NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part A (yanlong li)

[TOC]

导学

如何复习新概念

单词复习时, 有三个要点
- 声音
- 单词拼写
- 单词用法(可数不可数, 及物不及物, 与什么介词搭配, 单词精确的含义是什么, 有什么样的感情色彩和语体色彩, 一般用在什么场合, 跟它类似的有什么近义词, 哪些场景下可以替换, 哪些场景下不能替换)
课文复习
- 语法, 课文中的语法成分
- 习语搭配与句式, 黄金句型, 句型的确切含义, 使用的场合.
- 句子句法, 决定句子是否精彩/漂亮/地道/简洁.
- 篇章段落结构
- 看着中文译文. 默写课文. 用来检验前面的复习是否到位, 单词写错, 语法错了, 句型错了, 习语搭配错了, 句法思维错了, 还是中式思维等….

L1 A puma at large ⭐️

words

spot [英: spɒt ] v. 看出, 发现
- 上面写的这种英式发音 ɒ 在美式中会变成两种发音
  1. 美: ʌ , 单词: stop, lot, hot
  2. 美: ɔː, 单词: boss, dog
- n. 斑点 (本意) ,
  - A big red spot 大红斑
  - A spot on one’s reputation 污点
  - A leopard won’t change its spots. 一只豹子不会改变他身上的斑点
  - spot of sth. 有点 ….. , (什么的一点)
    - (NCE3-58) a spot of bother
      - → You seem to be having a spot of bother with your car, can I help?
- n. 地点 (派生)
  - a scenic spot 一个景点
    - → A great many of scenic spots are being spoilit by the ill-behaved tourists. 很多的景点被品行不端的游客破坏
    - → The Middle East is a hot spot . 中东地区是一个热点.
      - 中东近东远东地区是针对英国这个地方来说的.
  - 看过的再写, 听过的再说, 多记例句, 作文中可以放心用, 不要自己瞎编
  - on the spot 在现场, 到现场
    - 报警的十分钟之后, 警察到达了现场
      - (NCE3-10 P50-L9) → Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
      - 参考上面的范文, 可以知道报警的十分钟的表达可以用如下句子来写
        
        Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
- v. 发现 (派生)
  - 茫茫一片中发现一个点
  - (NCE3-10 P50-L9) → Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
  - (NCE3-11 P54-L14) → He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
evidence [/ˈevɪdəns/] n. 证据 (不可数)
- a piece of evidence 一条证据
- evident adj. 明显的, 清楚的
  - self-evident adj.(复合形容词) 自证的, 不言而喻的, 不言自明的.
    - → All truth passes through thress stages. First, it is rediculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-evident. — Arthur Schopenhauer
    - → We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights. that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. — Declaration of Independence by Thomes Jefferson
    - court n. 法庭
      - go to court 打官司
      - settle sth. out of court 庭外和解, 庭外私了
- accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪtɪŋ/ v. 积累, 积聚
  - accumulate hnowledge / possessions (财富)
  - → I accumulated a large vocabulary. 我积累了大量的词汇
    - amass v. 积累
      - amass a fortune 积累了一大笔钱
      - → (NCE3-59 P264-L1) People tend to amass possessions
    - pile up 动词短语, 越变越多, 越积越多,
      - → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
    - collect v. 积累
      - collect stamps 集邮
    - gather
      - gather crops 收割庄稼
    - hoard v. 囤积 (略有贬义词的味道)
      - → Shenzhen real estate developers hoard large amounts of land. (深圳的土地开发商囤积了大量的土地)
oblige /əˈblaɪdʒɪŋ/ v. 使…感到必须 , 使役动词, 多用于强调责任或者义务
- 使役动词, 通常人做宾语, 如果人做主语|物做宾语, 则需要使用被动, 表被强迫,
  - be / feel obliged to do
    - → Many parents feel obliged to pay for at least part of the wedding.
  - be / feel compelled to do 使… 被感到必须做某事
    - compel v. 使…感到必须, 多用于迫于外界压力
      - pel 这个字根表示 push 的意思
      - com/con 有表示 together 一起的意思,
      - → President Nixon felt compolled to resign.
  - be / feel impelled to do
    - impel v. 使…感到必须 , 多用于内在动力
      - pel 这个字根表示 push 的意思
      - im 前缀表示内心, 或者内在
      - → He felt impelled to point out that they ware making a dangerous mistake.
- human being n. 人类(可数)
  - man 表示男人的时候可数, 表示人类的时候不可数
  - mankind 和 humankind 也表示人类|不可数, 多用于书面语中, 更庄严, 更正式, 口语中较为罕见
  - human race 人族不可数,
  - humanity 表示人类| 不可数, 多强调表示人性或者人道,
    - → a crime against humanity.
    - 美音中会有 flap T 的读法, 也就是前后如果都是元音, 并且 t 处于弱读音节, 受到前后元音干扰, 所以这个 t 会被轻轻浊化, 声带会震动.
  - being 构成的生物或者存在物的单词
    - alien (外星的) being : 外星人
    - intelligent(智慧的) being : 智慧生物
    - 为什么 be 的 ing 形式可以表示存在物
      - be 使多义词, 除了当系动词表示 ‘是’ 的意思之外, 作为实意动词, 还有别的意思, 就是存在| 活着,
        
