanks. I feel as though I’ve come a long way.
piece: coin 硬币 (和 coin 可以替换)
- → (NCE3-15 P70-L8) Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way there.
exchange A for B 把 A 换成 B
- → Where can I exchange U.S. dollars for British pounds?
- exchange rate 汇率
- change A into B 把 A 变成 B
  - → The witch changed the prince into a frog.
糖果
- sweets 英式
- candy 美式
rattle v. 硬物在盒子里咣当作响
fill up sth. 把…装满
- Fill her up! 油加满
- → I need a full tank.
- fill in/out the form 填表
对于什么来说算不了什么
- be a small price to pay for sth.
- 造句：损失点钱对于提高地位来说算不了什么。
  - Lost some moeny is a small price to pay for level up.(自己写的)
  - → The loss of money is a small price to pay for the rise in status.
    - status n. 地位
对于什么来说是个很高昂的代价/ 对什么来说不值得
- be a high price to pay far sth.
- 造句：为了成功而酒性健康是不值得的。
  - → The sacrifice of health is a high price to pay for success.
形容词词序
- 大形年新颜国材用＋中心名词
- 一张新的很沉的黑色的中国式的圆形的大木餐桌
  - a heavy big round new black Chinese wooden dining table
英文中,如果名词前面有量词的话, 形容词通常会用于去修饰量词.
- a nice cup of tea
- a beautiful stretch of field
- a stagnant pool of water
Children always appreciate small gifts of money.(简单句) Mum or dad, of course, provides a regular supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children, small sums go a long way.(简单句) If 50 pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money boxes. Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box.(简单句) For most of them, 50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
- 简单句和复合句结合

## text 2

→ Very few of the 50 pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way there.
- Very few of the 50 pence pieces and pound coins 这一长串是主语
- find one’s way 如果是事物做主语, 得翻译成**到达**, 如果是人做主语, 就是找到了道路, 字面意思(btw 死人也是人 :).
  - → The river finds its way to the sea. 这条河汇入了大海 (这条河到了大海)
  - → How did my money find its way in your pocket? 我的钱怎么到你口袋去了?
  - →(NCE3-49 P224-L31) They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar !
  - → (NCE2-96 P434-45) Specially-made lanterns are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way. (字面意思)
  - 动词 + one’s way (常见常考)
    - lose one’s way 迷路
      - → (NCE2-50 P236-L1) 1love travelling in the country, but I don’t like losing my way.
    - feel one’s way 摸索前进
      - → The room was dark, so l had to feel my way along the wall to the door.
    - make one’s way 向某处走去
      - → (NCE3-36 P166-L19) The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot.
      - → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
    - force/elbow one’s way 用胳膊肘推开众人, 挤过去
      - → He forced/elbowed his way through the crowd.
    - trace one’s way 蜿蜒前进
      - → (NCE3-48 P220-L13) We expected the path to end abruptly, but we found that it traced its way through the trees.
    - edge one’s way 侧着身体前进
      - → (NCE3-42 P196-L19) They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools.
**advise sb. to do ** 建议某人做某事
- advise (that) … 建议
- 建议后的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气, (之前 L12 讲过 wish 型的虚拟语气)
- “should do"型的虚拟语气
  - (未来还有 if 型的虚拟语气)
  - 规则
    1. 下列动词后的宾语从句中用 (should) do
      - order, ask, decide, demand, require, advise, recommend, suggest, insist … (建议, 要求, 命令的动词 … )
        
        suggest (建议/暗示,表示暗示的时候不能用虚拟语气)
      - 美式英语中要去掉这个 should 只用 do, 英式英语中有 should 也行, 没 should 也行(托福考试中绝对不要加 should,)
      - → He suggested that we (should) help them with English.
      - → The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
      - → (NCE3-22 P110-L8) Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
    2. 下列名词后的同位语从句中用 (should) do
      - suggestion, proposal, request, demand, order, …
      - → He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.
      - → The proposal that John (should) be dismissed is unacceptable.
    3. 下列形容词后的主语从句中用(should) do
      - important, necessary, natural, essentia, advisable, strange, surprising, …
      - should 有竟然的意思, 常见是应该
      - → It’s strange that you (should) say such a thing.
      - → It was important that you (should) tell me all the information.
→ Instead (of saving it), he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
- instead of doing .. 本该……，结果却…
- → (NCE3-24 P118-L13) Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories.
- → (NCE3-45 P208-L26) lnstead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity.
- 造句：本该乘电梯的，我们却走楼梯下去的。
  - → lnstead of taking the elevator, we walked down the stairs.
- 造句：本该学习的，他却浪费时间追女孩子。
  - → lnstead of studying, he wastes his time chasing girls.
→ On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his 50 pence and it bounced along the pavement and then disappeared down a drain.
drain n. 地沟, 下水道, 消耗 v. 排出, 放干, 耗尽
→ George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed his right arm through the drain cover. 三个动词连用, 表达迫切的心情
- drain cover 下水道盖子
- → (NCE3-23 P114-L15) Acting on a sudden impuse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert.
  - dozen n. 十二个, 一打
what is more/what’s more 此外, 而且还 (好坏均可)
- → (NCE3-38 P174-L.4) What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word.
- 同义词
  - moreover / furthermore
  - besides
  - in addition
    - addition n. 增加, 附加物
  - additionally
    - adv. 此外, 另外,
- 近义词, 表示更糟
  - to make things worse
  - to make matters worse
    - → The team has lost the last two games and, to make matters worse, two of its best plavers are iniured.
gather v. come together 人群聚集, / v. 收集东西, 收割东西
- → A crowd gathered outside the hotel.
- → (NCE4-9 P53-45) While Alfred’s little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.
a bar/cake of soap
a slice of butter
stick v. 卡住
消防队的表述
- the fire brigade(营队) (英式用法)
- the fire department (美式用法)
- fireman
- firefighter
..and two fire tighters used a special type of grease to free George. 这样写语法上是对的, 但是突出的内容不对, 突出了润滑油, 弱化了乔治
→ George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.
- upset adj. 烦恼的, v. 使不安
- chocolate 如果用单数, 表示的是纯巧克力, 如果用复数, 只表示巧克力味的糖, 或者巧克力风味的
- 表示听说了的搭配
  - hear of / about …
  - know of / about …
  - learn of / about …
- reward sb. with sth. 以某物报答某人
  - 造句：观众们对这位表演者报以雷鸣般的掌声
    - → The audience rewarded the performer with thunderous applause.
  - a a reward of £1,000 of £1,000
  - 辨析
    - award sb. sth. 授予某个奖项
      - → She was awarded the Nobel Prize for her work in medical research.
      - the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖
      - the Academy Award 学院奖(奥斯卡奖)
本文体裁：记叙文 (narrative)
- 文章线索：
  - 题目：新颖有趣，引人注意
  - 第一段：作铺垫：孩子喜欢零花钱一来源 (父母/亲属）一少数节俭，多数立刻花掉
  - 第二段：叙述事情经过：(when. where, who,why, what, and result)，照应题目.

L16 Maryhad a littlelamb

**## words **

theft /θɛft/ n. 盗窃, 偷窃行为
- thief n. 贼
- → He is guilty of theft.
  - be guilty of … 犯有某种罪行
- burglary /ˈbɜːɡləri/ n. 入户行窃
  - burglar n. 梁上君子, 入户行窃的贼
    - → (NCE3-47 P216-L16) Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle.
- pickpocket n. 扒手
- shoplifter n. 商店内行窃者
- 偷或抢的表达
  - steal sth. from sb. 从 sb. 那里偷来 sth.
  - rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人得到某物
  - help oneself to sth. 自己拿某物(也是一种偷或抢的表达)
    - → (NCE3-6 P34-L13) One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.
      - pain n. 不适, 或者疼痛的感觉
- embezzle v. 贪污, 侵吞
  - → The official was charged with embezzling enormous government funds.
    - fund /fʌnd/ n. 资金, 基金
    - enormous /ɪˈnɔːməs/ adj. 巨大的, 庞大的
- accuse /əˈkjuːz/ v. (愤怒地)指责, 控告, 指控
  - accuse sb. of sth. 指责/指控某人因为某事
    - → I accused him of stealing my sheep. 我控告他偷了我的羊 / 我气愤地指责他偷了我的羊
    - → (NCE3-16 P74-L10) Dimitri immediately went to Aleko’s house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb.
  - criticize sb. for sth. 正式的因为某事批评某人,
    - → He was criticized for his delay in dealing with the matter.
  - **censure sb. for sth. ** 严厉的因为某事批评某人
    - → Ministers were censured for their lack of decisiveness during the crisis.
  - scold sb. for sth. 因为某事批评某人, 在父母与子女之间
    - → His mother scolded him for breaking her favorite vase.
  - blame sb. for sth. 归咎于某人, 埋怨某人
    - blame sth. op sb.
    - → They blamed George for the failure.
    - → They blamed the failure on George.
  - reprimand sb. for sth. 批评, 某人, 常用于上下级之间
    - reprimand v. 训斥, 责备
    - → I was reprimanded by my manager for being late.
    - → (NCE3-31.P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
  - condemn A for/as B 谴责 (for: 因为 A 谴责 B, as 把 A 谴责为 B)
    - condemn v. 谴责,
    - → The movie was condemned for its sexism.
      - sexism n. 性别歧视
    - → The terrorist attack was condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice.
      - barbarism n. 野蛮,
      - cowardice n. 胆怯, 懦弱
        
        coward n. 懦夫, 胆小鬼
deny /dɪˈnaɪ/ v. 否认
- **deny + sth./doing/that … **
- → He denied the charge./knowing about it/that he had stolen the sheep.
- 完美反义词, 承认
  - admit/acknowledge + sth./doing/that …
    - He admitted/acknowledged the charge./knowing about it/that he had stolen the sheep.
ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/ adj. 惭愧的, 羞耻的
- a 开头的形容词多是表语形容词 , 一般不会放在名词前去修饰一个名词, 通常放到 be动词或者系动词后当表语.
- **be ashamed of … ** 对… 感到羞耻
  - → You should be ashamed of your behavior.
    - behavior 行为
  - shame v. 使蒙羞, 让某人丢脸了
    - 同义搭配
      - disgrace n. 耻辱, 丢脸事, v. 使失宠, 使蒙羞
      - humiliate v. 使感到羞愧或丢脸，使蒙受耻辱
      - bring shame/disgrace on .. v. 使感到羞愧或丢脸，使蒙受耻辱
    - → His behavior shamed / disgraced / humiliated / brought shame on / brought disgrace on his family.
  - shame n. 羞耻; 可惜
    - → Shame on you! 真丢人! 不知羞耻!
    - → **What a shame! ** 真可惜
      - → John is sick and can’t come to class.
      - → What a shame!
    - 听力题:
      - M: Just as Sarah was opening the present I realized the camera wasn’t working.
      - W: What a shame!
      - Q: What does the woman mean?
    - put sb. / sth. to shame 使…相形见绌
      - → (NCE2-73 P342-L3) They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.
apologize /əˈpɑːlədʒaɪz/ v. 道歉
- apologize to sb. for sth. 可以省略 to sb. 或者 for sth.
  - → I apologized to him for being late.
- make an apology to sb. for sth. 因为某事向某人说抱歉
- **say sorry to sb. for sth. ** 因为某事向某人说抱歉
- be apologetic about sth. 对某事有歉意
  - → He was apologetic about his late arrival.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.

## text1

in southern Greece = in the south of Greece
- southern … = the south of …
- northern … = the north of …
- eastern … = the east of …
- western … = the west of …
  - → She comes from western China.
  - → She comes from the west of China.
- 英文中先说南北, 再说东西
- northeastern … = the northeast of ..
- northwestern .. . = the northwest of ..
- southeastern … = the southeast of …
- southwestern … = the southwest of …
- 造句：Jane和父母亲住在中国东北一个叫丹东的小城市里。
  - → Jane and her parents live in the tiny town of Dandong in northeastern China.
  - → Jane and her parents live in the tiny town of Dandong in the northeast of China.
Greece n. 希腊(国家)
- Greek n. 希腊人
- Greek mythology 希腊神话
  - myth n. 神话 (可数)
  - mythology n. 神话学 (不可数)
- It’s all Greek to me. 这对我来说太难了.
大形年新颜国材用＋中心名词
- 不属于这八类就丢到最前面, 怎么排都行
… a little white lamb which had been a present from her husband.
tie v. 栓, 捆, 系
keep + 宾语 + 宾补 (adj. / 分词 / 介词短语) 表示处于某种状态
- → The coat will keep you warm.
- → He kept the fire burning.
- → It’s rude to keep people waiting.
- → Keep your nose out of my affairs!
  - affairs n. 事务, 事宜
fetch/get 是去拿来, 包含往返
- → Please fetch / get me some coffee.
- → Go fetch! 去拿回来, (通常对狗说)
- bring 是带来
  - → He brought a friend to my home.
- take 拿走
  - → Don’t forget to take an umirella.
lamb 这个词的 b 是不发音的, 读的时候读成 lam 即可
某人某物丢了
- be missing / be lost / disappear (without trace) 消失的无影无踪
- → …, the lamb was lost.
- → …, the lamb disappeared (without trace).
→ The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
- rope n. 绳索, v. 用绳索捆绑
- → ..,so it was clear / obvious / apparent / that the lamb had been stolen.
  - clear 明显的
  - obvious 明显的
  - apparent 明显的
- → …. , so clearly / obviously / apparently the lamb had been stolen.
- 造句：所有我仔细放在包里的东西都乱成了一团，所以显然珠宝是被偷了。
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
  - → All the things I had packed so carefully were in a dreadful mess, so it was clear / obvious / apparent that the jewels had been stolen.
  - → All the things I had packed so carefully were in a dreadful mess, so clearly / obviously / apparently the jeivels had been stolen.

## text2

set out to do （带着目的）开始做某事
- (NCE3-5 P30-L9) The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.
such a small village 这么小的一个村庄, such 限定名词
- so small a village , so 修饰形容词或者副词
- 修饰 单数名词
  - such an interesting book
  - so interesting a book
- 修饰 复数名词
  - 出现如下四个形容词只能用 so
    - many / much / few / little
  - so many people
  - so much time
  - so few students
  - so little money
  - so little a boy
  - such a little boy
    - 当 little 表示小的时候, 不受上述限制
→ After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleke, had suddenly acquired a new lamb.
- tell sb. (about) sth. 告诉某人某事
  - report / relate / recount sth. to sb. 把某事讲给某人听
    - relate v. 关联; 叙述, 讲述
    - recount v. 叙述, 讲述
  - → After reporting / relating / recounting the theft to several of his friends,
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
- found out 发现了信息
  - found 找到了某个物体
- 这里的 out 是副词, 介词在 that 从句前要去除
  - The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
  - that 从句前可以加介词的三个例外情况, 也可以看成复合连词
    - in that … 因为…
    - except that … 除了… ; 要不是….的话, 就..
    - but that … 除了… ; 要不是….的话, 就..
- acquire /əˈkwaɪr/ adj. 获得, 取得, 学到
→ He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
- **had better do sth. or (else) … ** 你最好做某事, 否则 … (多表示威胁的语气)
  - → You**’d better** go out at once or (else) I’ll throw you out of the window. (这是口语, 书面语一般不使用 ’s/’d 这种缩写)
- 威胁语气
  - do sth. before … 你最好这么做, 否则的话就如何了. (多表示威胁的语气)
    - → Get away from here before I call the police.
- 不然的话 (不表示威胁)
  - otherwise / or(else)
    - → Put on a heavy coat, otherwise / or (else) you’ll catch a cold.
      - catch a cold 感冒
- **had better do sth. ** 表示建议, 你最好这么做, (但不怎么客气, 一般多在同辈, 同龄人, 长辈对晚辈间, 老师对学生, 有一点教训的味道)
  - → You**’d better** pay him a visit tomorrow.
  - 更委婉的建议
    - You might as well do … 您不妨这么做.., 您这么做似乎好一点(尊敬, 且委婉)
    - It might be better to do … 这么做可能会更好一点噢, (我这个建议不怎么成熟, 供您参考, 不一定对)
    - I suggest you do … 我建议您这么做…
报警(总共三种表达)
- call the police
- go to the police
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L11) At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again—the letter had made that quite clear—she changed her mind.
- inform the police
  - inform v. 通知, 告知
  - Mrs. Ramsy was not to inform the police and had to pay £ 1,000.
deny + sth./doing/that..
- Aleko denied the accusation/charge.
  - accusation n. 指控, 指责
  - charge n./v. 指控, 指责
- Aleko denied that he had taken it.
- 承认
  - admit/acknowledge + sth./doing/that…
backyard n. 后院,
lead sb. 领着某人 (led 过去式)
- 领某人去某地
  - show sb. 带着某人去某地, 让那人呆在那, 然后我就走了(led 不一定有这个含义, show 更强调这个含义)
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L14) George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used.
  - usher sb. 非常有礼貌的领某人去某地, 就像领座员那样
    - usher v. 引领
    - → The secretary ushered me into his office.
→ It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.
- 的确… 但是 … 的句型 It is true that …. , but …. 先让步, 后转折, 转折后的是重要信息
  - 造句：诚然中国还是一个发展中国家，但是她却充满了潜力。
    - → It was true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential.
      - potential adj. 潜在的, 可能的, n. 潜力, 可能性
  - It is true that .., but …
  - Admittedly, …, but ..
    - → Admittedly, I could have tried harder, but I still don’t think.all this criticism is fair.
  - Granted, …, but …
    - → Granted, he doesn’t look too bad for his age, but I don’t fancy him.
    - → (NCE4-47 P274-L13) Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.
  - Though 后面不能用 but, Though 是连词, 引导让步状语从句, but 也是连词, 连接两个主句, 前面如果是从句则不能用 but, 可以用 though 后面加 however
  - It is true that / Admittedly. / Granted…, 诚然
    - but that is not to say that … 但是这并不是说
    - but it does not follow that … 但是这并不能得到这样的结论
    - but it does not necessarily mean that .. 但是这并不意味着 …
    - **but there is no guarantee that … ** 但是这并不能保证 …
  - 造句：确实很多大学生选择继续读研究生 (pursue their graduate studies) ，但这并不意味着他们都想做学者.
    - → It is true that many college students choose to pursue their graduate studies, but it does not necessarily mean that they want to be scholars.
→ Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
- 非谓语动词当原因状语用时, being 通常是省略的, 加上也行(也可以看作形容词做原因状语)
- be ashamed of … 为某事感到羞耻
  - → Being ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
  - → (NCE3-22 P110-L14) The gaoler looked on eagerly, (being) anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work’at night, (being) quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
  - → (NCE2-49 P232-L1) (Being) Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
- 动名词的时态和语态
  - 一般时
    - 主动
      - doing
    - 被动
      - being done
  - 完成时
    - 主动
      - having done
    - 被动
      - having been done
- apologize to sb. for sth.
  - Dimitri made an apology to Aleko for having accused him.
  - Dimitri said sorry to Aleko for having accused him.
- 造句：对自己如此不小心 (inattentively) 而感到不好意思，我为打碎了Mary最喜欢的花瓶而向她道歉。
  - → Ashamed of having acted so inattentively, l apologized to Mary for having broken her favorite vase.
→ While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko’s house until the rain stopped.
- begin + to do 多表示客观, 人力无法控制的现象
  - begin doing 多表示人主动发出的行为 (并非严格划分, 趋势上的区别)
→ When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was almost white.
- astonished adj. 难以相信的惊讶 v. 使惊讶,
  - be surprised / amazed / astonished / astounded to tind that / to learn that etc.
    - → (NCE3-3 P22-114) When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
    - → (NCE3-30 P142-L11) A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died.
- helf 放小时前面表示一半
  - half an hour
  - an hour and a half
Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
- **dye sth. black / blue / blonde etc. ** 染色
  - blonde n. 淡金色 , 一般指头发的颜色
  - → Jane has dyed her hair blonde:

L17 The longest suspension bridge in the world

## words

suspension /səˈspenʃən/ n. 悬挂; 暂停; (因违规而) 停职,停课
- suspension bridge 吊桥
- the suspension of the peace talks 暂停的和平谈判
- Annie got a 3-day suspension for smoking in school. 停课
- suspend sth. from sth. 把什么东西挂在什么东西上
  - A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.
    - lamp n. 灯
    - ceiling n. 天花板
  - → (NCE3-18 P82-L10) Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L21) A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: ‘This service has been suspended.’
  - → The policeman was suspended while the complaint was investigated.
    - investigate v. 调查, 研究
  - → Dave was suspended from school for a week.
  - 同义词
    - hang from sth. 悬挂
      - → In the corner of the room was a large lamp, hanging from the ceiling.
situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/ n. 地点, 位置; 情况, 处境
- 表示地点: 可以用 situation 和 location
  - → a beautiful situation / location overlooking the valley.
  - → His apartment is in a really good situation / location.
- 表示情况, 处境
  - → She found herself in an embarrassing situation.
    - 表示出于某个状况, 用介词 in
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L6) This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
  - → (NCE3-13 P62-L14) She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘It’s only me’, but it was too late.
- situate /ˈsɪtʃueɪt/ v. 使位于, 选址安置 (被动描述位于某处)
  - 同义词
    - locate v. 定位, 找到, 设立 (被动描述位于某处)
    - site v. 定位场所 , 设置, 选址 ; n. 场所, 工地 (被动描述位于某处)
  - → The monastery is situated / located / sited in a valley. 被动描述位于某处
  - 主动描述位于某地
    - stand 用于比较小的房子或者雕像 , 矗立
    - sit 用于比较小的房子或者雕像
    - lie 面积比较大, 平面感比较强, 一大批, 可以说这个村子或者这个地点"躺” 在某地
    - → Near the railway station stood a hotel.
    - → The house sits on top of a hill.
    - → The town lies on the coast.
immortal /ɪˈmɔːrtl/ adj. 永生的; 流芳百世的
- → Plato believed that the soul is immortal. 柏拉图相信灵魂是永生的
- → the immortal Shakespeare 不朽的莎士比亚
- → Emily Bronte’s immortal love story
- 反义词
  - mortal adj. 会死的, 终有一死的; 致命的
    - → All human beings are mortal. 人终有一死
    - → a mortal wound 一个致命伤
      - wound n. 伤口, 创伤
    - → (NCE3-57 P256-L11) He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
  - immoral /ɪˈmɔːrəl/ adj. 不道德的, 邪恶的
    - → It’s immoral to steal.
    - 反义词
      - moral adj. 道德的, 道义的
        
        → the decline of moral standards 下降的道德标准
        
        decline v. 下降
        
        moral support/obligation 道义上的支持, 道义上的责任
        
        → I know only that what is moral is what you feel good after and what is immoral is what you feel bad after. —- Ernest Hemingway
span /spæn/ n. 跨度, 一段时间
- → The arch has a span of 60 meters. 物理上的跨度
- → I worked with him over a span of six years. 时间上的跨度
- → The project must be completed within a specific time span.
  - specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ adj. 具体的, 明确的
- 复合名词
  - wingspan n. 翼展
    - wing n. 翅膀
    - → a bird with a two-foot wingspan
  - lifespan n. 寿命
    - → Men have a shorter lifespan than women.
concrete /ˈkɑːnkriːt/ n. 混凝土 adj. 混凝土的, 具体的, 实体的, 有形的
- → modern buildings made of concrete
- → (NCE3-17 P78-L10) The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.
  - steel n. 钢
  - steel and concrete 钢筋混凝土
- 形容词词义 adj. 混凝土的, 具体的, 实体的, 有形的
  - a concrete floor / wall / building
  - concrete evidence / proposals / examples 具体的证据; 具体的建议, 具体的示例
    - → (NCE4-6 P26-L6) Even if one didn’t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
  - 反义词
    - abstract adj. 抽象的
      - → Beauty itself is abstract.
      - → (NCE3-35 P162-411) There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
        
        concept /ˈkɒnsept/ n. 概念,
capacity /kəˈpæsəti/ n. 容量, 承受量; 能力
- 容量, 承受量
  - capacity of …
    - → The jug has a capacity of half a liter.
      - jug n. 壶
      - liter n. 升
    - → The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000. 体育场有 50000 个座位
    - → The new truck has a loading capacity of 2.5 tons. 新卡车有 2.5 吨的承受量
- 能力
  - capacity for … 某方面能力强
    - → He has a great capacity for work. 他的工作能力特别强
  - capacity to do … 人的能力强
    - → her capacity to read and write
    - → (NCE4-33 P195-L8) We would lay less stress on ‘facts and figures’ and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellowcitizens.
  - 人的能力的同义词
    - ability to do … 做某事的能力
      - → Our ability to think and speak makes us different from other animals.
    - capability to do …
    - capability of …
      - → You have the capability to do / of doing this job well.
    - aptitude for … 天赋就有的能力
      - → At an early age Susan showed an aptitude for languages.

## text1

→ Verrazano, an ltalian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
- **know of / about ** 听说, 知悉
  - hear of / about 听说, 知悉
  - learn of / about 听说, 知悉
  - → I don’t know him personally, though I know of / about him. 我不认识他, 虽然我听说过他
    - personally adv. 亲自, 本人, 私人地, 个人地
  - → (NCE3-15 P70-L15) George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.
- 本文用 about(介词) 放在关系代词之前, 显得更加庄严, 更正式, 本文中也可以写成
  - → an Italian whom little is known about.
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L12) They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. (这也是一样, 介词放在关系代词之前.)
- 在正式书面语中，若关系代词做介词宾语，需将介词置于关系代词之前，非正式文体无此限制。
  - (正式） This is the house in which I lived for 10 years. (推荐)
    - →（非正式） This is the house which I lived in for 10 years.
  - （正式） I have read the poem of which she is speaking.
    - → （非正式）I have read the poem which she is speaking of.
- about whom / which little is known 鲜为人知
  - 造句：Mary 和她的丈夫 Dimitri 住在Perachora，一个鲜为人知的希腊小村庄。
    - → Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in Perachora, a tiny Greek village about which little is known.
  - 造句：张继，一位鲜为人知的中国诗人，曾经写过一首著名的诗歌，《枫桥夜泊》 (“Mooring by Maple Bridge at Night”)。
    - → Zhang Ji, a Chinese poet about whom little is known, once wrote a famous poem “Mooring by Maple Bridge at Night”.
      - poet n. 诗人
      - poem n. 诗歌
给某人起名字叫什么
- name sb. …
  - → We named our daughter Sarah.
- name … after … 以某人的名字命名
  - → He was named after his father.
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L4) Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.
→ He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a areat river’
- describe …. as (being) …
  - 形容词可以作为介词宾语, 可以看作省略了 being
  - → The man was described as (being) tall and dark, and aged about 20.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L3) Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter.
- agreeable adj. pleasant , 令人愉快的, 令人愉悦的, 令人心旷神怡的
  - → We spent a most agreeable evening by the river.
- in the midst of = in the middle of 在… 之间
  - **in the midst of ** the crowd 人群之间
- 倒装句: In the midst of two small hills flowed a great river . (全部倒装)
  - 正常语序: A great river flowed in the midst of two small hills.
  - 全部倒装 (Full version in L10) - 把全部谓语置于主语之前。
    - 表示位置或次序的状语置于向首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。①主语不是代词。②谓语动词不是及物动词。
    - 正常语序: A subway station stands in front of a huge shopping mall.
      - 全部倒装: In front of a huge shopping mall stands a subway station.
  - 造句：这家饭馆的位置非常方便，位于一家大型购物中心的正中央，在购物中心前有一座地铁站。
    - → The restaurant is in a very convenient situation. It is located right in the center of a huge shopping mall. A subway station stands in front of the shopping mall. (不佳)
    - → The restaurant is in a very convenient situation located right in the center of a huge shopping mall in front of which stands a subway station. (佳)
→ Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st. 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.
- 逗号 + for 表示因为的意思
- by no means = not by any means: not at all
  - → She is by no means pretty.
  - → She’s not a bad kid, by any means.
  - 把否定含义的状语放在句首会引起部分倒装 (L5) , 部分倒装是把助动词/ be 动词/情态动词放到主语前面去,
    - → By no means can theory be separated from practice. 理论绝对不能和实践相结合
      - theory n. 理论, 学说
      - separate v. 分离, 分开
      - practice n. 实践, v. 联系, 践行
- consider … to be … v. 考虑, 认为
  - to be 可以被省略, 正式的书面语中会比较常见
  - → We consider this (to be) very important.
  - → He was considered (to be) a weak leader.
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L2) lf you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
- will remain immortal 将一直流芳, 百世不朽(通常说好事)
  - remain 是系动词,
  - → The name of Lei Feng will remain immortal.
  - will always be remembered 悲剧被人们铭记
    - → (NCE3-10 P50-L7) The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.
    - → The tragic missing of the Malaysian airliner will always be remembered.
- sth. be named after sb. / sth. be named for sb. (美式) 某物以某人的名字命名
  - sth. be named in honor of sb. 某物以某人的名字命名以纪念
    - → The college is named after / for / in honor of George Washington.

## text2

Staten Island 和 Brooklyn 都是纽约的区
join A to B 把 A 和 B 连接起来 (表示物理连接, 无法表示抽象的连接)
- → The island **is joined to ** the mainland by a bridge. 这座岛用桥和大陆连接到一块儿.
- 同义搭配
  - link A with/to B 既可以表示物理连接, 也可以表示抽象的连接
  - connect A with/to B 既可以表示物理连接, 也可以表示抽象的连接
  - associate A with B 只表示抽象的连接(联系起来)
  - relate A to B 只表示抽象的连接 (联系起来)
    - relate v. 建立关系;讲述, 叙述
feet n. 英尺
have a span of … 有… 的跨度
- → The arch has a span of 60 meters. 有六十米的跨度
- 介词 of (之前讲过 of 可以引出地点)
  - It has a span of 4,260 feet. (用 of 引出数字)
  - at the age of 52
  - an increase of 3%
  - a revenue of $3.4 billion
    - revenue n. 收入 (常表示政府或者公司的年收入, 而通常不表示个人)
  - a pay raise of 4 percent
    - raise v. 提高
  - a salary of 30.000 dollars a year
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L11) The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L12) Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
如此 … 以至于 …
- so … that …
- such that …
- 并且上述两种可以将 so 或者 such 提前, 引起部分倒装
→ So long is the bridge that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. (部分倒装, 将 so 提前引起部分倒装)
→ The length of the bridge is such that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
- → Such is the length of the bridge that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. (such 放在句首引起部分倒装)
- → (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
- → (NCE3-27 P130-L8) The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
**take sth. into account ** 把… 考虑在内
- account n. 描述; 解释
- → If you take inflation into account, we actually spend less now.
  - inflation n. 通货膨胀, 物价上涨
- → We must take into account the bov’s long illness.
  - 如果中间的 sth. 太长, 也可以把 sth. 放到 into account 的后面
- 同义搭配
  - take account of ….
    - → These figures do not take account of changes in the rate of inflation.
  - take … into consideration
    - consideration n. 考虑到
    - → I always take fuel consumption into consideration when buying a car.
      - fuel n. 燃料
      - consumption n. 消耗, 消费, 消费支出
    - → Before we come to a decision, we must take into consideration all the relevant facts.
    - → The candidates’ experience will
      - candidates n. 候选人
表示巨大
- → (NCE3-10 P50-L11) The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
platform 平台, 月台, 讲台
- → The train will depart from platform 3.
- → The speaker mounted the platform to denounce the policy.
steel and concrete 钢筋混泥土
- 同义词
  - ferro-concrete 钢筋混凝土
extend to a depth of … 深达 …
- → (NCE3-42 P196-L12) The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet.
- 同义表达
  - go down to as much as … 深达 …
    - → (NCE4-13 P76-L1) The deepest holes of aall are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.
- 近似表达, 高达
  - stand … high 有多高
    - → (NCE3-3 P22-L15) She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.
  - rise to a height of … 高达…
    - → (NCE3-17 P78-L12) Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
  - How do l love thee? – E.B.Browning (thee 是古英语的 you 的宾格)
    - Let me count the ways. 让我一一细数
    - I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach. 我爱你的深度高度宽度到达我的灵魂所能到达的深度高度宽度.
alone 作为 “仅仅就“的例句
- → These books alone cost me 2,000 yuan.
- → Time alone will tell. 日久自明(时间会告诉你答案)
- → Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. — Calvin Coolidge 毅力和决心, 单单这两样就是万能的
take (sb.) some time (to do sth.) 花费(某人)了多长时间 (去做某事)(take 的主语可以是人, 也可以是物)
- → These alone took 16 months to build.
  - 生活中读 months 的时候通常 th 不发音, 直接读 months
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L15) Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time.
- → (NCE3-28 P134-L13) It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
- take 的主语可以是人, 也可以是物
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L9) The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.