        → To be , or not to be: that is the question. – Hamlet
        
        → I think thereforce i am. – René Descartes (笛卡尔)
- somehow /ˈsʌmhaʊ/ adv. 不知怎么搞的, 不知什么原因
  - → (The Bucket list) And I couldn’t remember what it felt like when I could not walk down the street with out holding her hand. 我想不起当时那种不拉着她的手都无法走完整条街的感觉
  - → I mean she was the same woman I full in love with, she hadn’t changed. But somehow everything’s different. We’ve lost something along the way.
  - 使用类似构词的词
    - somewhat
      - 有点, 有些, (程度副词)
      - → He was somewhat hungry.
      - → He was somewhat embarrassed.
    - somewhere
      - 某地, 有个地方,
      - → I’ve lost my wallet somewhere around here.
        
        附近的某地 somewhere around here
- disturb /dɪˈstɝːb/ v. 打扰, 令人不安, s 后的 t 浊化, 及物不及物都行
  - → Do not disturb.
  - → I hope I’m not disturbing you. (客套话, 我希望我没有打扰到你.)
  - → Sorry to disturb you, but …. 礼貌表达
    - → Sorry to disturb you , but I really need your help. (不太着急的场合)

text

at large 习语搭配, 在逃的, 未被捕获的, 未被控制住的
- 习语搭配掌握的好不好, 是决定英语能力的一个非常重要的指标
- 习语的特征是不能按照字面特征去理解, 每个单词都认识, 放一起就不认识了.
- a prisoner / suspect at large , at large 短语通常当后置定语来用
  - suspect v. 怀疑, 猜想, 读得时候重音在后
    - n. 嫌疑犯, 读得时候重音在前
- → The disease is still at large . 疾病依然在肆虐.
cat-like
- *-like 像什么一样的, (构词法)
- bear-like animals 像熊一样的动物
- lady-like behavior 女人般的举止
- child-like simplicity 孩子般的率真
- an angel-like girl 天使般的女孩
- crystal-like eyes 水晶般的双眼
- flu-like symptoms 类似于流感的症状
- → Foxes and farmers have never got on wall. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals.
- → As is shown in the picture, there is a cobweb-like structure with separate compartments packed in it.
- → Pumas are large, cat-like animals (which are) found in America.
  - 定语从句的关系代词做主语, 如果后面紧跟的 be 动词, 一般来说, 我们可以把做主语的关系代词和 be 动词同时省略. 非谓语动词做后置定语
be found in… 动植物生存于某地, 某个物质存在于某地, 产于某地
- → Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
- → Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.
- 仿写: 大熊猫 (giant panda) 时一种大型的, 类似于熊的动物, 产于中国四川省.
  - Giant pandas are large, bear-like animal which are found in Sichuan privince, China.
- came into
  - → He came into the classroom.
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L9) However, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the US, has recently come into fashion.
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L15) The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. (无灵主语 / 物称主语 inanimate subject , 用人做主语会略显单调)
    - → I thought of a good idea. (人做主语)
      - → A good idea came into my mind. (无灵主语)
      - → A good idea flashed into my mind.
    - → He went to the town on business.
      - → Business took him to the town.
    - → A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach. (我们全家人在一个风和日丽的星期天去海边旅游.)
- 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
  - 同位语从句是定语从句的一个外甥,
  - 从句分为三类, 定语从句(形容词性从句, 修饰名词), 状语从句(副词性从句), 名词性从句
    - 名词性从句
      - 主语从句
      - 宾语从句
      - 表语从句
      - 同位语从句
  - 从定义上看,
    - 同位语从句解释前面名词的具体作用;
    - 定语从句仅起到后置定语的作用, 常译为 “…..的”
  - 从形式上看
    - 同位语从句中的 “that” 仅起到 连接符号 的作用, 不充当语法成分;
    - 定语从句中的 “that” 时关系代词, 在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语