## text3

rise to a height of … 高达….
- → A tall steel tower rising to a height of nearly 200 feet will rest on the platform.
  - rest on 依赖于, 取决于, 搭在什么东西上面
wire n. 细的钢丝, 电线
a length of rope / pipe / wire etc
- rope n. 用于拴绑的绳子, v. 绳索捆绑
- length n. 一根, 一节; 长度
- 量词:
  - 一笔钱
    - a sum of money
  - 一块纯巧克力
    - a bar of chocolate
  - 一块肥皂
    - a bar / cake of soap
  - 一片黄油
    - a slice of butter
  - 一个面包
    - a loaf of bread
  - 一管牙膏
    - a tube of toothpaste
  - 一个蛋卷冰淇淋
    - a cone of ice-cream
  - 一串葡萄
    - a bunch of grapes / bananas
  - 一道闪电
    - a flash / bolt of lightning
      - bolt v. 突然逃跑, 迅速离开场地 (博尔特)
  - 一声惊雷
    - a peal of thunder
  - 一阵风
    - a gust of wind
  - 一块窗玻璃
    - a pane of glass
      - pane n. 窗户或者门上独立的玻璃板
  - 一束鲜花
    - a bouquest of flowers
      - bouquest /buːˈkeɪ/ n. 由花朵组成的花束
→ It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would stil only be carrying a third of its total capacity.
- that 后面是主语从句
- it is estimated that… 据估计 (可以有时态的变化)
  - it is said that .. 据说
    - → (NCE2-58 P268-L5) It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die. 表示只在过去这么说, 现在已经不这么说了
    - → (NCE3-27 P130-L1) It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. 用过去完成时表示 , 表示过去大家这么说, 现在也这么说,
  - it is believed that … 据信
  - it is reported that … 据报道
- if 型的虚拟语气
  1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟
    - If + S. + did / were, S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - → (NCE3-23 P114-L2) If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L1) If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of conversation: domestic servants.
  2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟
    - If+ S. + had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done
    - → (NCE3-45 P208-L13) If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
    - → (NCE2-71 P320-L3) If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.
  3. 与末来趋势相反的虚拟
    - If+ S. + should do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - If + S. + did / were to do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - → If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. 万一明天要是下雨的话, 你就可以呆在家了.
    - → If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. 要是明天太阳从西边升起, 我就把钱给你
- be packed with… 挤满了…
  - pack 打包
  - 同义表达
    - be crowded with …
    - be crammed with …
      - cram v. 塞入, 塞满
    - be thronged with …
      - throng n. 人群, 拥挤
  - → The island was packed with tourists. 这个岛上挤满了游客
  - → The narrow roads were crowded with holiday traffic. 这个狭窄的路上挤满了假日的车辆
  - → The guide is crammed with useful information. 这个指南满满的是有用的信息
  - → The streets were thronged with Christmas shoppers. 这个街上挤满了圣诞节的购物者
- a third of … / one-third of … 三分之一, $\frac{1}{3}$
  - two-thirds of … 三分之二, 分子大于一的时候, 分母要用复数
    - → Two-thirds of the profits are given to charities.
      - charity n. 慈善团体, 慈善, 仁慈
→ Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer’s dream to create ‘an enormous object drawn as faintlv as possible’.
- immensity adj. 巨大的.
- despite prep. 尽管
- elegant adj. 优雅的, 雅致的
- fulfill/fulfil v. 履行, 达到, 圆了, 实现了, 达成了; 满足, 使满意,
  - fuifill / realize / achieve one’s dream 实现了某人的梦
    - realize v. 意识到, 认识到; 实现, 完成
    - achieve v. 达成, 实现
    - → He had finally achieved his dream of becoming a pilot.
    - one’s dream come true 某人的梦想成真
      - → → Her dream to enter the famous university came true.
    - dream of doing sth. / to do sth. 某人梦想做某事
- enormous adj. 巨大的, 庞大的, 极其重要的.
- faintly adj. 微弱的, 模糊的, 轻微的
- 介词 + 名词的表达
  - 尽管它很大
    - Despite its immensity (佳)
      - Although it is immense, … (不佳)
    - → Despite its importance, the meeting has to be postponed. 尽管它很重要, 但是会议还是被推迟了.
      - its 它的
    - → Despite its scarcity, water is still wasted in the country.
      - scarcity n. 稀缺, 不足
    - → Despite his cleverness, he cannot figure out how to do it. 尽管他很聪明, 但是他还是不知道怎么做.
      - figure n. 数字, v. 计算;认为
        
        figure out v. 理解, 解决, 找到答案

L18 Electric currents in modern art

## words

current /ˈkʌrənt/ n. 电流
- alternating current (AC) 交流电
  - alternating adj. 交替的, 轮流的, 间隔的
- direct current (DC) 直流电
- → Is the wire live? 电线有电么?
- → The plug broke, exposing live wires. 插头碎了, 暴露出了带电的电线
  - plug n. 插头
    - a two-pin plug
    - a three-pin plug
  - socket n. 插座
- water current 水流
- air current 气流
- swim with the current 顺流游泳
- swim against the current 逆流游泳
mistaken /mɪˈsteɪkən/ adj. 错误的
- mistaken ideas 错误的观念
- a mistaken judgment 错误的判断
- be mistaken about … 把 … 搞错了
- → I was mistaken about her age.
- 同义词
  - adj.
    - wrong adj. 错误的
    - false adj. 错误的
    - erroneous adj. 错误的 (正式, 书面语)
    - fallacious adj. 错误的 (正式, 书面语)
  - n.
    - mistake n. 错误
    - error n. 错误 (正式)
      - → a technical error
    - blunder n. 错误 (粗心马虎/一招不慎酿成的大错)
      - → It was a blunder to marry such a lazy-bones. 嫁给懒汉真是一个错误.
        
        lazy-bones 懒骨头(懒汉)
    - fault n. 错误 (强调责任)
      - → It’s your fault ! 都是你的错, 都怪你
    - fallacy n. 谬误,谬论, 错误的观念
      - → It is a common fallacy that women are worse drivers than men.
  - v.
    - make a mistake 搞错了
    - commit a fallacy 犯了个事实性的错误
      - → The author commits a fallacy of false analogy.
        
        analogy n. 类比
    - err v. 犯错
      - To err is human , to forgive divine. — Alexander Pope
        
        会犯错的是人, 如果能宽恕那将是神性的
        
        凡人多舛误，唯神能见宥.
oddly /ˈɑːdli/ adv. 奇怪地, 古怪地
- odd /ɑːd/ adj. 奇怪的, 怪异的, 不寻常的
  - → What an odd man he is! 真是一个奇怪的男人
  - an odd number 奇数
    - an even number 偶数
  - 同义词
    - strange adj. 奇怪的,
    - unusual adj. 不寻常的, 罕见的
      - usual adj. 通常的, 司空见惯的
    - peculiar adj. 特殊的, 奇特的, 奇怪的
      - a peculiar smell 一股怪味
      - a most peculiar story 一个特别古怪离奇的故事
        
        most 不是最的意思, 如果前面没有定冠词 the, 那么表示’极其地’/ ‘特别地’ 的意思.
    - weird /wɪrd/ adj. 奇怪的, 怪异的, 古怪的 (有点怪怪的, 让人渗的慌的感觉)
      - → I heard some weird noises coming from outside.
    - eccentirc /ɪkˈsɛntrɪk/ adj. (人行为举止) 与众不同的, 特立独行的, 奇怪的, (中性词)
      - → Our neighbor is an eccentric old lady who has about 25 cats.
    - bizarre /bɪˈzɑr/ adj. 古怪的(语气比较重, 多用于书面语)
    - outlandish /aʊtˈlændɪʃ/ adj. 古怪的(语气比较重, 多用于书面语)
      - → She came to the party wearing a bizarre/ an outlandish costume and a blond wig.
        
        costume n. 化妆服, 道具服
        
        blond wig 淡金色假发
sphere /sfɪ(r)/ n. 球体; 领域 (后者更常用)
- in the scientific/political/cultural/educational .. sphere/area/ field/ world /**realm **/domain 在科学界/学术领域的各种替换表达
  - realm /rɛlm/ n. 领域, 范围
- atomosphere n. 大气层
- hemisphoere n. 半球
  - hemi n. 半个
  - semi (前缀) 半, 部分
- the northern / southern / eastern / western hemisphere
repel /rɪˈpɛl/ v. 排斥; 令某人讨厌
- → Oil repels water. 油排斥水
- → His behavior repels me. 他的行为举止令我讨厌
- → The food repels my stomach. 我不爱吃这东西(地道表达)
  - stomach /ˈstʌmək/ n. 胃口, 肚子, 胃部
- be repelled by … 讨厌 sth.
  - 英文中的主动或者被动并不是以中文中的意思为主, 需要参考相关的搭配来决定
  - → I was repelled by his behavior.
- repellent adj. 令人讨厌的, 令人反感的. n. 防虫剂
  - repellent smell/behavior
- ‘令人讨厌的’ 的类似表达
  - repel v.
    - repellent adj.
  - repulse v.
    - repulsive adj.
  - revolt v.
    - revolting adj.
  - disgust v.
    - disgusting adj.
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-13) You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive.
- 字根
  - “pel” = push
    - repel 排斥
    - compel (外部)迫使 / impel (内心的动力)迫使
      - be/feel compelled to do
      - be/feel impelled to do
    - expel 开除
    - propel 推进
- 反义词
  - attract /əˈtrækt/ v. 吸引
flicker /ˈflɪkər/ v. 闪烁 (多表示火焰/烛火风中摇曳的闪烁)
- → The candle flickered in the wind. 蜡烛在风中闪烁
  - candle n. 蜡烛
- 同义表达:
  - twinkle v. 闪烁 (多表示星光闪烁)
    - Twinkle, twinkle, little star, like a diamond in the sky. —Jane Taylor
  - sparkle/glitter v. 闪烁 (多表示很多明亮的亮点在闪烁, 比方说遍地的黄金, 或者波光粼粼的湖面, )
    - → The diamond sparkled in the sunlight.
    - → All that glitters is not gold. (闪光的不都是金子 ) —- Wiliam Shakespeare
      - 全部肯定词 All + 否定词一般表示部分否定
- 闪耀:
  - flash v. 突然的强光
    - → a flash of lightning
    - a flash in the pan 昙花一现
      - pan n. 平底锅
      - → His first novel proved to be a flash in the pan. He never wrote another.
        
        prove to be 被证明是
emit /ɪˈmɪt/ v. 放射, 发射(抽象的发射, 例如声音, 热量, 光线,电流等)
- → Fireflies emit light but not heat.
  - fireflies 萤火虫 (复数)
- 同义表达
  - give off
  - discharge
- 意似词辨析
  - launch v. 发射(火箭)
    - → launch a rocket / missile / satellite
      - missile n. 导弹
      - satellite n. 卫星
- 字根
  - emit: ‘e’(out) + ‘mit’(send)
  - submit: ‘sub’(under) + ‘mit’ 屈服
  - transmit: ‘trans’(across) + ‘mit’ 传播, 传输
    - sexually transmitted diseases
    - → The US open will be transmitted live via satellite.
      - US open n. 美国公开赛
  - vomit: ‘vo’(eat) + ‘mit’ 呕吐
  - omit : ‘o’=‘ob’(away) + ‘mit’ 省略, 删除

## text 1

rarely adv. 很少, 不常
- rarely = almost never
- hardly = almost not
- 同义表达
  - seldom adv. 很少, 不常
  - almost never
  - hardly ever
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L10) Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot.
      - 强调 seldom , rarely 这种词可以放到句首, 而否定意义的词放到句首会引起部分倒装
        
        → Rarely / Seldom does modern sculpture surprise us any more.
中文中由于没有使役动词, 所以经常要加 “使” 这种词夹在中间, 如果是英文的话, 由于使役动词的存在, 后面可以直接加 sb. . 例如 surprise us(使我们惊讶) , 而无需 make us feel surprise, (用 make 表示使)
- astonish 使惊讶
- disturb 使不安
- remind 使记起
- confuse 使迷惑
- convince 使相信
- → His reaction made me feel deeply disappointed. (不佳)
  - → His reaction deeply disappointed me. (修改后)
- → What he said made me totally confused. (不佳)
  - → What he said totally confused me. (修改后)
any more 不再, 再没有
→ The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.
- 主句太短, 从句太长. 但本文中, 这种是故意的.
  - 类似情况的例子
    - → (NCE3-1 P14-L1) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
- 通常原句可以改为
  - → The idea is mistaken that modern art can only be seen in museums.
- 但本文的情况中, 这个 trick 叫做 结构强调句 (比较少见的句子), 这个句子叫做 圆周句/ 掉尾句 用来吊胃口, 特点就是头重脚轻. 一般的英文句子是头轻脚重, 可以称为孔雀型的句子. 这种圆周句是 end focus (句尾重心原则) 的应用. 句末比句首更重要. (结构强调句切勿当作作文的主流)
  - 例句
    - → (NCE4-24 P138-L8) That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.
      - 通常会写成 → Itis undeniable that all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond. (形式主语) (没有原文好)
    - → Although Tchaikovsky himself thought of the Pathetic Symphony as his crowning masterpiece, the premiere on October 28th 1893 in St. Petersburg proved a disappointment. (整个句子最重要的是句末这个 disappointment(令人失望的), )
→ Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places.
- 感兴趣的表达
  - **be interested in … **(形容词做中心词)
  - take/have … interest in … (名词做中心词, 前面的搭配更加灵活)
    - → take/have an interest in ..
    - → take/have no interest in …
    - → take/have little interest in …
    - → take/have a lot of interest in …
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L1) Kidhappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay’s cat.
    - considerable adj. 客观的 (正式表达)
- take + n. + in 的表达很多
  - take pride in … 对… 骄傲
    - → You should take pride in your work.
  - take pleasure / delight in … 满足于
    - → College students seem to take pleasure / delight in practical jokes.
  - take comfort in … 对某事感到很欣慰
    - I know she goes out a lot at night, but I take comfort in the fact that she’s alwavs with friends.
  - 但不是所有的 take + 名词后都加 in, 下面是反例
    - take pity on … 同情, 怜悯某人
      - → I took pity on the beggar and gave him some change.
        
        change n. 零钱
- cannot have failed to notice .. / must have noticed 不可能没有注意到过 (双重否定)
  - → (NCE3-9 P46-L1) Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
- “on + 名词” 表示处于某种状态
  - on display / show / exhibition
    - exhibition n. 展览, 展览会
  - → The house is on sale.
    - 在英国 on sale 表示正在出售
    - 在美国 on sale 表示正在甩卖
  - → The workers are on strike. 在罢工
  - → I’m here on vacation. 我在这度假
  - → I’m here on business. 我在这出差
  - → The nurse is on call 24 hours a day. 在听候召唤
→ Strange forms of sculpture stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
- form n. 形状; 表单; 形态
be / get / become used to(介词） 习惯于
- → (NCE3-2 P14-L17)“We’ll get used to that Bill,” said the vicar.
- be / get / become accustomed to(介词） 习惯于
  - accustom v. 使习惯, 使适应
  - → We have got quite accustomed to them.
- 听力题
  - M: I**’m** not accustomed to using a gas stove. .
    - stove n. 炉灶
  - W: It’s simple. Just turn the knob until the burner lights then adjust the flame.
    - adjust v. 调整
  - Q: What is the man going to do?
- be / get / become familiar with .. 熟悉于
  - → We have got quite familliar with them.
- be adapted to(介词）… 适应于
  - → I am adapted to Beijing’s dry climate. 我适应了北京干燥的气候
so-called 所谓的 (名不副实的)
- → Where are your so-called friends now?

## text 2

→ The first thing I saw when lentered the art gallery was a notice which said: ‘Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!’
- **say v. 上面写着 … **
  - → The sign says ‘Keep Out’.
  - → What did the letter say?
  - → My watch says four o’clock.
  - → (NCE3-37P170-L21) A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: ‘This service has been suspended.’
  - go v. 一句话一个故事是怎么说的；一首歌是怎么唱的 (go 也可以表示说)
    - → As the old saying goes, ’look before you leap’. 老话说得好, 三思而后行.
    - As the old saying goes 老话说, (可以在引用谚语前使用)
    - → The story goes that the prince was turned to a trog.
    - → How does the song go ?
- Keep away from the exhibits.
shaped adj. 形状的
- → A strangely shaped carrot
- → She has a perfectly shaped figure. 她拥有完美的身形
- heart-shaped 心形
- pear-shaped 梨形
- V-shaped V 形
be suspended from … 挂在… 上
- hang from … 挂在…上
in response to … 作为对.. 的反应
- → The president stepped down in response to public pressure.
风/ 雷不可数, 但是一阵风/一道闪电可数
- a gust of wind 一阵风
- a flash of lightning 一道闪电
- a peal of thunder 一声惊雷
- a fit of coughing 一阵咳嗽
- a round of applause 一阵掌声
- peals/gales of laughter 阵阵笑声
B be familiar with A = A be familiar to B 某人对某人很熟悉了
- → Many readers are familiar with the name Harry Potter.
- → The name Harry Potter is familiar to many readers.
→ Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. 靠着墙有排成排的长的细电线, 电线上挂着金属球.
- lined sth. up 把 … 排成一排
  - → The books are lined up on the shelf.
  - line up 排队
    - → Line up, everybody! 请排队
  - cut in line 插队
- attach sth. to sth. 将某物和某物连接起来
- 造句：在桌上排列着一些崭新的 (brand-new) 电脑，而电脑上又连着(connect)打印机 (printer)。
  - Lined up on the table, there were a number of brand-new computers connected to printer.
all the time 一直…, 不停地…..
- 同义表达
  - **on and on ** 一直
  - continuously
  - constantly
  - without stopping
colored lights 有颜色的灯
- colorful lights 五颜六色的灯
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-44) … colarful rugs from Persia
→ These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
- continuously adv. 持续地, 连续地 (中间无中断)
- continually adv. 老是, 总是 (中间有中断)
  - be always / continually doing 总是做某事
    - → He is continually being late. 他总是迟到
    - → He is continually asking me for money. 他老是找我借钱
- go mad 变疯了
  - 同义表达
    - go crazy
    - go wild 变疯了
    - go bananas (俚语)
    - go nuts 变疯了
    - go insane 变疯了
      - → Oceans apart, day after day.and I slowly go insane.
on and off = off and on 断断续续地
- 反义：on and on 持续不停地
prehistoric 史前的
- 约定俗成表示夸张的修辞, 表示老掉牙的
**夸张 hyperbole **(修辞手法)
- → Everybody was clapping their hands off. 每个人都在热烈的鼓掌 (鼓掌鼓的手都掉了)
  - clap one’s hands off 热烈鼓掌(习语搭配)
- → I didn’t sleep a wink last night. 我昨晚睡不着 (眼都没眨一下)
  - not sleep a wink 一晚上没睡(习语搭配)
- → He has a skeleton of a wife. 他夫人很瘦 (一个他夫人的骨头架子)
  - a skeleton of sb. 某人很瘦
双关 pun (修辞手法)
- 多义双关
  - → Lesson 19 A very dear cat (又亲密又贵重)
  - → What do lawyers do when they die?
    - → Lie still. (两个词都是双关)
  - → The professor tapped on his desk and shouted,“Gentlemen, order!” (order 也有动词点菜的意思)
    - → The entire class yelled, “Beer!”
- 谐音双关
  - → More sun and air for your son and heir.
    - heir n. 继承人 (h 不发音)
    - sun 和 son 发音相同
    - air 和 heir 发音相同
  - → We must all hang together or we shall all hang separately.