  - → The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable. (同位语, 这里 that 可以随便去掉, John should be dismissed 就是 proposal 的内容)
  - → The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable. (定语从句, 这里 John put forward 意思不完整, 需要带上前面的 The proposal , that 不能随便去掉, 所以是定语从句)
  - → When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London. (同位语从句)
    - 这里的的后面的同位语从句离开前面的名词 reports 比较远, 原因是这个从句比较长, 而主句的 came into London Zoo 又比较短, 所以这里没有像例句那样直接把从句跟在同位语的名词后面, 而是把从句移到了最后
    - 英语在写作时, 句子中比较累赘的东西会比较习惯往后放, 比较间断的东西会往前放.
had been spotted / seen /found /observed 都表示看到, 可以相互替换
- → a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London.
- → people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraodinarily similar.
- → ….for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at ….
- → Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
south 前面的介词
- in the south of … 在范围之内
  - → Shanghai is in the south of China.
- On the south of … 在外部, 但是相邻的
  - → Vietnam is on the south of China.
- To the south of … 在外部, 相隔有一段距离
  - → Indonesia is the south of China.
- 文中的 south of London, 如果东西南北之前的介词被省略了, 那么省略的一定是 to.
  - → a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London
  - 西安南部一百公里处
    - → 100 kilometers south of Xi’an.
→ They were not taken seriously.
- take sth. seriously 严肃对待, 重视
- seriously adv. 严肃的, 认真的, 非常
- take sth. lightly 轻视
  - → They were taken lightly.
- take 在这里是看待, 对待的意思.
→ When reports came into Landon Zoo that a wild puma have been spotted firty-five miles south of Landon, They were not taken seriously.
- 造句: 当消息(news) 传到了国家博物馆 (the national museum), 说是在西安以南 100 公里处发现了一座古墓(an ancient tomb), 这则消息受到了重视.
  - → When news came into the national museum that a ancient tomb have been spotted/seen/found/observed one handrad kilometers south of Xi’an, It were taken seriously.
investigate v. 调查
as 引导时间状语从句
expert 专家
for 引导原因状语从句, 起到补充说明, 因果关系不强烈, 所以 for 引导的从句一般不放在句首, 放在主句后面或者中间, 一般会在前面加个逗号, 补充说明
- → experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people.
give descriptions. 作描述
- descriptions given by people <= descriptions which were given by people
  - 定语从句的关系词如果做主语 , 那么关系词和后面的 be 动词可以同时省略
- make description
  - descriptions make description <= … descriptions made by people….
- 这叫做非谓语动词做了后置定语修饰名词, 非谓语动词有三种形式
  - 现在分词形式 - 主动
  - 过去分词形式 - 被动
  - 不定式形式 - 目的, 要做
  - → (NCE3-1 P14-L7) The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.
    - 这里 picking 作为后置的定语, 修饰前面的 woman, 进一步增加描述
  - → (NCE3-7 P38-L10) John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping
    - 这里 containing 也是一样, 修饰前面的钱包, 进一步加强说明
  - → (NCE3-8 P42-L4) For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
    - 补充说明是什么游客, 穿越危险山口的游客. 如果更细的说明的话, 应该就需要从句了. 这里简单说明可以用后置定语, 修饰名词
  - 仿写:
    - 鲁迅写的小说 - novels written by Xun Lu.
    - 张艺谋的电影 - movies directed by YiMou Zhang.
    - 那个靠在墙上, 名字叫乔治的男人是我哥哥- The man leaning against the wall named George is my brother.
claim 声称
- claim to have done. 声称曾经做过某事, (表示之前做过)
  - → people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
  - 为什么这里要 to 和完成时态连用, 只用 claim 加 have done 不行么?
    1. 固定搭配, claim 只能和 to 连用
    2. 但 to 只能表示目的要做, 但这里又要表示之前已经做过, 所以只能在后面接上完成时态, 最后造成了这个比较奇怪的样子.
      - 再举一个例子
        
        → Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
        
        be supposed to do 是固定结构
        
        但又要表达完成时态.
- claim to do … 声称做某事. (表示之后要做)
  - → So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.
were extraordinarily similar(类似的)
- extraordinarily 特别的, 与众不同的
  - 美语中通常会有重音后移的现象
- 更多的 “特别的相似” 的表达
  - were particularly alike
  - had a lot in common
    - have some sth in common 有共同的 ….. 东西
  - had considerable(相当多的, 客观的, 书面形容词) commonalities(共同之处) 有相当多的共同之处
  - → well, I saw the ad on the back of the bus stop tody. And, uh… though it was not exactly like looking in the mirror, you can’t deny that there is a certain commonality in our visages.
  - → I guess we do look a little bit alike
- 造句: 随着病例 (case) 开始慢慢增多, 医学专家们 (specialist) 觉得必须要调查了, 因为得了这种病的人的症状 (symptom) 特别地相似.
  - → As the cases began to accumulate, specialists felt obliged to investigate, for the symptoms of people who had caught the disease were extraordinarily similar.
hunt for … 出去打猎的意思
- → I’m hunting for a job now.
- → The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow.
关于 ‘的’ 的搭配
- the winter in America 美国的冬天
- the entrance to the parking lot 停车厂的入口
- a witness to the accident 这起事故的目击证人
- a longing for love 对爱情的渴望
- the reason for the disaster 这起事故的原因
1 yard = 0.914 meter
corner n. 角落 v. 使走投无路, 使陷入绝境
unless 除非, (连词)
proved (to be) + adj. /n. 被证明是…
- → His injury(外伤) proved (to be) fatal(致命的).
- → The operation(手术) proved (to be) a success.
- turn out to be + adj./n. 原来是… (有点出乎意料的色彩)
  - → (NCE3-3 P22-L14) When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
wherever
- 疑问词 + ever (whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever) 有两个含义:
  1. 表示 “无论….”, 引导让步状语从句.
    - = no matter + 疑问词
      - whenever = no matter when
      - whoever = no matter who
      - Wherever it went => No matter where it went, …
      - → (NCE3-29 P138-L8) No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films.
  2. 表示 “到底….”, 用于疑问句中, 加强疑问句的语气
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L10) ‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar(牧师) in surprise.
      - 昨天你去哪了?
        
        → Where did you go yesterday?
        
        → Wherever did you go yesterday? (到底去哪了?)
      - 我什么时候才能够再见你一面
        
        → When ever am i going to see you again?
        
        既可以拼写到一块, 也能分开, 甚至可以插入别的词
      - → when will you ever learn? (到底啥时候才能学会?)
        
        去学可以用 study, learn 表示学会了/ 明白了
        
        → Answer: (C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes.
→ Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
- 这里为了句式平衡, 牺牲了正常的语序, 这里的谓语是 “a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.”, 状语是 behind it.
- 如果一个句子里的及物动词后的宾语太长, 状语比较短,可以先写状语, 把宾语放到最后去.
- a trail of 一条小路/ 小径, 一连串的
  - Wherever he went, he left a trail of ….. behind him. 不管他在哪, 总会留下一连串的 …
    - → Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bils behind him.
    - → Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him. (playboy)
one deer, two deer / one sheep , two sheep / one fish , two fish 单复数同形
句尾的 like 做介词构成介词短语, 动词是喜欢, 介词是像
print n. 印痕
- → Paw prints(掌印, 无灵主语) were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
  - 本文使用 paw prints 无灵主语做主语的好处
    - 没有必要用 people 做主句, 比较简洁, 因为不可能是苍蝇发现的
    - 突出了句子的核心内容, 一个句子里, 句首和句尾会比较重要, 把掌痕放在句首, 突出重点
    - 例句: 人们对下岗工人的生活状况越来越关注了
      - → People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off(短期解聘的) workers. (不佳, people 是废话, 不可能是狗关注下岗工人的生活, 这个新闻的关键点在 “越来越关注了” 的这个变化)
      - → Increasing attention has been paid to the codition of the laid-off workers. (佳, 语法正确是相对容易的, 但要注意写的地道, )
      - fur 皮毛, 皮和毛放到一块
      - a fur coat 裘皮大衣
      - feather 羽毛
        
        fur and feather 飞禽走兽 (借代修辞, fur 是走兽的特征, feature 是飞禽的特征, 英语中短的一般放前面, 长的一般放后面)
        
        fin, fur and feature 各种各样的动物 (fin 是鱼鳍, 鱼翅, 天上飞的, 地上跑的, 水里游的. 这里除了用到借代修辞, 还用到了压首韵的手法)
    - The crown(王权) should not yield(屈服) to the cross(十字架). (这里也是借代的手法, 同时 crown 和 cross 压了首韵, )
    - 借代手法在中文里
      - 臣本布衣,
      - 巾帼不让须眉
      - 过尽千帆皆不是, 斜晖脉脉水悠悠
  - cling v. 粘
    - 通常用 clinging to + sth, 表示粘在哪里.
    - 这里的 clinging to bushes 是非谓语动词在句尾当主语的补足语, 补充说明主语的状态.
      - → (L14) As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, …
      - → The fire was reported controlled. (佳)
        
        → It is reported that the fire was controlled. (不佳)
        
        巧妙的使用主语补足语, 可以让句子更加简洁和精练.
Complain of / about sth.
- complain 是不及物动词, 不能直接接名词, 通常后面加 of / about
- complain (that) 某人抱怨说的时候, 后面可以跟 that 引导的定语从句, 这时可以省略 complain 后的介词
  - → She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her.
  - 为什么这个句子使用 “She complained of that …. “, 因为 that 引导的句子一般来说不需要跟在介词后面. 不需要在介词之后, 是 that 这个词引导的句子最明显的特征之一. 宾语从句前是不能加介词的, 所以这里为了接宾语从句牺牲了介词.
    - 例外情况:
      - in that … (复合连词, 表因为, 放在句子中部)
      - except / but that … (除了… 情况之外.. , 复合连词)
介词 on 经常表示在 … 的路上, 不要用中文理解, 中文里面 “中” 和 “上” 都行
- on a business / honeymoon trip (出差/蜜月旅行)
- on a journey(中长距离的旅行) / voyage (航行途中, 通常是出海远航), expedition (远征, 探险) / tour (环游, 周游)
fully adv. 完全的, 彻底的
convince v. 使某人相信
- con 弱读发 [cən] 的音, 而不是类似 ‘康’ 的音, 重读发 [cɑn] 的音
- be convinced that … 使某人相信, 后面跟从句, 主语用人
  - → The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma.
- convince sb. of sth. (convince sb. 连读, ce 不发音, 直接发后面的 sb. 的 s)
英文文章中如果遇到斜体印刷, 需要重读 , 例如下面的
- → the animal was a puma
as 做连词也可以表示原因状语从句
- → As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo inthe country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
  - must have done 表示语气, 表示强烈的推测语气, must 表示推测说明非常有把握, 情态动词的完成时.
    - → You must have heen ill yesterday. You looked so pale.
  - must do 情态动词的现在时
    - She knew that it must be the baker
  - may/might have done 也表示语气, 没有 must 那么有把握, 语气稍弱, 对过去的肯定推测
  - Can not / could not have done 对过去的否定的推测, 表示过去不可能怎么怎么样.
    - → You can’t have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.
    - → (NCE3-60 P268-L27) The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
  - should / ought to have done , ought 通常用于书面语中, 比较强烈的责备语气, 过去应该完成的事情却没做, 这是一种批评.
    - should not / ought not to have done , 过去不应该做的事情, 你为什么这么做了呢?! 它不应该这么做, 也是责备的语气.
    - → You should have finished your work yesterday.
    - → I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday.
purse 表示女士小包, 放点口红等化妆品, 或者零钱和钥匙,
in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession 归于某人拥有, 物做主语的形式
- 人做主语用 in possession of sth.
  - I’m in possession of the book.
- → The book is in my possession.
- 同义
  - in the charge of sb. / in one’s charge 归某人管, 负责, 物作主语
    - in charge of …人作主语
    - → The bookstore is in my charge. 物做主语
    - → I’m in charge of the bookstore. 人做主语
manage to do (习语搭配) 设法完成了某事 (强调完成了, 强调结果)
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L1) Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
- try to do 设法去做(还没做, 强调去做)
- fail to do (manage to do 的反意搭配) 没能完成某事
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L12) When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
The hunt went on for several weeks. 这里 went(go) on 表示持续, 追捕行动持续了几个星期.
→ It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
- disturbing adj. 令人不安的. 由现在分词构成的形容词通畅表示事物的特征, 令人怎样的, disturbed 则表示感到不安的.
- quiet countryside 宁静的乡间
- It 是形式主语, It is … to think that … 一想到就…
  - → It is worrying to think that
  - → It is exciting to think that…
  - → It is comforting to think that…
  - → It is amusing to think that…
  - → It is irritating to think that… 一想到就让人气愤