L19 A very dear cat ⭐️

## words

dear adj. 亲爱的; 昂贵的
- Dear Mr. Smith,
- My dear daughter
- Come on, dear
- 昂贵的 - 同义词
  - expensive
  - costly
  - pricy(美)/pricey(英)
  - cost sb. an arm and a leg
    - 听力题:
      - M: Did you see the diamond ring Bill gave to Linda?
      - W: I sure did. It must have cost him an arm and a leg.
      - Q: What does the woman imply about the ring?
      - Answer: (C) It was very expensive.
  - davlight / highway robbery 大白天/马路抢钱
    - → ＄10 for an orange juice? That’s just daylight robbery! 简直大白天抢钱!
kidnapper /ˈkɪdnæpər/ n. 绑架者, 绑匪
- kidnap v. 绑架
  - nap v. 打盹
  - → The boy was kidnapped by a terrorist.
  - 同义词
    - abduct v. 绑架, 劫持 (宾语一般是人)
      - abductor n. 绑架者
      - duct v. 引导, 导向, n. 管道, 导管
    - hijack v. 劫持 (一般是交通工具)
      - hijacker v. 劫匪
  - ransom n. 赎金
  - hostage n. 人质
anonymous /əˈnɒnɪməs/ adj. 匿名的
- an anonymous donor/phone call/letter
  - donor n. 赞助者
- onym=name (来自古希腊语)
  - synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/ n. 同义词
    - syn 词根表示在一起,
  - antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ n. 反义词
    - ant(anti) 词根表示对立的
  - pseudonym n. 假名, 化名, 笔名
    - pseudo 词根表示假的
    - pseudo-science n. 伪科学
    - → O. Henry is the pseudonym of William Sydney Porter.
withdraw /wɪθˈdrɔː/ v. (从银行) 取款; 撤回
- withdraw … from … 从某个银行或者账户里取钱
  - → I’d like to withdraw 2,000 yuan from my account.
    - yuan 这个单位单复数同行. 除了英文中的原生单位以外, 其他绝大部分的单位都是单复数同行
- **deposit … in … ** 取钱
  - → I’d like to deposit 2,000 yuan in my account.
- → I’d like to open an account(/əˈkaʊnt/). (不读鳄康特, )
  - 账户类型(美)
    - checking account 活期账户
    - savings account 定期账户
    - debit card 借记卡
    - credit card 信用卡
    - PIN/pɪn/(number) 密码 (不读聘, 中间的 i 读成类似报数的 1)
- → Id like to close my account because I’m moving.
- → Can l cash a check here? 兑换现金
  - check 支票
- → What’s the balance in my account? 我的银行余额是多少
- → What’s the interest rate? 利率是多少?
- → I’d like to transfer $2,000 from my savings account to my checking account. 转账
- → Can I wire some money to China from here? 电汇
  - wire n. 电线
- → Is it possible for me to exchange some British pounds for U.S. dollars? 兑换
- → What’s today’s exchange rate for U.S. dollars?
- 听力题:
  - → A: How may I help you? B: I’d like to open an account, please. A: Would you like to open a savings or checking account? B: Perhaps I could open one of each. A: Sure thing. We have a minimum balance of $10 in the savings account. B: OK, what’s the interest rate at the moment? A: lt’s a fixed rate of 1%.
  - → B: Alright. Do you provide debit cards with the checking account? A: Yes, we do. B: Is there a way to transfer funds from my savings account to my checking account over the phone? A: Yes, you just need your PIN number. You can also do this online.
  - → B: Oh, that’s very convenient. I’d also like to pay for my tuition with direct debit. How do I do that? A: You just need to fill in this form and we’ll take care of it for you. Do you have any other questions? B: No, that s all. Thank you.
    - convenitent /kənˈviːniənt/ adj. 方便的, 便利的
    - tuition n. 学费
    - direct debit 直接扣款
    - fill in this form 填写表单

## text 1

**双关 pun **
- 多义双关
  - dear :
    1. loved / valued
    2. expensive / costly
  - → Stephen Hawking was a star scientist.
rerely 时间频度副词
- 同义词
  - rarely
  - almost never
  - seldom
  - hardly ever
- 否定意义的副词/形容词提前会引起部分倒装, 动词或助动词要提前
- → Rarely are kidnappers interested in animals.
有兴趣的名词表达
- take/have an interest in …
- take/have no interest in …
- take/have little interest in …
- take/have considerable interest in …
  - considerable adj. 相当大的
造句：孩子们很少对历史感兴趣，但是小约翰最近却对古代雕塑产生了浓厚的兴趣。
- → Children are rarely interested in history, but little John recently took considerable interest in ancient sculpture.
wealthy /ˈwɛlθi/ adj. 富有的
- Synonyms
  - rich
  - affluent
  - well-off
  - well-to-do
share a house / apartment / flat / room with … 与某人合住 (暗示没有亲属关系, 也不是男女朋友关系, 一般是分摊租金的那种)
- apartment (美) / flat (英) 公寓
- → I shared an apartment with Kim when l first came to Beiing.
- synonyms by 合租
  - room with … 与某人合租 (同宿舍的, 尤其是上学期间)
    - → I roomed with him at college.
  - live with … 与某人住一起 (没有场景限制)
  - cohabit with … 与某人同居 (男女朋友关系)
- → A sorrow shared by two is half sorrow; a happiness shared by two is double happiness. 一份痛苦两个人分担会减半, 一份快乐两个人分担会加倍.
- → We share an interest in history. 我们对于历史有着共同的兴趣
  - share adj. 有共同的
造句：Alfred Bloggs 是 Ellesmere 公司工作的一名垃圾工，他和他的同事 George 合佳一个公寓已经很多年了。
- → Alfred Bloggs, a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation, has shared an apartment with his colleague, George, for a great many years.
lead/live a … life 过着一种… 的生活
(NCE3-23 P114-L23) I happened to be walking in my garden when Inoticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
- 散步
  - take a walk/stroll
  - have a walk/stroll
  - go for a walk/stroll
    - stroll v./n. 漫步, 闲逛
    - → What do you want to do after breakfast?
      - → Why don’t we take a walk down to the river?
    - → Phoebe: Hey, is Chandler here?
      - → Joey: No, no he went for a walk.
  - walk the dog 遛狗
  - stretch one’s legs
    - stretch v. 伸展, 伸开
    - → (NCE3-44 P204-L13) You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks,
→ He could not find his fifty pence anywhere, ..
- → She could not find him anywhere.

## text 2

receive sth. from sb. 从某人那收到某物
- get sth. from sb.
- hear from sb. 有某人的音信 (特指书信联系, 或者电话往来)
→ The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of £1.000.
- state v. 声明
- in safe hands 处于安全的保护之下, 由可信赖的人负责或照料
  - → Don’t worry about the children. They are in safe hands.
  - → You can be sure your children are in good hands. 你的孩子们被很好的人在照料, 很安全,
  - → I am afraid that nuclear weapons could fall into the wrong hands. 我担心核武器会调到错误的人的手上
- a ransom of £1.000 1000 英镑的赎金
  - → (NCE3-20 P90-L1) In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £ 1,000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.
  - a reward of £ 1,000 一笔奖金
  - a fund of £ 1,000 一笔资金
  - a debt of £ 1,000 一笔负债
  - an investment of £ 1,000 一笔投资
  - a scholarship of £ 1,000 一笔奖学金
instruct sb. to do 指示某人做某事 (比较不客气, 多用于上级对下级, )
- instructed to do (被动) 某人被指示做某事
- → (NCE3-5 P30-L2) Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president’s palace in a new African republic.
→ At tirst, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again—the letter had made that quite clear—she changed her mind.
- 报警的表达
  - go to the police
  - call the police
    - → (NCE3-16 P74-L11)He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
  - inform the police 通知警察
- 担心害怕的表达
  - **be afraid of … **
  - be afraid that …
    - that 从句不跟在介词后, 如果后面接 that 从句, 得去掉介词
    - 做原因状语时, 可以把 be 换成 being, 然后在原因状语中, being 可以省略, 所以就变成了只剩 afraid of / afraid that 从句
      - → … but afraid of never seeing Rastus again …
      - → … but afraid that she would never see Rastus again …
  - for fear of …
  - for fear that …
    - → I didn’t turn on the light, for fear of waking the baby.
    - → I didn’t turn on the light, for fear that it would wake the baby.
    - → … but for fear of never seeing Rastus again …
    - → … but for fear that she would never see Rastus again …
- make sth. clear/explicit 把某事说清楚
  - explicit adj. 明确的, 清晰的
  - → Possible side effects must be made clear / explicit.
    - side effect 副作用
    - clarify 使清楚
      - → Could you clarify your remarks? 能否把你的话说清楚
      - → clarify one’s position
→ The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word
- the next / following / succeeding morning 随后一天早上
  - the morning after 随后一天早上
- keep one’s word / promise 信守诺言
  - break one’s word / promise 食言
  - He is a man of his word. 他是一个守信用的人
    - → She is a woman of her word. 她是一个守信用的人
- sure enough 果然
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L18) The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year’s Eve he was able to hobble along to a party.
→ He looked very well, though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk.
- ,for 引导原因状语从句
→ The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.
- 表示惊讶的词
  - astound 使惊呆了
  - amaze 使惊讶 (难以理解的惊讶, 迷惑不解)
    - maze n. 迷宫
    - → (NCE3-3 P22-L14) When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
  - astonish 使震惊, 使惊奇 (令人难以相信)
    - → (NCE3-16 P74-L14) When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was almost white.
    - → (NCE3-30 P142-L11) A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died.
considering prep. (原本是非谓语动词) 考虑到
- 如果非谓语动词是一个约定俗成的习语搭配, 这种情况不用考虑逻辑主语和实际主语的统一问题
  - → Strictly speaking, the whale isn’t a fish. 严格来说, 鲸鱼并不是鱼
    - strictly speaking 严格来说
  - → Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸上来判断,他肯定是病了
  - → To make a long story short, he wanted money, and tried to get it without working.
    - To make a long story short 一言以蔽之,
  - → The team has lost the last two games and, to make matters worse, two of its best players are injured.
    - to make matters worse 更糟的是
- 由于 considering 这种用法用的太多, 直接当介词来用了, 类似的还有
  - including prep. 包括
  - excluding prep. 不包括, 除去
  - conserning prep. = about
  - regarding prep. = about
  - respecting prep. = about
    - → China’s foreign policy concerning / regarding / respecting Japan
in more ways than one 在不止一种方面，从多个方面来看 (习语搭配, 习语搭配不能自己编)
- → Known to millions, far and wide, for his book ‘A Brief History of Time’, Stephen Hawking was a star scientist in more ways than one.
  - known to millions, far and wide 闻名遐迩 (百万人知道, 远而且宽)
‘empty nest’ problem 空巢问题
- ’empty nesters’ 空巢者
- ’empty nest’ syndrome 空巢综合症

L20 Pioneer pilots

## words

pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪr/ n. 先驱, 探索者, v. 开拓, 探索
- Young Pioneers 少先队 (中国) (每一个词开头大写表示会专有名词)
- → Henry Ford was a pioneer in the auto industry. 亨利福特是汽车工业的先驱
  - indstry /ˈɪndəstri/ n. 工业
- → The Wright brothers pioneered in early aviation. 莱特兄弟在早期航空方面作出了开拓性的工作.
  - aviation n. 航空, 航空业
- 同义表达
  - break new ground v.
    - → Deng Xiaoping’s reform programs broke new ground in China.
  - lead the way v.
    - → The company led the way in developing environment-friendly products.
      - environment-friendly 环保
lord /lɔːrd/ n. 主人，领主，主宰, 对(英国)贵族(noble/aristocrat)的尊称, 勋爵
- 本意：lord最初是指中世纪欧洲的领主，也常被用来称呼贵族或有权势的人。在宗教语境中，lord常指上帝或耶稣基督。此外，它也可以表示某国的统治者或王室成员.
- → (NCE3-20 P90-L1) Lord Northcliffe (通常 lord 放在名字前面)
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L18) Lord Byron
- 爵位 (世袭)
  - duke n. 公爵
  - marquis n. 侯爵
  - earl n. 伯爵
  - viscount n. 子爵
  - baron n. 男爵
- sir n. 对爵士( knight )的尊称 (册封的)
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L9) Sir John Hawkwood
- The lord of the rings 指环王
overland /ˈoʊvərlænd/ adj. 陆上的; adv. 通过陆路
- an overland journey 陆上旅程
  - overland adv. 通过陆路 = by land
  - → We travelled overland / by land to Hangzhou.
- by sea 通过海路
- by air 通过空中
- by bus / train / car / ship / boat / plane etc.
- on foot (注意不是 by foot)
- 除了用状语, 也可以用动词来表示去某地,
  - drive (from …) to …
  - fly (from …) to …
  - sail (from …) to …
  - 通过某种交通工具
    - take a bus / train / car / ship / boat / plane etc.

## text1

→ In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £1,000 to the first man who would fily across the English Channel.
- 1908 在口语里读称 nighteen ou eight.
- prize n. 奖品, 奖金
- offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.
  - sb. 和 sth. 里面, 短的放前面
    - → ln 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £1,000 to the tirst man who would fy across the English Channel. (offer sth. to sb.)
    - → (NCE3-44 P204-L24) An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. (offer sb. sth.)
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L8) Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
- offer to do = volunteer to do 主动提出要做某事
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L12) In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a Citystate and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L12) He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
- 一千英镑的奖金
  - a £ 1,000 of prize (X)
  - a prize of £ 1,000 (True)
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L10) a ransam of £ 1,000
  - a reward of £ 1,000
  - a debt of £ 1,000
  - a fund of £ 1,000
  - a scholarship of £ 1,000
  - an investment of £ 1,000
- fly across the English channel
  - 动词＋ across + 宾语 :表示穿越某个地方
  - cross ＋宾语＋方式状语: 表示用某种方式穿越
    - → cross the English channel by plane
→ Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. 过了一年多, 才有人尝试.
- before
  - 当主句的时间比预期的要长的时候, 用 before 翻译成 ’才’
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L6) Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. 大钟敲了 13下才停
  - 当主句的时间比预期的要短的时候, 用 before 翻译成 ’就’
    - I hadn’t waited long before he came.
  - before 有时候会翻译成然后
    - → I shaved before I went to the party.
    - → (NCE4-9 P53-L11) Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
  - when 也可以这样翻译
    - 就
      - → (NCE3-20 P9O-L5) He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea.
    - 才
      - → (NCE2-60 P284-L9) The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
    - 然后
      - (NCE3-28 P134-L18) Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands.
- make … attempt to do 尝试做某事, 试图做某事
  - attempt n./v. 尝试, 企图
  - make an / no / little / the first / another attempt to do
    - make another attempt to do 再次尝试做某事
  - → (NCE3-20 P90-L14) Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. (用的被动, 这样表达可以用事物做主语, 显得更简洁)
- 造句：过了一个多月才有人发现了这具尸体。
  - → Over a month passed before the body was found.
- 造句：过了十年 (decade）多才有人出来揭示(reveal)了这个秘密。
  - decade 十年
  - → Over a decade passed before the secret was revealed.