L2 Thirteen equals one ⭐️

## word

equal /ˈiːkwəl/
- v. 等于
  - → He equaled the world record. 他达到了世界纪录
  - → Nobody equals him in strength. 没有人的力量能与其相匹敌 (最高级的用法)
    - → Nobody matches him in strength.
      - match n. 比赛 v. 与什么相匹敌
- n. 相匹敌者, 与… 势均力敌
  - → In English she has no equal in her class. 她的英语在他们班是无敌的. (最高级的用法)
  - → be / stand head and shoulders above sb: be must better than others 明显超过别人, 鹤立鸡群 (最高级的用法)
    - → In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us. (the rest of 意思是其余的部分)
- adj. 同样地
  - → Women demand equal pay for equal work.
  - → A is equal to B (做表语的重要用法)
- equality n. 平等
  - racial equality 种族平等
  - secual equality 性别平等
raise /reiz/
- v. $募集, 筹措_1, 举起来_2, 饲养_3$ (及物动词)
  - raise one’s hand
  - raise one’s voice
  - raise one’s hat to sb. 朝某人举起帽子, 表示打招呼
  - raise one’s glass to sb. 朝某人举起酒杯, 表示祝贺, 祝酒
  - raise the roof 发脾气
  - raise pigs 养猪
  - → He has a big family to raise.
  - → We’re raising a fund for orphans. 我们正在为孤儿募集一笔基金.
- n. 涨工资 (可数名词)
  - → I heard that you recently changed jobs, and you got a good raise, right? Congratulations!
    - → Thanks! I think the new job will be much more satisfying.
- rise v. 升起 (不及物动词)
- arise n. 问题, 困难, 麻烦
  - arise arose arisen
  - Problems arose.
  - Difficulty arose. 困难出现了
- arouse v. 激起, 唤起 (某种情绪)
  - arouse one’s pity / anger 激起了某人的同情 / 愤怒

## text

be always doing sth.
- 不耐烦的语气, 厌烦的语气
- → He is always being late.
- → (NCE4-5 P29-L1) People are always talking about the problems of youth.
- 听力练习:
  - W: Mary is always complaining about her job.
  - M: Maybe if you try typing letters every day, you’d see what it’s like.
  - Answer: (A) the woman would understand if she did(虚拟语气) Mary’s job.
- be forever doing sth.
  - 令人厌烦, 总是做某事, 事实上是不同意这种观点 / 做法
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L8) He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and gentle pace of living.
- be constantly/continually doing sth. 总做某事
  - → The boys are constantly/continually arguing.
  - → Your behavior reflects on me, and I can’t do my job if you’re constantly humiliating me .
    - → Constantly? Aside from today, give me one example
- keep (on) doing sth. 令人讨厌的持续做某事
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L13) From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L20) In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how mush he hated hospitals.
    - enjoy oneself 表示过的开心
- do sth. all the time 总是做某事
  - 听力练习:
    - W: I thought the doctor said you should stay off your foot until the swelling goes down.
    - M: She did, It just make me uncomfortable to ask my friends to wait on me all the time.
      - bother 打扰, 麻烦某人
      - stay off your foot 卧床
      - swel 肿
      - wait on 伺候, 为某人服务,
        