## text2

On July 19th, 1909
- 英文中可以用月/日/年来描述, 具体某一天用 on
in the early / late + morning / afternoon / evening
- at dawn / the crack of dawn / daybreak / sunrise 天刚亮的时候
  - dawn n. 黎明 v. 开始, 出现
  - the crack of dawn 破晓
    - crack
  - deybreak v. 黎明
- at dusk / sunset / sundown / twilight
  - dusk n. 黄昏, 暮色
  - twilight n. 黄昏, 暮光; 拂晓
    - twi- 字根表示两个, twilight 表示两道光, 可以表示拂晓或者黄昏
coast 海岸
take off 起飞, land 着陆
- → Flight No.714 took off / landed at 8:30 a.m.
- take off sth. 脱衣服
- put on sth. 穿衣服
  - → He took off/put on his coat
- take …. off … 使 …. 脱离 …
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L4) It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey.
  - → She was so pretty-I couldn’t take my eyes off her.
  - → “Have you seen James without his beard?” “I know-it takes years off him!” 年轻好几岁
    - beard n. 胡须
- take time off 请假
  - → Do you still live there? ‘Oh yes, yes. My husband’s there now. He couldn’t take time off to come to New York with me.’
  - → I have to take time off from work / school to go to the dentist.
  - 请假加上时间
    - take a day off 请一天的假
    - take the afternoon off 请一个下午的假
travel v. 出行; 旅行 (不强调方式)
- → He has to travel 20 miles to work every day.
fail v. (fml. 正式书面语) (零部件) 失灵
- → The brakes failed and the car crashed into a tree.
  - brake 刹车
- break down v. (交通工具, 大型机器) 抛锚, 停止工作
  - → The car / bus / train / washing machine broke down.
- malfunction v. (fml. 正式书面语) 出故障
  - → The satellite entered the orbit and quickly malfunctioned. 卫星进入了轨道, 但很快就出故障了
- sth. goes wrong with … sth. 出故障了 (口语)
  - → Something’s gone wrong with my computer. 我的电脑有些问题
**be forced to do ** 被迫做某事 (多是由于客观的外部条件, 迫使…)
- → She was forced to retire early due to ill health.
- → … and he had to make a forced landing.
- 同义表达
  - be/ feel obliged to do 由于责任或者道义上的原因, 觉得必须要做
    - → (NCE3-1 P14-L4) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
  - be / feel compelled to do 迫于外界的压力, 不得不做某事
    - → President Nixon felt compelled to resign.
    - com- 众人, -pell- 推
  - be / feel impelled to do 内心的动力, 迫使自己做某事
    - → I felt impelled to tell her the truth.
    - im- 内部, -pell- 推
  - be / feel bound to do 由于法律/协议/条约, 必须做某事(就像被 bound 一样)
    - → All the countries are bound to submit to the regulations.
  - It is necessary for … to do 这对……来说是必要的
    - necessary adj. 必要的, 必须的
  - must do / have to do
pick up sb. / pick sb. up 本意: 捡起
- 意思辨析:
  - 把某人接回来
    - → “I’d really like to pick up Grandpa at the railroad station.” “Railroad stations or airports, Grandpa always tells us he’ll get here by himself.” “He’s something!”
      - He’s something 这人挺了不起的
      - He’s nothing 这人一无是处
  - 把被困的人搭救上来
- pick up sth. / pick sth. up
  - 捡起
    - → The phone rang and I picked it up.
  - 幸运的买到了便宜货
    - → (NCE3-34 P158-L12) He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere £50.
      - mere adj. 仅仅的, 只是的
      - masterpiece n. 杰作
  - pick up where we left off 从中断的地方继续下去
    - → After lunch shall we pick up where we left off?
    - → Chandler: Wait! I just want you to know that … I’m so happy you’re going to be here.
      - Janice: Oh, me too ..
      - Chandler: Because … that way … we can pick up where we left off.
      - Janice: Huh?
      - Chandler: I never stopped loving you.
救的同义表达
- save / rescue 救东西和救人
  - → (NCE3-7 P38-L3) When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white?
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L15) When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.
- salvage 救东西
  - → He tried desperately to salvage belongings from the burning house.
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L1) The salvage operation had been a complete failure.

## text3

Louis 路易
- 这是一个法文名字, 很多最后的 s 和 x 是不发音的
  - lllinois 伊利诺伊州,
  - Calais 加莱
  - Charles 查理 (法国名字的话)
    - Charles 查理斯 (英国名字)
  - Chamonix 夏蒙尼 (法文)
- Louis Bleriot
  - French engineer and pioneer aviator(pilot).
    - aviator 是比较都老的用法, 也表示飞行员, 通常被用来描述具有冒险精神和热爱飞行的人。
  - After designing and building various types of experimental aircraft, he concentrated on developing the monoplane.
    - monoplane 单翼飞机
      - mono adj. 单一的, 单声道的, 来自希腊语"monos”，意为"单一的"或"独自的”
  - On July 25, 1909, he flew from Calais, France, to Dover, England, in one of his monoplanes, becoming the first aviator to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine.
  - During World War 1 Bleriot’s factory produced about 10,000 airplanes for the armed forces of France and the other Allied powers.
model n. (车辆, 机器的) 型号
- the latest model
  - → My car is the latest model
- the most popular model
在一周之前如果用 a week age 是表示从现在算起, 而对于任何时间点, 需要用 a week before 来表示一周之前
表示飞行的名词
- flight 空中的飞行 (可数)
  - aviation 航空 (不可数)
    - aviator 飞行员
- voyage 海上的航行 (可数)
  - **navigation ** 航海 (不可数)
造句：早在20世纪30年代，红军就完成了伟大的长征，在这期间他们走过了25,000里。
- → As long ago as the 1930’s, the Red Army had completed the successful Long March during which they covered 25,000 li.
stick it out 坚持下去
- → Latham, however, stuck it out.
- → Rachel: Oh God, I hate my job, I hate it, Ihate my job, l hate i. Monica: I know honey, I’m sorry. Rachel: Oh, Iwanna quit, but then I think I should stick it out.
It seems / looks as if / as though … 看似, 好像 ….
- 造句：看似他们之间将有一次激烈的争吵 (a heated argument).
  - → It seemed / looked as if / as though there would be a heated argument between them.
    - heat n. 热, 热度, 温度
      - heated adj. 激烈的, 激动的,
    - argument n. 争论, 论点, 争吵
promise to do
- 如果主语是人, 可以翻译成承诺做某事
- 如果主语是事物, 可以翻译成有可能会怎么样
  - → It promised to be an exciting race across the Channel. 这可能是一个有趣的竞赛, 关于竞速穿越英吉利海峡
  - → It promises to be warm today. 今天可能是温暖的一天
  - → Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the mystery.
    - groudbreaking adj. 开创性的
    - geo- 大地 (字根)
    - geophysicists 地球物理学家
    - shed v. 脱落, 流出
get up 起床
动身出发
- set out / off
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
- start out / off
last v. 持续, 延续 adj. 持久的; 最后的 adv. 最后地, 最终地
- His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes.
第一个迎接他的人
- → the first person to greet him was a local policeman.
- → (NCE3-28 P134-L14) The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches.
attempt v. 尝试, 视图
**within … of … ** 离 … 不到 … (习语搭配)
- → Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover
- → I live within a mile of the city center. 我住在离市中心不到 1 英里的地方
- → The company is within a week of bankruptcy. 这个公司距离破产还不到一周的时间
  - bankruptcy n. 破产
    - bankrupt adj. 破产的
for the second time 第二次发生
- at the second time 在第二次发生时 …
- **for the first time **第一次发生
  - → (NCE2-43 P194-41)In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd, successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time.
  - → “Is something still wrong. Robbie? “I’ll be Ok.” “Going away to college for the first time always makes one a little nervous.” " guess so. I’ll be OK. I just need time to think.”
- at the first time 在第一次发生时 ….

L21 Daniel Mendoza ⭐️

第二单元的文章会比第一单元更长, 且更难

## words

bare /beə(r)/ adj. 赤裸的
- 形容人:
  - bare 通常可以和别的词组合
    - bare-headed 没有戴帽子的
      - head+ ed 表示形容词, adj.
        
        前往某处的, 朝着某个方向的, 有头的, 准备好的
    - bare-chested 袒胸露怀的
      - chested adj. 胸部的,
    - bare-legged 光着腿的, 没穿裤子的
    - bare-assed 光着屁股的(一丝不挂)
- 形容事物
- bare floor 没有铺地毯的地板
- bare mountains 荒山, 没有植被覆盖
- with one’s bare hands 没有拿武器, 赤手空拳的
  - → Wu Song killed the tiger with his bare hands.
- 同义词
  - naked adj. 裸体的, 赤裸裸的, 无遮盖的
    - 通常不指事物, 只指人
    - → He was naked to the waist. 他赤裸上半身
      - waist n. 腰部
    - the naked eye 裸眼
  - nude /nuːd/ adj. 全裸的,
    - → She once posed nude for a magazine.
technically /ˈtɛknɪkli/ adv. 技术上; 严格地说(按照字面的意思来解释)
- a technically brilliant pianist 水平上出色的钢琴家
  - brilliant adj. 出色的, 卓越的
- → It is technically possible to produce a human being by cloning. 通过克隆技术创造一个新的人在技术上是可能的.
  - technically possible 技术上是可能的
- technically (speaking) 严格的说
  - strictly speaking 严格的说
    - strictly adv. 严格地
  - → Technically (speaking), the whale isn’t a fish
  - → Strictly speaking, the spider isn’t an insect.
    - the spider 和 spiders 都可以表示蜘蛛这个类别
popularity /ˌpɒpjʊˈlærɪti/ n. 流行, 普及; 名望
- → the increasing popularity of organic food 有机食品逐渐的盛行
- → The president’s popularity has declined considerably. 总统的名望已经大幅度下降
  - considerably adv. 相当地, 非常地, 大幅度地
  - decline v. 下降, 减少, 衰退; 谢绝, 拒绝
- **be popular with / among … ** 在某个人群中很流行
  - → “She was in love with Donald McGrath, the quarterback on our football team.” “Football players are always popular with the ladies.
    - football 橄榄球(美)
    - soccer 足球 (美)
- 同义词
  - 名词
    - 褒义
      - fame n. 名声 (褒义)
        
        famous adj. 著名的, 闻名的
        
        → All he thinks about is fame and gain. 他想的全是名和利.
      - renown n. 声誉, 名望(褒义)
      - celebrity n. 名人, 名流(褒义)
    - 中性
      - name n. 名声 (中性词)
      - reputation n. 名声 (中性词)
        
        → The restaurant has a very good/bad name/reputation.
  - 形容词
    - 著名的,
      - famous adj. 著名的
      - well-known adj. 众所周知的
      - renowned adj. 有声望的, 闻名的
      - noted adj. 著名的, 有名的
      - notable adj. 显著的, 引人注目的
        
        → (NCE3-14 P66-L16) ’the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’
      - legendary adj. 传奇的,
        
        → (NCE3-31 P146-L9) He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
    - 大名鼎鼎的
      - celebrated adj. 著名的, 庆祝的
      - eminent adj. 卓越的, 杰出的
        
        → (NCE3-21 P106-L12) the most eminent boxer in England
    - 臭名昭著的
      - infamous adj. 臭名昭著的, 声名狼藉的
        
        in- 表否定的字头
      - notorious adj. 臭名远扬的, 声名狼藉的
adore /əˈdɔː(r)/ v. 非常喜欢, 爱慕; 崇拜
- → She adores her only son.
- → I absolutely adore chocolate.
  - (纯巧克力是不可数名词)
- 同义词
  - like v. 喜欢; 与…相似 n. 喜好, prep. 像 … 一样 , 连词: 补充或解释
  - love v. 喜爱, 热爱
  - care for v. 喜欢
    - care about v. 关心, 关注, 在乎
  - fancy v. 喜欢, 钟爱, 迷恋 n. 爱好, adj. 时髦的, 迷人的, 漂亮的
    - → (NCE3-23 P114-L19) I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room.
  - be the apple of one’s eye 某人的掌上明珠 (习语搭配)
    - → His youngest daughter is the apple of his eye.
    - → Oh look who it is, my husband, the apple of my eye.
  - fall in love with sb. 爱上了某人 (习语搭配)
  - lose one’s heart to sb. 爱上了某人 (习语搭配)
  - be mad/crazy about sb. 疯狂的爱上了某人
    - be mad/crazy at sb. 对某人发脾气
  - The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach. 要留住一个男人的心, 要先抓住他的胃 (谚语)
  - carry a torch for sb. 单相思
  - have a crush on sb. 单相思
    - → “Monica had such a crush on him. Yeah, she used to kiss his poster every night before she went to bed.” “Oh! I used to do that too!”
bet /bet/ v. 打赌 (赌博性质)
- bet … on … 在某人或某物身上压了多少钱
  - → He bet all his money on the black horse.
    - dark horse 黑马(出其不意的好选手)
    - black horse 黑色的马
- **I bet = I am certain ** 我打赌 = 我敢肯定
  - certain adj. 确定无疑的
  - 听力题
    - M: I’ve just been over to my friend Tom’s new apartment. It’s much bigger than my place.
    - W: But more expensive I bet.
    - Q: What does the woman mean?
    - A: Tom’s apartment probably costs more than the man’s.
- You bet = certainly 你打赌 = 肯定地, 毋庸置疑地
  - certainly adv. 肯定地, 毋庸置疑地
  - → ‘From 走遍美国’: “Pete Waters, RFD Number 1, Chesterton. You know him"“Do I know Pete Waters? You bet I do! He was my roommate in college.”
    - RFD (Rural Free Delivery)：农村免费投递。它指的是美国在1896年推出的一项服务，旨在为农村地区提供免费的邮政投递服务.
    - Chesterton 地名
  - 听力题
    - W: Are you still planning to go to the concert?
    - M: You bet l am.
    - Q: What does the man say about the concert?
    - A: (D) He’s eager to go.
      - eager adj. 渴望, 热切, 急切
academy /əˈkædəmi/ n. 专科学院, 学院 (军校, 电影学院, etc.)
- → West Point is a famous military academy.
  - military adj. 军队的, 军事的
- Academy Award (Oscar) 奥斯卡奖 (学院奖)
- academic adj. 学院的, 学术的
  - academic year 学年
  - academic research 学术研究

## text1

表示比赛的单词
- match 通常指双方正面对垒, 正面交锋的比赛,
  - a boxing / basketball / football / volleyball match
    - volleyball n. 排球
- race 速度比赛
  - a car / boat / horse / swimming race
- contest 泛指各种各样的比赛, 也可以专指裁判打分, 最后得分高的比赛
  - a speech / beauty / dance contest
    - speech n. 演讲
    - beauty n. 选美
in those days 在当初, 想当年, (强调和现在不一样了)
- → (NCE2-80 P370-L9) Though in those days, traveling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe.
- → (NCE4-9 P53-L1) In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
- these days/nowadays/today 现如今, 在当今
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L1) These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.
with bare fists 赤裸的拳头, 强调没戴手套
- with naked fists 赤裸的拳头, 强调没戴手套
  - fists n. 拳头
- with one’s bare hands 赤手空拳, 强调没带武器
表示因为的词
- conj.
  - because …
  - since …
    - → He has been feeling tired since he started working two jobs.
  - as …
    - → He couldn’t finish the project on time as he encountered some technical difficulties.
  - , for …
  - in that … (fmt.) 不能放在句首
    - → He couldn’t come to the event in that he was out of town.
  - now(that) … 同时强调时间和原因 , 既可以翻译成因为, 也能翻译成现在
    - → Now that he has retired, he can spend more time with his family and pursue his hobbies.
    - → (NCE3-8 P42-L7) Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, ……
- prep. (后面加名词/代词)
  - because of …
  - by reason of …
    - → The event was canceled by reason of the inclement weather.
  - due to …
    - → The project was delayed due to technical difficulties.
  - owing to …
    - → The match was canceled owing to heavy rain.
  - **thanks to … **
    - → Thanks to the invention of the internet, communication has become much faster and easier.
  - on account of … 读的时候, account 中的 t 会被省略, 然后 n 和 of 连读
    - → On account of the heavy rain, the outdoor event was canceled.
    - 听力题:
      - M: Do you think professor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference? (conference n. 会议)
      - W: Not likely.
      - Q: What does the woman mean?
      - Answer: (B) She doubts class will be canceled.
        
        doubt v. 怀疑
把 A 称为 B 的表达
- know A as B 把 A 称为是 B
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
- refer to A as B 把 A 称为是 B
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L2) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white-collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
- call A B 把 A 称为是 B
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L15) From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not ‘Alf’.
- address A as B 把 A 称为是 B
  - → They address John as the team leader because of his experience and leadership skills.
→ However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
- However 然而
- crude adj. 粗野的, 原始的, 简单的
- seriously adv. 认真地, 严重地, 重要地
- even 甚至
- 上文中的 be 被后面的两个并列句共用
- 遭受重伤的其他表达
  - suffer v. 遭受痛苦, 忍受, 经历
    - → … a prizefighter could suffer a serious injury or even be killed during a match. (改写)
      - serious adj. 严重的, 认真的
      - injury n. 伤害, 损害, 受伤

## text2

colorful: interesting, exciting, vivid , 五彩缤纷的, 引人注目的
- vivid adj. 生动的, 引人注目的
figures n. 数字, n. 一个模糊的人影 n. 重要, 著名人物
- figure: character, personality
  - personality n. 个性, 性格; 名人,
    - → I just wanna be a person, not a personality.
      - wanna : want to
  - character n. 性格, 特征, 品质
→ The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
- gloves n. 手套
- introduce v. 介绍; 引入, 开始推行, 开始采用
  - → New safety measures will be introduced next month.
  - 动词和名词的句式转换
    - 欢迎使用我的笔记本电脑
      - → You can use my laptop freely.
      - → The use of my laptop is welcome.
- the Marquis of Queensberry Queensberry 侯爵
- draw up 起草
  - → I’ve drawn up a list of candidates that I’d like to interview.
- … not … until …, when …. 某个东西一直没有…, 直到那一年, 那一年发生了什么事之后才如何
  - 造句：直到毛主席1949年宣布 (proclaim) 中华人民共和国成立（toundation)），中国人民才获得了 (achieve）解放 (iberation).
    - claim v./n. 声称, 声明
      - proclaim v. 重大宣布
    - → The liberation of the Chinese people was not achieved until 1949, when Chairman Mao proclaimed the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
→ Though he was technically a prize-fighter. Mendoza did much to change crude prize-fighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
- though 虽然
- the game 是 match 的替换, 也表示两边对垒的比赛
- technically 严格的说
- do much / a lot / a great deal to .. 在某方面有重大贡献
  - do little to … 在某方面没什么用
  - do nothing to … 在某方面什么用也没有
- change … into … 把 A 变成 B
  - exchange … for … 把 A 换成 B
- 通常把重要信息放在主句中, 这里把重要信息放到了 Though 从句之后的主句中,
- 造句：尽管严格地说只是一本书，但圣经在把这个粗鄙的世界变成一个文明世界方面却做出了很大贡献，因为它给人类带来了信仰 (faith).
  - → Though it is technically a book, the Bible does much to change the crude world into a civilized one, for it brings faith to humanity.
somebody’s day 在某人的鼎盛时期
- → Every dog has his day. (谚语) 人人皆有得意之时
- → Don’t be disappointed: your day will come.
enjoy tremendous popularity 享有盛誉 (享有巨大的名望 )
- → Jay Chou enjoys tremendous popularity among the young.
the rich , the poor 形容词前面加定冠词 the , 表示一类人
- 但如果将两类人并称, 则直接说 rich and poor 表示穷人和富人
  - young and old 年轻人和老年人
- the rich and powerful 有钱有势的人
alike : in the same way, 一样地
- → The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike. 这里的气候总是这么热, 夏天冬天都一样
  - climate n. 气候

## text3

表示成名的表达
- rise to fame 首次出名
  - → She first rose to fame as a singer at the age of 16. (动词短语)
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L18) The rise to fame was swift. (名词短语)
    - swift adj. 快速的, 敏捷的, 迅猛的
- make a name for oneself 成名 (不能翻译成给自己做了个名字)
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
- become famous overnight 一夜成名 (突出迅速)
  - → With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.
    - record n. 唱片
吸引了某人的注意力的表达
- attract / draw / catch / capture / arrest + one’s attention / the attention of sb.
  - attract v. 吸引
  - draw v. 画; 拉, 拖动; 吸引 n. 平局
  - capture v. 捕获, 抓住; 拍摄 n. 捕获
  - arrest v. 逮捕, 阻止, 吸引 n. 逮捕, 拘留, 停止
offer to do 主动提出做某事
- → (NCE3-14 P66-L12) In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a citystate and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.
pupil : apprentice
- pupil n. 学童(学文化) ; 门徒(学技术)
- apprentice n. 学徒; 新手, 初学者
learn v. 获取知识 ; 学会了知识
so …. that … 如此以至于
turn (sb.) against (sb.) 反目成仇 (主语和 against 后面的人反目成仇)
- turn (sb.) against (sb.) 使某人与某人反目成仇
- → The wicked woman is trying to turn the boy against his father.
  - wicked adj. 邪恶的, 恶毒的
- jealous adj. 嫉妒的, 妒忌的 (贬义)
  - → … soon became so successful that Humphries became jealous of him.
  - → … soon became so successful as to arouse Humphries’ jealousy.
    - so … as to 如此以至于
    - arouse v. 唤起, 激起, 引起
    - jealousy n. 嫉妒, 妒忌
  - → Humphries soon became jealous of Mendoza’s success.
- disinterested adj. 不偏不倚的
  - uninterested adj. 不感兴趣的
争吵
- argue v. 争论
  - argument n. 争论, 争吵
- quarrel v. 争吵, 吵架
bitterly adv. 痛苦地, 苦涩地
It is / was clear / obvious / apparent that … 显然
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L5) The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
hold v. 握住;保持;举行; 拥有; 承载 n. 握住; 控制; 停滞, 保持稳定的状态
形式上的定语从句 (相比并列句会简洁)
- → A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour. (where 这个词一边引导定语从句, 一边在定语从句里面充当地点状语)
- → (并列句形式) A match was held at Stilton, and both men fought for an hour there.
某人被打败的表达
- …, but he was defeated.
- …, but he was beaten.
  - beat v. 打败,拍打, 搅拌 adj. 被打败的, 疲惫不堪的, 打碎的 n. 节奏, 心跳, 敲打声
- …, but he failed.
- …, but he lost.
  - lost: lose
- 注意替换的例子
  - → The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated . Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.
- We finally won that team. (X)
  - won 后面不能接对方的队伍或者队员, won 应该翻译成赢得了.
  - We finally beat that team. (T)
  - We finally defeated that team. (T)
  - We finally won the game. (T)
  - We finally won the prize. (T)
in the ring
- ring: boxing ring 拳击台
on/upon the occasion of this daughter’s wedding. 在这种场合上
for a second time 又一次
- for the second time 第二次
- for a second time = for another time
  - for a third time 又一次
- → (NCE3-30 P142-L12) Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
  - a third brother 这里是又一个兄弟的意思
→ It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England .
- 冠军:
  - champion
  - champagne 香槟
- it was not until … that … and … 强调句, 某个事件在那年, 在那年发生了这个事和那个事
  - 造句：直到1949年中华人民共和国成立中国人民才最终获得了解放并且成了国家的主人 (master).
    - own 表示拥有财产, 拥有权利用 master
    - → It was not until the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 that the Chinese people were finally liberated and became masters of the country.
  - → (NCE4-30 P177-L4) Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until 1869, when H.M.S. Porcupine was put at the disposal of the Royal Society for several cruises, that a series of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom.
    - it was not until .., when …, that .. and … 用 until 加年代, 然后用 when 加那年发生的事情, 接着 that 说那年之后发生了什么 and 什么
      - 造句：直到1949年毛主席宣布中华人民共和国成立，中国人民才最终获得了解放并且成了国家的主人。
        
        → It was not until 1949, when Chairman Mao proclaimed the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, that the Chinese people were finally liberated and became masters of the country.
meanwhile adv. 与此同时
- at the same time
- (in the) meantime
  - meantime adv./n.
higtly successful 非常成功
- → (NCE3-22 P110-L6) a highly successful play 一个非常成功的戏剧
academy n. 学院
earn enormous sums of money 赚了非常多的钱
- enormous adj. 极大的, 巨大的
despite prep. 尽管
extravagant adj. 奢华的, 铺张浪费的
→ …,he was so extravagant that he always owed people money.
- owe v. 欠债, 拖欠
  - → I owe you . 谢谢你(熟人之间)
  - → How much do I owe you? 我应该给你多少钱?
    - → “How much do I owe you?” “Wvell, thatil be 18 dollars and 70 cents. No charge for the cleanup. It’s on the house.
      - No charge 免费 , 不收费
        
        charge v. 收费,控告, 充电, 冲向, 负责, n. 责任, 控诉, 指控
      - It’s on the house 免费提供, 不收费
send sb. to prison / put sb. in prison 把某人送进监狱
- prison n. 监狱
- jail(美)/gaol(英) sb. 把某人送进监狱
  - jail n. 监狱 v. 使入狱
- lock up sb. 把某人送进监狱
- imprison sb. 使某人入狱
- incarcerate sb.
  - incarcerate v. 监禁, 关押
- 被动:
  - be sent to prison
  - be jiailed / gaoled
  - be put in prison
  - be locked up
  - be imprisoned
  - be incarcerated
in + 名词表示处于某种状态
poverty n. 贫穷, 贫困
- poor adj
本文体裁: 传记(biography)
- A biography is defined as a written account of the series of events that make up a person’s life.
- 要素
  1. Date and place of birth and death (and Family information)
  2. Lifetime accomplishments
  3. Major events of life
  4. Effects / impact on society, historical significance

L22 By heart ⭐️

## words

lines /laɪnz/ n. (演员的) 台词
- part n. 台词; 剧中的某个角色
- role n. 角色
  - → He plays the role / part of Hamlet.
  - leading role 主角
  - supporting role 配角
  - hero/leading man 男主角
  - heroine/ leading lady 女主角
  - cast n. 全体演员
    - an all-star cast
cast /kæst/ v. 选派 … 扮演角色
- 某人扮演某个角色, 如果用 cast 或者 role 的话, 一般用被动
  - be cast as / in the role of …
    - → He was cast as / in the role of Othello.
- 如果如下几个词, 则用主动
  - play / perform / act (the role / part of) …
    - → He play / perform / act (the role / part of) … Othello
    - → He play/perform/act the role/part of … Othello
- 表达主演
  - play the lead in …
    - → Bruce Willis played the lead in ‘The Sixth Sense’.
  - star n. 明星, v. 主演
    - 人 + star in + 电影的名字
      - → Harrison Ford starred in ‘Air Force One’.
    - 电影的名字 + star + 人 , 表示由某人来主演
      - → ‘Air Force One’ starred Harrison Ford.
reveal /rɪˈviːl/ v. 使显露; 揭示
- → Her laugh revealed her even teeth.
  - even adj. 形容词 adv. 甚至, 即使
- reveal sth. to sb. 把某事透露给某人
  - → The doctor did not reveal the truth to the patient.
- 反义词
  - conceal sth. from sb. 向某人隐瞒了某事
    - → The doctor concealed the truth from the patient.
- expose v. 使暴露(暴露出来可能有危险)
  - → The soldiers were warned not to expose themselves. 士兵们被警告不要暴露他们自己
squint /skwɪnt/ v. 眯眼看 (近视, 或者光线太昏暗) n. 眯眼看; 斜视
- squint at … 迷起眼睛看….
- squint one’s eyes 迷起某人的眼睛
- peer at … 吃力的看, 费力的看 (一般主动想去看 sb./sth. , 一般是不及物后面的介词都用 at, 如果是看到, 一般都是及物的)
- peep / peek at … 偷窥
- leer at … 色迷迷的看
  - → He was always leering at female members of staff.
    - be always doing sth. 令人烦的老是做某事
- **glance at … ** 匆匆的看, 扫一眼
- glimpse … 无意中一眼瞥见
- **gaze at … ** 充满了兴趣的看, 欣赏
- stare at … 瞪大眼睛凝视
- **gape at … ** 张着嘴看傻了
- glare at … 怒目而视
sire /saɪə(r)/ n. 陛下 (王室成员的尊称)
- Your Majesty 陛下(面对王室成员时, 尊称陛下)
  - majesty n. 威严, 庄重, 陛下 (尤指君主)
- His / Her Majesty 跟别人聊天, 或者写文章写到了陛下
- My Lord 贵族; 大主教; 法官大人阁下的尊称
- Your Excellency 高级别政府官员, 对方派驻本地的大使
  - excellency 阁下（尤指高级官员或外交官的尊称）
- His/Her Excellency
proceed /prə’sid/ v. 继续
- proceed with … 继续做同一件事
- proceed to do … 继续做下一件事
- go on with … 继续做同一件事
- go on to do … 继续做下一件事
- go on doing … 持续性的做某事,类似于 keep doing
- continue to do … 继续做同一件事
- continue doing … 继续做同一件事
- carry on with … 继续做同一件事
- carry on doing … 继续做同一件事

## text1

learn / know sth. by heart 熟读某事, 把某些东西背下来, 把某事记住 (习语搭配)
- 与记忆有关的搭配
- bear/keep sth. in mind 把某事记住
- make a mental note 把某事记住
  - mental adj. 脑力的, 心理的, 思想的
- remember / recall / recoolect sth. 回忆起, 记起某事
- remind sb. of sth. 使某人回忆起某事
- bring back memories 使人回忆起往事
  - → Richard, these are terrific pictures. This one really brings back memories.
    - terrific adj. 非常好的, 极好的, 了不起的
- in retrospect 回首往事
  - → In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.
    - be doomed 注定要失败, 注定要遭厄运
      - doom n. 厄运, 劫数, 默认
        
        doomful adj. 厄运的
- … to remember 难忘的某事
  - a day to remember
  - a night to remember
  - → Gandalf, my old friend .. . this will be a night to remember.
- ring a bell 有印象, 好像在哪听过
  - bell n. 铃铛
  - 听力题
    - That name just doesn’t ring a bell with me.
    - Answer: (B) I don’t recognize that name.
- have a short memory 说某人记性差
  - 听力题
    - M: Why did you come to the meeting late? Ileft a message with your roommate about the time change.
    - W: She has a very short memory and it really gets on my nerve sometimes.
      - gets on my nerve 让某人生气
    - Q: What does the woman imply?
    - Answer: (C) Her roommate is unreliable about delivering messages.
      - unreliable adj. 不可靠的, 靠不住的
      - delivery v. 交付, 传递
run v. (戏剧，电影等) 连演，连映
- → The movie has been running for 2 months.
- → The movie has ended its run .
- on end adv. 连续地, 不间断地
- in a row adv. 连续地, 一连串地, 成一排地
- successively adv. 接连地, 相继地
  - successive adj. 连续的
- 听力题:
  - W: Did Linda ever finish that introductory chapter?
    - ever 在疑问句中加强语气, 表示到底
    - introductory adj. 作为引言或开端的，初级的
  - M: I’m not sure. She’s spent hours on end rewriting it.
  - Q: What does the man imply about Linda?
  - Answer: (C) She worked on the chapter for quite a while.
    - quite a while 相当长的一段时间
      - while prep./conj. 在…期间, 当…的时候
- 听力题2
  - M: lt’s raining again .
  - W: This makes it four days in a row. Do you think it’ll ever stop?
    - make it 构成了
  - Q: What does the woman mean?
  - Answer: (A) She wishes the rain would stop soon.
→ In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night.
- in many ways 在许多方面
  - in many respects
    - respect n. 方面, 方向, 尊重 v. 尊重
  - in many aspects
    - aspect n. 方面, 部分, 方位
  - in more ways than one 在不止一个方面
    - → (NCE3-19 P86-L17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more wavs than one.
- be required sb. to do 被要求做某事 (口气较为强烈, 命令式)
  - **request sb. to do ** 亲求某人做某事 (口气比较客气)
    - → You**’re required** not to smoke here.
    - → You**’re requested** not to smoke here.
- go on doing 不停的做某事
  - keep (on) doing
  - go on to do 接着做下一件事
- night after night 夜复一夜的
  - night by night 夜复一夜的
  - one night after another 夜复一夜的
one 也可以代指人们
would 可以表示推测的语气
known/learn sth. by heart 把某事记住
- learn sth. 单独用也有背下来的意思
falter v. 蹒跚, 犹豫, 支支吾吾; 减弱, 变得无力(指力量,信心)
cause n. 理由, 借口, 原因, 目标
- → (CE3-2 P18-L1) Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, …
→ Yet this is not always the case. 然而这并不总是实情.
- yet 然而
- the case: a true situation 实情
- → This is not always the case. 这并不总是实情.
- → This is indeed the case. 这的确是实情
- → This is not the case at all. 这根本就不是实情
- → This might not be the case. 这可能不是实情
- → This is not necessarily the case. 这不一定是实情喔

## text2

→ A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for 20 years.
- highly successful 非常成功
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L18) a highly successful Academy
- was once cast in the role of an aristocrat
  - 也可以替换成
    - … was once cast as an aristocrat
  - 这里 once 表示曾经
  - … once performed / plaved / acted (the role / part of) an aristocrat
- been imprisoned 被关起来
  - imprison /ɪmˈprɪzən/ v. 拘禁, 关押
  - 同义表达
    - had been jailed / gaoled
    - had been incarcerated
    - had been locked up
    - had been sent to prison (语法词法上正确, 但是不太适合放在本文中, 因为本文中有 for 20 years)
    - had been put in prison (语法词法上正确, 但是不太适合放在本文中)
→ In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner.
- act 幕 (戏剧的第几幕)
  - scene 场 (戏剧的每一幕的第几场)
  - → It happens in Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1.
- gaoler(英)/jailer(美) n. 狱卒
- come on 登台, 上台; 过来; 得了吧; 胡说! ;
  - → There was great applause when the Russian ballerina came on.
  - appear v. 登台, 上台; 出现
    - → (NCE3-21 P106-L12) Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his bands.
- 结构简化:
  - → … with a letter and he would hand it to the prisoner. (并列句)
  - → … **with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. **(定语从句稍显简洁)
  - → .. with a letter to hand to the prisoner. (独立主格)
→ Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in tull.
- be expected to do 应该 (习语搭配)
  - 同义
    - **be supposed to do ** 应该 (习语搭配)
      - suppose v. 认为, 猜测, 假设
    - **should do ** 应该
  - 听力题
    - W: Do you know if George is coming to the meeting?
    - M: Oh, no, I was supposed to tell you that he is sick and can’t come.
      - oh, no 不表示否定, 只是抱怨真糟糕
      - sick adj. 生病的, 不舒服的
    - Q: What does the man mean?
    - Answer: (D) He forgot to deliver a message.
- 表示 “建议，要求，命令〞动词后的宾语从句中用 (should ) do 型的虚拟语气(should 美式必须去掉, 英式有没有都行, )
  - order, ask, decide, demand, require, advise, recommend, suggest, insist …
    - 这些词很多都是多义词, 只有在表示建议/要求/命令的时候才用虚拟
      - insist 有坚持认为的意思
  - → He suggested that we (should) help them with English.
  - → The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
- instst on … + 名词短语 (that从句会杀死前面的介词, that 从句不用在介词后, 除了 in that/but that/except that)
  - → …, he always insisted on its being written out in full.