        waiter 服务员
- 练习
  1. Sam, mess up the kitchen (always)
    - → Sam is always messing up the kitchen.
  2. Bruce, leave his dirty dishes on the table (forever)
    - → Bruce is forever leaving his dirty dishes on the table.
  3. Peter, try to show me he’s smarter than me. (constantly)
    - → Peter is constantly tryng to show me he’s smarter than me
  4. Mary, borrow my clothes without asking me (continually)
    - → Mary is continually borrowing my clothes without asking me.
  5. Why, you , make the same mistakes (keep on doing)
    - → Why do you keep on making the same mistakes.
  6. Jane, forget to give me my phone messages. (do sth. all the time)
    - → Jane is forget to give me my phone messages all the time.
cause
- → (NCE3-22 P110-L3) One would expect then to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter.
one … or another
- one cause or another 各种各样的理由
- → He is always asking me for money for one cause or another. 他总是用各种各样的理由找我借钱
- → Beginners will err at one time or another. 初学者总是会在各种时间犯错
  - err v. 犯错 error 是它的名词
- → Everyone can contribute to society in one way or another. 每个人都可以以各种各样的方式对社会作出贡献
- one … after another 一个又一个
  - one day after anothor 日复一日
  - encounter one difficulty after another 遭遇了一个又一个的困难
  - achieve(取得了) one success after another 取得了一个又一个的成功
manage to do , 设法完成了某事
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L15) As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
- fail to do 未能完成某事
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L12) When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
have sth. done 请某人做某事,(这里省略的某人, 要么是没必要说, 要么是不知道)
- have the church clock repaired
- → I’m going to have my hair cut this weekend.
- have sth. done 的另一个意思: 某种经历, 某种遭遇, 往往是指不愉快的事
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L7) … people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
  - → King charles I had his head cut off.
  - → The house had its window broken in the explosion.
  - 这个句子常和无灵主语 / 物称主语 (inaminate subject)搭配
    - 无灵主语 / 物称主语
      - → (NCE3-1 P14-L1) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. 用 reports 做主语
      - → (NCE3-32 P150-L8) The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.
      - → He lost his confidence (不佳)
        
        → Confidence deserted him (物做主语, 句子表达更加优美)
      - → I couldn’t sleep that night. (不佳)
        
        → That night sleep eluded(躲避) me. (物做主语, )
      - → We only travelled half the distance at sunset. (不佳)
        
        → Sunset met us helfway. (黄昏在半路时与我们相遇)
      - → The past few years witnessed(见证) the great influx(涌入) of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or business. (用这些年” 做主语)
造句: 我的小女儿总是抱怨 (complain of) 各种各样的病, 但她从未成功地得到允许 (get permission) 呆在家里.
- → My little dautght is always complaining of one illnes or another, but she has never managerd to get permission successfully stay at home.
used to do 过去曾经, 过去常常, 现在已经不这样的了
- → I used to get up early. 我过去早起过
- be /become/get used to(介词) n. / doing 习惯于做某事, (become 和 get 表示状态的转变)
  - → I’m used to getting up early.
  - → (NCE3-2 P18-L17) ‘We’ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar
  - → Life is not fair, get used to it. — Bill Gates
- be accustomed to(介词) (doing) sth. 习惯于做某事 (更加文言和正式的表达 )
  - (NCE4-3 P17-15) For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.
  - strike the hours 钟打点报时
    - → (NCE2-9 P44-L3) It would strike twelve in twenty minutes.
      - strike + 数字表示打响了几点的钟声
- Ever since: adv./prep./conj 从那个时间之后, 一直…(用完成时) (可以做副词/介词/连词)
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L10) There are countless people who, ever since(作介词) their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.
  - → You know how she feels about you. It’s been the same way ever since(连词) we were kids.
→ The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.
- 造句: 过去日夜辛苦工作的老王两年前下岗了 (be laid off) 了, 从那以后就变得懒了
  - → Lao Wang who used to work hard day and night was laid off two years ago and has been lazy ever since.
wake (up): vi & vt. 醒了; 唤醒, (up) 可以省略
- → (NCE2-54 P252-L11) The doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
  - start n. 激灵 (由于恐惧或者惊讶身体突然的一动)
    - wake (up) with a start
      - → She woke from the dream with a start.
        
        with + 名词作状语修饰谓语动词, 一般来说是方式状语. 所有的词性中, 名词是最正式的.
        
        → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) The officer went through the case with greate care.
        
        → (NCE3-11 P54-L15) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
        
        → (NCE3-11 P54-L18) Then I added with a smile.
        
        → (NCE3-27 P130-L16) His few meterial possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease
        
        → She faced the difficulty calmly.
        
        → She faced the difficulty with calmness.
        
        → I looked at her curiously.
        
        → I looked at her with curiosity.
        
        → She spoke to me tenderly;.
        
        → She spoke to me with tenderness.
        
        → I greeted Philip enthusiastically.
        