## text3

→ One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
- colleague n. 同事
  - college 大学
- play a joke on sb. 跟某人开玩笑, 跟某人寻开心
  - → (NCE3-40 P182-L11) He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.
  - 同义组合
    - play a trick on sb. 跟某人开玩笑, 跟某人寻开心
      - He played a trick on his wife, but she beat him up.
        
        beat sb. up 把某人打了一顿
    - kid(sb.)/joke
      - → Are you kidding (me)?
        
        kid n. 小孩 v. 开玩笑, 戏弄
      - → Are you joking?
      - → Are you joking me? (X) joke 不能加 sb.
  - 形似辨析
    - have a joke with sb. 和某人讲了个笑话 (两个人一起乐)
      - → I’ve just had a joke with the manager.
    - make fun of sb. 拿某人寻开心 (往往不是特别礼貌)
      - → The other children were always making fun of him because he was fat.
    - make a fool of sb. 让某人出丑, 愚弄某人
      - → I suddenly realized that I was being made a fool of.
    - play the fool (with sb.) 装傻, 扮演傻瓜逗某人乐
      - → Stop playing the fool (with me).You’ll fall !
→ The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
- the curtain goes up /rises 幕布升起
  - the curtain comes down / falls 幕布落下
    - curtain n. 窗帘, 幕布
  - draw / pull the curtains 拉开窗帘(复数)
    - draw v. 拉, 抽
    - → draw a sword
    - → draw water from a well. 从井里打水
    - → He drew the chair closer to the table to sit down.
  - open/close the curtains 打开窗帘/ 合上窗帘
- on the final act 在最后一幕刚刚开始的时候
  - on 在这里表示时间不表示位置, 刚刚 …..的时候
  - in the last act
    - in 在这里表示过程之中
- **all (alone / on one’s own / by oneself) ** 表示独自一人, 不表示孤独
  - 前面加 all 用来加强语气
  - → She was sitting alone on a park bench.
    - bench n. 长椅, 工作台
  - → I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
  - → Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself? 读的时候, 由于这是一个选择疑问句, 所以前面升调, 后面降调
  - → Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house.
  - oneself 表示亲自做某事 (注意和 by oneself 辨析)
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L18) Then l added with a smile,’ It’s a strange mixture I make myself’. 这是我自己做的一种奇妙的混合物
      - mixture n. 混合物, 混合
    - → Lesson 46 Do it yourself (DIY)
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L19) I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself.
  - lonely/lonesome adj. 寂寞的,孤独的 (内心)
    - lonely hearts ad 征婚广告
    - → Are you lonesome tonight? Do you miss me tonight? Are you sorry we drifted apart ? (from 猫王)
cell n. 细胞; 单身牢房; 电池; 单元; 原子核; 移动电话
present sth. to sb. 呈递某物给某人 (一般是双手呈递)
- persent v. 庄重的呈递某物
- present sb. with sth. 呈递某物给某人
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L17) When Dickie was given the watch, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag.
  - → He entered the cell and presented the aristocrat with the letter.
- 辨析
  - hand sth. to sb. 随手把某物递给某人
→ But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual.
- copy 一封, 一份, 一张纸 (量词)
- as usual 像往常一样
  - → Sam was in a bad mood as usual.
    - mood n. 心情, 情绪
  - as always 像往常一样
  - as ever 像往常一样
  - **like always **像往常一样
simply adv. 简单地; 仅仅
blank adj. 空白的,
sheet n. 纸张(长方块固定规格的纸, 例如信纸, A4)
→ The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
- look on 旁观 (不及物, 不能加宾语)
  - stand by 旁观 (不及物, 不能加宾语)
  - → Only one man tried to help us, the rest just looked on / stood by in silence.
  - 派生词:
    - onlooker n. 旁观者, 看热闹的人
    - bystander n. 旁观者, 看热闹的人
  - look on 加了宾语就变成另一个意思
    - look on …as … 把 … 看作 …
      - → We look on her as a daughter. 我们把它看成女儿
  - stand by 加了宾语就变成另一个意思
    - stand by sb. 支持某人
      - → He stood by her through the difficult times. 他支持这个女人度过了艰难的时间
- 形容词做原因状语都可以看作省略了 being
  - .. anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
    - = … being anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L13) Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
    - = Being ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
- anxious adj. 焦虑的, 担忧的, 急切的
  - 同义替换:
    - be anxious / eager / impatient / itching / desperate / dying to do
    - **can’t wait to do … **
- fellow n. 伙伴, 同伴, 同事, adj. 同样的, 同类的, 同伴的
  - → NCE3-4 P26-L12) Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. 垃圾工同事
  - fellow students 同学
  - my fellow Chinese 中国同胞
  - → And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. – Kennedy
- 背下来的替换
  - learn / know sth. by heart
  - learn sth.
  - (NCE3-22 P110-L4) know their parts by heart
  - (NCE3-22 P110-L11) learn the contents of the letter by heart
  - (NCE3-22 P110-L15) learn his lines
读给某人听
- read sth. to sb.
- read sb. sth.
  - Read me the letter 把信读给我听
→ Then, he squinted his eyes and said (重点): the light is dim. Read the letter to me.’ 不佳
- 汉语：parataxis – 平行语，连动句，没有轻重之别。
- 英语：hypotaxis – 层次语，突出中心动词，次要动词状语化。
- → Then, squinting his eyes, he said: ‘The light is dim. Read the letter to ‘me.’ 把咪起眼睛这个动作给状语化, 突出中心动词 said
→ The gaoler found that he could not remember a word of the letter either, so he replied(重点): the light is dim, sire. l must get my glasses.’ (不佳)
- → Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: ‘The light is indeed dim, sire, I must get my glasses.’ 把开头的 Find 改成状语
→ He looked at his watch and saw(重点) that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck(重点) thirteen times and then it stopped. (不佳)
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L6) Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. 把另外两个动词状语化, 突出 see 和 struck 两个重要的状语
with 随着
- with the coming of spring 随着春天的到来
- with the approach of Christmas
  - approach 接近
- with the outbreak of war
  - outbreak 爆发
- with the progress of science 随着科学的进步
  - progress n. 进步, 进展, 前进 v. 进步, 进展, 前进
  - gress v. 前进, 离开, 走
- with the evidence began to accumulate (X, 连词不能加从句)
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L4) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate,
  - 加从句的随着得用 as
→ Much to. the aristocrat’s amusement, the gaoler returned a few minutes later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
- to one’s … 使某人 … 的是
  - to one’s amusement 使某人感到好笑的是..
  - to one’s surprise 使某人惊愕的是…
  - to one’s dismay 使某人又惊讶又沮丧的是 …
  - to one’s delight 使某人高兴的是 …
  - to one’s sorrow 使某人伤心的是 …
  - to one’s excitement 使某人兴奋的是…
  - much to one’s … / to one’s great … 使某人大为 … 的是
    - much to the aristocrat’s amusement 使贵族大为感到好笑的是
    - to the aristocrat’s great amusement 使贵族大为感到好笑的是
→ … and he proceeded to read it to the prisoner.
- 等价 the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
- → He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries. (不佳, 啰嗦, 连着两次 the boy)
  - → He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
- → Ha said he had lost his watch, but it was not true. (不佳)
  - → Ha said he had lost his watch, which was not true.

L23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison

One man’s meat is another man’s poison 一个人的食物对是另一个人的不好吃的食物, poison 也有难吃的东西的意思, I don’t want eat this poison.

## words

poison /ˈpɔɪzən/ n. 毒药; 难吃的东西 v. 毒害, 毒死
- rat poison 老鼠药
  - rat n. 老鼠
- → one man’s meat is another man’s poison
  - meat 在古英语中表示食物的意思, 古英语中表示饮食是 meat and drink
  - flesh n. 人肉, 肉体
- → I don’t want eat this poison.
- → (NCE3-24 P118-L6) The reader’s hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
- → The ring brought to Gollum unnatural long life. For 500 years it poisoned his mind.
- 表示有毒的形容词同义词
  - **poisonous ** adj. 有毒的
  - toxic adj. 有毒的
  - noxious adj. 有毒的
    - → Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and noxious gas.
      - monoxide 一氧化物
        
        mono- 词根, 意为单一的
      - carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
      - odorless adj. 无气味的,
        
        odor n. 气味
repulsive /rɪˈpʌlsɪv/ adj. 令人厌恶的
- repulsive smell/ behavior
- repulse v. 使某人某物厌恶
  - → The tourists were repulsed by the filthy conditions.
    - filthy adj. 非常脏的, 肮脏的
    - conditions adj. 污秽的，肮脏的
- 类似的词
  - repel v. 击退, 驱逐; 排斥, 使厌恶
    - repellent adj. 排斥的, 令人讨厌的
  - revolt n. 反抗, 叛乱 v. 使厌恶, 使反感
    - revolting adj. 令人恶心的, 令人厌恶的
  - disgust v. 厌恶, n. 讨厌
    - disgusting adj. 令人厌恶的, 恶心的
turn v. 感到恶心, 翻胃
- → the food makes my stomach turn. 这个食物让我觉得恶心
- → the food turns my stomach. 这个食物让我觉得恶心
- → The food **disgusts / nauseates / sickens ** me.
  - nauseate v. 使恶心, 使作呕
  - sicken v. 使恶心, 使作呕
    - sick adj. 生病的, 不舒服的
- → The food repels / revolts my stomach.
- → The food makes me feel sick / lose my appetite.
  - appetite n. 食欲, 胃口
- → The food makes me throw up / vomit
  - vomit v. 呕吐, 呕吐物 (医院里用的比较多)
  - 越博文的人越强记, 知识会自己织成网
fry /frai/ v. 煎, 炸, 炒
- → I have another fish to fry. 我还有别的事 (习语搭配)(不是我还有别的鱼要去煎的意思)
- frying pan 炒锅
- → out of the frying pan into the fire 才出龙潭, 又入虎穴
- fires / French fries 炸薯条
- 快餐店英文
  - 您要吃点什么?
    - → May I take your order?
    - → What’ll it be for you?
  - 点菜
    - → **I need a double cheese burger, a fries, and a small coke. **我要一个双层芝士汉堡, 一份薯条, 一个小份可乐
    - → I need a No.1 combo 我点一个一号套餐
      - combo n. 组合, 合奏
  - For here or to go ? 店里吃还是外带
    - Here.
    - To go
      - No.1 combo to go , please
  - That’s five dollars and fifty cents
  - Here you are. / Here you go. 给你
  - This is your change and receipt. 这是你的找零和票
  - Can I have some ketchup? 能不能来点番茄酱
  - It’s on the service counter over there. 在那自助调料柜
    - counter n. 柜台, 计数器, 对立面, v. 反击, 对抗
  - Thank you!
  - You’re welcome. Have a nice day!
associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/ v. 联系; 联想
- associate A with B 由 A 联想到 B
  - → We often associate wealth with happiness, yet this is not always the case.
  - 同义表达
    - 物理连系
      - connect A with / to B
      - link A with / to B
    - 抽象连系
      - connect A with / to B
      - link A with / to B
      - relate A with / to B
    - 高分写法 (多用名词)
      - make a connection between A and B
        
        → Young children quickly make a connection between the pictures in books and the real obiects they see.
      - establish a link between A and B
        
        establish v. 建立, 设立, 确立
        
        → Young children quickly establish a link between the pictures in books and the real obiects they see.
      - establish a relationship between A and B
        
        → Young children quickly establish a relationship between the pictures in books and the real obiects they see.
despise /dɪˈspaɪz/ v. 鄙视,
- → Do not despise your enemy.
  - enemy n. 敌人
- 同义表达
  - scorn …
    - v. 鄙视, 蔑视 n. 蔑视, 轻蔑
  - hold … in contempt 鄙视
    - Contempt n. 蔑视, 轻视, 鄙视
  - look down on / upon
    - → For in a university, science majors look down on humanities majors, foreign language majors on Chinese majors, Chinese maiors on philasophy majors, philosophy majiors on sociology majors, and sociology majors on education majors. Since education maiors have no one to look down on, they can only despise the professors in their own department. —‘Fortress besieged’ by Zhongshu Qian
      - besiege v. 包围, 围攻
- 反意表达 – 尊敬
  - respect … n. 尊敬, 敬意 v. 尊重, 敬重
  - esteem … n. 尊重 , 尊敬 v. 尊重, 尊敬
  - honor … n. 荣誉, 尊敬, 光荣 v. 给予荣誉, 尊重, 遵守
  - revere … v. 尊敬, 崇敬
  - look up to … v. 尊敬, 仰慕
  - hold … in high esteem
    - → Because of their achievements they were held in high esteem.
      - achievements n. 成就, 成绩

## text 1

**One man’s meat is another man’s poison. ** 萝卜白菜各有所爱(习语搭配)
- There’s no accounting for taste. 萝卜白菜各有所爱(习语搭配)(字面意思: 人的口味某办法解释)
  - account n. 账户, 报告, 解释, v. 解释, 说明, 认为
- → Q: Why did she marry someone like that?
  - → A: One man’s meat is another man’s poison. / There’s no accounting for taste.
→ People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten.
- when they try to decide 当说起某个话题的时候
- when it comes to deciding 当说起某个话题的时候 (相同的句式替换)
→ If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
- 与现在事实相反的 “if” 型的虚拟语气 (L17)
  - if + S. + did / were , S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - → If you lived in Beijing, you would consider Douzhir a great delicacy.
- the Mediterranean 地中海(欧洲)沿岸地区
  - southern Europe 南欧 (Italy, Spain, Greece … ), 混血的人种更多, 黑发, 北欧金发碧眼更多
    - southern 南方的
  - the 地区前都加 the
    - the Near East (东欧)
    - the Middle East
    - the Far East (远东)
- 表达 “比方说”
  - for instance
  - for example
  - e.g. (拉丁文 exempli gratia)
  - (字数不够, 例子来凑, 例子可以史实, 也可以虚构, 也可以假设)
- consider v. 思考, 考虑
- delicacy n. 美味佳肴, 精致, 精美之物
- 造句: 如果你住在北京，你就会把豆汁儿 (Douzhir) 当作一道美味佳肴。
  - → If you lived in Beijing, you would consider Douzhir a great delicacy.
- 造句: 如果你住在中国东北地区 (the Northeast of China），你就会非常喜欢滑冰。
  - → If you lived in the Northeast of China, you would consider skating a great pleasure.
- → If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive.
  - 这句依旧是 you would 开头, 因为依旧是在虚拟语气中, If xxxx 和前面是同样地, 所以省略了
  - → … find it **repellent / disgusting / revolting / repulsive . **
→ On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normallv accepted practice in many northern countries.
- Your stomach would 表明依旧是虚拟语气
- practice n. 实践, 实行, 联系, 习惯 v. 实践, 实行, 联系
  - daily practice 每日练习, 每日践行
  - practice: custom n. 习俗, 习惯 / tradition n. 传统
  - a bad practice 不正之风, 不好的习惯性的做法
- on the one hand … on the other (hand). 一方面 … , 然而另一方面, 两个有转折对比的关系
  - → On the one hand I’d like a job which pays more, but on the other (hand) I enjoy the work Im doing at the moment.
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L4) The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
  - 近似表达
    - **for one thing … for another … ** 一个原因是 …., 另一个原因是 …. (陈述原因)
      - → “Why won’t you come to New York with me?”
      - → “For one thing, I don’t like flying, and for another, I can’t afford it.”
    - not that … but that …. 不是因为… 而是因为 …
      - → Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. 不是我不爱凯撒, 而是我更爱罗马 ———-Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
      - → Not that I love you less, but that I love liberty more.
        
        liberty n. 自由
      - → Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.
    - **at the … of … 一… 就… **
      - → She screamed **at the sight of ** the ghost.
        
        sight n. 视觉, 视力
        
        scream n. 尖叫声, 喊叫声, v. 尖叫, 喊叫
      - → She trembled at the thought of the murder.
        
        tremble v. 颤抖, 发抖
      - → She fainted at the news of her father’s death.
        
        faint adj. 昏晕的, 虚弱的 v. 昏倒, 晕厥
      - → She wept at the mention of the accident.
        
        wept v. 哭泣, 流泪
        
        accident n. 事故, 意外
        
        mention v. 提及
        
        motion n. 运动, 动作 v. 示意, 提出议案
        
        notion n. 概念, 观念, 想法
        
        emotion n. 情感
      - → (NCE3-41 P192-L4) Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.
        
        mere adj. 仅仅的, 只不过的
        
        **at the mere mention of ** 仅仅一提到 ….
→ The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
- sad 令人遗憾的, 不幸的: unfortunate / regrettable adj. 令人遗憾的, 值得后悔的
  - → He made a sad mistake. 他犯了一个令人遗憾的错误
  - → a happy discovery 一个幸运的发现
  - → the happy few 幸运的少数
- bring up / raise sb. v. 抚养, 养育
  - → He was brought up / raised by his step-mother.
    - step-mother 继母, 后妈
  - **be brought up to do ** 从小就 …. (多用于完成时, 对现在有影响)
    - → (NCE3-54 P244-L1) We have been brought up to fear insects.
      - insects n. 昆虫
    - → l have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity.
      - proper adj. 适当的, 正确的, 合适的
      - charity n. 慈善, 慈善事业
    - → (六级真题) And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better.
      - graduates n. 毕业生, v. 毕业
      - heresy n. 异端邪说
- food 表示食物数量时不可数, 表示食物种类时可数
  - certain foods = certain kinds of food
- stick to sth. 坚持, 维持
  - keep to sth.
  - throughtout our lives
    - throughtout prep. 遍及, 自始至终, adv. 遍布地, 到处

## text 2

creature n. 生物
receive + n. 受到 … ; 得到 …. ; 遭到 …..
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L16) These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard’s monastery.
- receive praise 受到了表扬
- receive abuse 遭到了谩骂
  - abuse 辱骂; 虐待; 滥用
- receive support 得到了支持
- receive good education 受到了良好的教育
- receive adequate treatment 得到了适当的治疗
- receive a warm welcome 受到了热烈的欢迎
- → (NCE3-31 P146-L20) This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie.
否定比较级, 来表示最高级的含义
- → (NCE4-28 P166-L8) There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for.
- 其他用来表示最高级的方法
  - “没有任何东西能与其相比” 的说法
    - → (NCE3-41 P192-49) Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures.
    - → (NCE3-44 P204-L19) But nothing can match them for speed and comfort.
      - match 相匹敌
“世界各地” 的表达
- in various parts of the world
  - various adj. 各种各样的, 不同的
- all over the world
- throughout the world
  - throughout prep./adv. 贯穿整个, 遍及全部
    - thorough adj. 彻底的
- the world over
→ There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.
- countless adj. 数不胜数的
- ever since 可以当连词, 副词, 介词用
  - 介词 ever since their early years
  - 副词 (NCE3-2 P18-L3) The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.
  - 连词 You know how she feels about you. It’s been the same way ever since we were kids.
- 联系起来
  - … have learned to connect snails with / to food.
  - … have learned to link snails with / to food.
  - … have learned to relate snails with / to food.
  - … have made a connection between snails and food.
  - … have established a link between snails and food.
  - … have established a relationship between snails and food.
… of one’s own 某人自己的 ….
- → (NCE3-9 P46-12) …, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well.
- …, he has no private / personal garden.
  - personal adj. 个人的, 私人的
for years 多年来
collect: gather 收集
- gather v. 聚集, 集合; 收集, 搜集; 推测, 总结
- → Gather rose-buds while you may. (谚语) 人不风流枉少年
  - rose-buds 青春美少女
- 花开堪折直须折, 莫待无果空折枝.
→ The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, afier a heayy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
- taking a stroll/walk 散步
  - stroll 慢悠悠的踱步, 也比较适合形容蜗牛, walk 会让人想到腿
- prize adj. 心爱的,宝贵的, 重要的, 有价值的 n. 奖品, 奖金 v. 珍视, 重视; 授予奖品
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L2) One of Mary’s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
- appeal to sb. 吸引某人
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L1) The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. 农村的平静生活从来没有吸引过我
  - appeal n. 吸引力, 魅力 v. 吸引, 上诉; 呼吁; 诉求
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L7) In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal(n.).
      - universal adj. 普遍的, 世界范围的, 全体的, 全球的, 通用的
- happened to do 碰巧
  - → (NCE3-3 P22-112) lts missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.
- 主句 (进行时 / be about to do) + when…. “when” 应译为 “这时” 或“突然”
  - 主句表达正在做, 或者正要做时, when 需要当副词来翻译成 “这时” 或者 “突然”
  - → I was having dinner when the phone rang.(重点)
  - → I was about to leave when the phone rang.
  - 这种特殊句型中, 句子的核心在从句中.
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L21) He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
    - → (NCE3-32 P150-L20) The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine.
    - → (NCE3-34 P158-L14) The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case lying on the floor.
→ Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert.
- Acting on a sudden impulse 由于一时的冲动
- 多个动词连续使用, 同等重要, 突出连续
  - → (NCE3-15 P70-L11) George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed his right arm through the drain cover.
delighted: very pleased
- pleased : happy and stisfied
  - stisfied adj. 满意的, 满足的
    - satisfy v. 满足, 使满意, 符合要求
- be delighted / pleased with …. / to do …
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L20) l felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain-until I got back to the ship
    - especially adv. 尤其, 特别地
      - especially 强调相对, 比较, secially 强调特定, 定制
  - → (NCE4-5 P29-L6) When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain-that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.
→ I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours.
- hall 门厅
- left , leave
- couple n. 几个; 一对; 及对
- → Having left the bag in the hall, I accompanied Robert into the living room.
  - accompanied adj. 陪伴的, 相伴的, 有伴的
    - accompany v. 陪伴, 伴随, 陪同
- → Robert and I went into the living room and we talked for a couple of hours there. (并列句略显重复)
→ I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner.
- 如果改成 Robert 建议我们的话, 得用虚拟语气
  - → … when Robert suddenly proposed that I (should) stay to dinner.
- stay to/for + 三餐名 留在某人家里吃饭
- Won’t you stay to / for dinner? 否定疑问句表示提问者倾向于希望得到肯定回答.
主菜
- main dish / course
→ … and I unwillingly followed Robert out of the room.
- → … and l followed Robert out of the room with reluctance.
→ To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the halll
- to one’s dismay 使某人惊讶的是
  - dismay n. 又沮丧又失望又惊愕 v. 使沮丧+失望+惊愕
    - → (NCE3-7 P38-L12) lmagine their dismay when they found a beautifullycooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
- take possession of 占据, 占领
  - possession n. 拥有, 所有物, 财产, 占有
  - **be in possession of… ** 拥有, 持有…
Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬, 十年怕井绳
- bite v. 咬
- shy v. 害羞, 怯懦; 害怕

L24 A skeleton in the cupboard ⭐️

## words

seemingly /ˈsiːmɪŋli/ adv. 看似, 表面上
- → Running a mile under 4 minutes was a seemingly impossible task. 四分钟内跑完一英里看似是一个不可能的任务
- 同义表达
  - on the surface
    - surface n. 表面
    - → Mike was very pleasant on the surface, but he had a nasty temper.
      - temper n. 脾气, 性情, 心情 v. 调节, 控制, 改善
      - nasty adj. 令人讨厌的, 令人不悦的 n. 恶劣的行为/态度
  - 动词短语
    - **seem / appear to do **
      - appear v. 显露, 出现, 似乎是
      - seem v. 似乎, 好像, 看起来
      - → Running a mile under 4 minutes seemed / appeared to be an impossible task.
      - → Mike seemed / appeared to be very pleasant, but he had a nasty temper.
    - It seem / appear that …
      - It seemed / appeared that running a mile under 4 minutes was an impossible task.
      - It seemed / appeared that Mike was very pleasant, but he had a nasty temper.
  - 形容词
    - seeming / superficial
      - → In spite of his seeming / superficial friendship, he gave me no help.
respectable adj. 体面的, 正派的, 特别符合社会标准的
- a respectable citizen
- a respectable family
- → He is a bit too respectable for my taste.
  - taste n. 品味, 口味
- 同根的形容词
  - respected adj. 受敬仰的, 有名望的
    - a highly respected surgeon
      - surgeon n. 外科医生
  - respectful adj. 尊敬的, 尊重的
    - → You should be more respectful of other people’s points of view. 你应该对他人的观点更尊重才是
      - points of view 观点
  - respective adj. 各自的, 每一个的
    - After the party we all went back to our respective homes.
  - 其他同根的词
    - respecting prep. 关于, 就…而言
      - concerning prep. 关于, 就…而言
      - regarding prep. 关于, 就…而言
      - 一些情况下 respecting/ concerning / regarding 可以用来替换 about
- → 造句：在这篇有关科学家的文章中，作者特别尊重那些不但是体面正派的公民，而且在各自的领域中都深受敬仰的专家.
  - → In the article respecting scientists, the writer is particularly respectful of those who are not only respectable citizens, but respected experts in their respective fields.
conceal [kənˈsiːl] v. 隐瞒, 隐藏 , (开头第一个音节读音类似 ‘肯’ 而不是 ‘康’)
- conceal … from … 向 … 隐藏 …
- hide … from … 向 … 隐藏 …
- 反意表达
  - reveal … to … 向 … 揭示…
  - disclose … to … 向 … 揭示 …
  - expose …. to … 暴露 … 在 ….
fiction [ˈfɪk.ʃən] n. 小说(表题材, 不可数)
- novel(可数) -> fiction(不可数)
- poem -> poetry
- myth -> mythology
- scene -> scenery
- jewel -> jewellery (jewelry)
  - The women has a lot jewels
  - The women has a lot jewelery
- machine -> machinery
- leaf -> foliage
- table / chair … -> furniture
- pen / pencil … -> stationery
- trunk / suitcase … -> luggage /baggage
petrify [ˈpɛtrɪfaɪ] v. 使 … 惊呆 (把某人变成石头)
- Medusa 美杜莎
- horrify 使 … 惊恐
- terrify 使 … 胆寒恐惧
- frighten 吓唬某人, 使害怕 (某人害怕什么东西需要用被动)
- scare 吓唬某人, 使害怕
- be frightened / scared / afraid of …
  - → Many girls are frightened / scared / afraid of cockroaches.
dangle [ˈdæŋɡl] v. 悬挂 (并可能摆动), 悬而未决(派生)
- → A hanger dangled on the rope
  - rope 绳子
  - hanger 衣架
- suspend v. 悬挂(不强调摆动), 中止,挂起(派生)
- hang v. 悬挂(不强调摆动)
- sway v. 悬挂并来回摆动
- **swing ** v. 悬挂并来回摆动, n. 秋千
unsympathetic adj. 不同情的, 无动于衷
- sympathetic adj. 同情的, 怜悯的
- pathetic adj. 可怜的, 悲惨的
- apathetic adj. 冷漠的, 毫无兴趣的
- sympathize v. 同情
  - sympathize with … v. 同情某人
- sympathy n. 同情, 怜悯
  - show sympathy 表现出了同情, 对某人表示同情
  - win sympathy 博得了别人的同情,
  - out of sympathy 出于同情
    - out of …. 出于
    - → Out of sympathy, I gave the beggar some change.

## text 1

a skeleton in the cupboard / closet 家丑 (习语搭配)
- cupboard / closet 壁橱
- a family skeleton 家丑 (习语搭配)
- wash one’s dirty linen 自曝家丑 (习语搭配)
  - linen 内衣(古英语)
- air one’s dirty laundry 自曝家丑 (习语搭配)
  - laundry n. 需要洗的衣服
  - The divorce has meant washing their dirty linen / airing their dirty laundry in court.
→ We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years.
- 及物动词先加状语, 再加上比较长的宾语 (为了句式平衡, 改变了语序)
- some pron. 某一个; 一些, adj. 一些, 一部分, adv. 一定程度上
  - → Some person at the door is asking to see you
- … which has been concealed from strangers for years.
  - … which has been hidden from strangers for years.
- 造句：我们常常在报纸上会读到一个表面上很体面的名人 (personality) 是如何因为偷税漏稅 (tax evasion) 而被起诉的 (be charged with …），而这种行为他们对公众 (the public) 隐瞒了很多年。
  - → We often read in newspapers how a seemingly respectable personality was charged with tax evasion which had been concealed from the public for years.
situation n. 既可以表示地点, 位置, 也可以表示抽象的情况, 状况
possess v. 具有, 拥有, 掌握
saying : proverb / adage 谚语; 格言(可数)
- → The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation
  - The English language possesses a vivid saying 英语中有个生动的谚语,
    - 可以利用这个句型引用谚语
  - → The Chinese language possesses a vivid saying ‘God favors the diligent’. 中文有句生动的老话叫做天道酬勤
  - 其他同样可以引出谚语的表达
    - → As an old Chinese saying goes, ‘God favors the diligent’. 正如中文老话说的天道酬勤
      - go 可以表示一句话是怎么说的
dramatic adj. 戏剧性的, 引人注目的
become known 被公开了
reputation n. 名誉
ruin n. 毁灭, 破坏, 崩溃, v. 毁灭, 破坏, 崩溃
- one’s reputation ruined 某人名誉扫地
造句：这个道貌岸然的官员 (official）贪污 (embezzle）了巨额公款 (enormous government funds)。现在这个秘密已经公开了，他也名声扫地。
- → The seemingly respectable official embezzled enormous government funds. Now the secret becomes known and his reputation is ruined.
→ The reader’s hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
- The reader’s hair stands on end 读者的头发从发根处站起来了
  - 单数名词前加 the 可以表示类指, 指一类人
- youth n. 青年人, 年轻时期, 青春
- make one’s hair stand on end 吓得某人毛骨悚然 (使某人头发从发根站起来了)
  - → Wait until I tell you about the murder —- it’ll make your hair stand on end.
  - 同义表达
    - make one’s blood run cold 吓得某人浑身冰冷
    - frighten / scare the life out of sb. 吓得某人魂都出来了
    - frighten / scare the hell out of sb. 我靠, 你吓死我了(比较粗俗)
- in one’s youth 在某人青春(~20)的时候
  - in one’s childhood 在某人幼年时
  - in one’s early years 在某人小时候
  - in one’s adolescence 在某人青春期
  - in one’s middle age 在某人的中年
  - in one’s old age 在某人老年时期
- 造句：当我在电视剧(TV drama）的最后一集 (the final episode) 看到主人公，那个对每个人都很友善的体面的 (respectable) 律师，原来竟是个 (turn out to be) 残忍的谋杀犯时 (a savage murderer)，被吓得毛骨悚然.
  - → My hair stood on end when I watched in the final episode of the TV drama that the hero, a respectable lawyer who had been so kind to everybody, turned out to be a savage murderer.

## text 2

occur v. 发生, 出现
for 逻辑主语 to do
- → It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction.
→ It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction, but in real life it is barely credible.
- 句型: It is all very well for … to … , but … it is barely ….
- 造句：你在家里穿睡衣 (pajamas) 是无可厚非的，但是在公共场合就不太体面了。
  - → lt is all very well for you to wear pajamas in your own home, but in public it is barely respectable.
→ To varying degreesn, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard.
- to varying degrees 在不同程度上(要求背诵)
  - varying adj. 不同的, 变化的
    - vary v. 变化, 改变
  - degrees n. 程度, 等级, 学位
  - → Racism still exists to varying degrees. 种族主义在不同程度上存在
    - racism n. 种族注意, 种族歧视
  - → The water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs was universally polluted to varying degrees.
    - pollute v. 污染(环境, 空气, 水源)
- closest friend 亲密的朋友
  - intimate friend 亲密无间的朋友
  - bosom friend 知心朋友
  - fair-weather friend 好天气朋友(酒肉朋友)
  - pen pal / friend
  - internal pal / friend
不在同一层次上的双重定语从句 (修辞技巧)
- 第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰 “名词或短语+第一个定语从句”两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词(一般是关系代词作宾语)可省略。
  - → The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Cariton, and he is very proud of the fact.
  - → You’re the only person I’ve ever met who could do it.
  - → He’s the best man I can find who can mend it within an hour.
be proud of 对某事很骄傲
- take pride in … 对某事很骄傲
- **pride oneself on … ** 对某事很骄傲
  - → (NCE3-26 P126-L1) Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
medicine n. 医学
- 学医的学生的表达
  - study medicine in his youth
  - a medical student
instead of doing .., however, … 本该 … 结果却 …
- → Instead of becoming a doctor, however, Lu Xun became China’s foremost modern writer of satirical essays.
trancferred anithet 移就(移觉) 修辞方法
- a sad letter
- a lonely night
- 平林漠漠烟如织, 寒山一带伤心碧 - bai li
- 自春来, 惨绿愁红, 芳心是事可可
- → I once spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget at his house.
show = lead 领某人去某地
- show 表示带过去之后, 带领的人就走了, lead 则没有这种强调
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L11) Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his back yard .
unpack my things / belongings
- my things 随声财物
- 这里 things 等价于 belongings 个人的所有物品或财产
- unpack my suitcase
形容词作主语补足语, 修饰主语
- She came home sick
- Only the good die young
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L9) lnevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
→ The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me.
- leap out 蹦出来
  - at me 到我身上来
  - to me 朝我过来
- leap 用力向远蹦 (立定跳远的感觉)
  - jump 往哪蹦都行
  - bounce 弹跳,
    - 与 bound v. 跳跃同义
  - → That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
  - by leaps and bounds: very quickly
    - → “Your little nephew is growing by leaps and bounds.”
    - → “Yes. He must be at least three feet tall already.”
- give sb. the impression that … 给某人 … 的印象
  - impression n. 感觉, 印象
  - have / get the impression that … 给某人 … 的印象
  - be under the impression that … 给某人 … 的印象
    - → (NCE3-32 P150-L10) Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the chest proved them wrong.
  - → … and I had / got the impression that it was about to leap out ..
  - → … and I was under the impression that it was about to leap out .
- be about to do 正要做某事
  - be on the point of doing … 正要做某事
    - → lt was on the point of leaping out at me.
dash 猛冲 (强调从静止突然开始发力), 短跑
- rush 冲
分号; 可以代替连词
斜体表示强调
→ But George didn’t sympathize with me.
- → But George had / showed no sympathy for me.
表现特别不可能的时候, 可以用虚拟语气
- → Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. 不要太拿自己当回事儿.
St. Sebastian 圣徒塞巴斯蒂安
- 西方对捐献的尸体会用圣徒的名字来称呼,
once upon a time 很久很久以前
medical staff 医护人员
medical ethics 医德
- ethics 职业道德

NCE 3 Lesson Notes L12-L24 (yanlong li)

NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part B (yanlong li)

L12 Life on a desert island ⭐️

L13 ‘It’s only me’ ⭐️

L14 A noble gangster

L15 Fifty pence worth of trouble

L16 Maryhad a littlelamb

L17 The longest suspension bridge in the world

L18 Electric currents in modern art

L19 A very dear cat ⭐️

L20 Pioneer pilots

L21 Daniel Mendoza ⭐️

L22 By heart ⭐️

L23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison

L24 A skeleton in the cupboard ⭐️