        → I greeted Philip with enthusiasm.
非谓语动词的逻辑主语
- → Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock,
  - 上面的句子写成状语从句会像下面这样
    - → When he looked at his watch, he saw that it was one o’cloeck
  - 状语从句稍显冗余, 写成非谓语动词修饰主句会简洁一些, 不过非谓语作状语时, 有一个逻辑主语 (隐含的主语), 这种情况下, 一般其隐含的主语应该与主句主语保持一致, 但也有例外(什么例外之后说), 例如下面这种情况就是隐含的主语和主句主语不一致
    - → Looking at his watch, it was one o’clock. (x)
before 的译法
- 并不全部都翻译成 ‘之前’ , 意思还是之前的意思, 但翻译成中文可以稍微变化一下使之更加自然
- 强调主句的时间比预期的长时, 译为 ‘才’
  - → It will be a long time before we meet again.
- 强调主句的时间比预期的短时, 译为 ‘就’
  - → I hadn’t waited long before he came.
→ Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
- 这里 Armed with a torch , 前后主语一致没问题,
go on 发生 (意料之外)
- → What’s going on here?
- 和 go up 意思一样的词
  - happen
  - occur
  - come up
  - come about
- 也表示发生, 不过是意料之内
  - take place
    - → The funeral will take place on Monday.
- 不幸的事, 悲伤的事发生
  - → Most people were fast asleep when the earthquake struck.
    - be fast asleep 表示熟睡
- 同时发生 , coincide (with …)
  - → When I came, he was just about to leave. (平时写的时候可能这么写)
    - My arrival coincided with his departure. (这样写就更加拽文)
- catch sight of… 无意中一眼看到了, 瞥见
  - catch a glimpse of … (同一个意思)
  - glimpse sb./sth. 一眼看到/一眼瞥见
- figure 人影(本意时图像/数字/图表/人物)
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L6) A farm worker, who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight.
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L6) One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.
- recognize … as … 认出某人是谁
  - → I recognized her as one of my classmates.
- grocer n. 杂货商
  - grocery n. 杂货
- “疑问词+ever” 有两个含义
  1. 表示 “无论…”
    - (NCE3-1 P14-L11) Wherever it went , it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
  2. 表示 “到底…”
    - whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever …
    - → where did you go yesterday?
    - → when ever am I going to see you again?
    - 同义词
      - on earth
        
        → What on earth has happened to trouble you so?
      - in the world
        
        → What in the world are you doing here at seven in the morning?
      - in God’s name
        
        → What in God’s name was that huge bang?
      - in heaven’s name
        
        → → Where in heaven’s name have you been?
- have been doing 现在完成进行时
  - 表示持续性的动作一直到现在, 而且还有可能继续下去.
- night after night 每天晚上
  - 同义
    - night by night
    - every night
    - one night after another
  - 一天又一天, 每天
    - day after day
    - day be day
    - every day 状语
      - everyday adj. 日常的
    - one day after another
- for weeks 好几周了
  - for hours 好几小时了
  - for months 好几个月了
  - for years 好几年了
  - for centuries 好几百年了
- was/were hoping … 表达一种试探性的, 委婉的语气
  - → I was hoping you chould marry me.
- 强调肯定式 (emphatic positive)
  - 在肯定句和祈使句中, 在谓语动词前加上助动词 do 以加强语气. 只用于 一般现在时(do, does) 和 一般过去时 (did) 中.
    - → I do need a car 他的确需要一辆车
    - → He speak English well. 他英语说的好
      - → He does speak English well. 他引语确实说得好
    - → So you did come after all. 你到底还是来了
    - Come in.
      - Do come in.
    - Shut up!
      - Do shut up!
- as well : …也…
  - as well as …. : 除了…之外, …. 也….
  - as well 是 as well as me 的省略形式,
    - → You’ve probably woken upeveryone in the village as well as me.
- glad adj. 高兴的
- still 尽管如此, 还是…. 表转折, 放句首, 后面跟一个逗号
  - → Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.
  - 同义词:
    - nevertheless
    - nonetheless
    - all the sames
    - just the same
  - → The girl is not beautiful.
    - → Still, I like her very much.
    - → Nevertheless / Nonetheless / All the same/ Just the same, I like her very much
- → Still, I’m glad (that) the bell is working again.
  - 这类句子不在三大类从句内, 属于 ‘形容词补足语’, 专门用在形容词后面
  - → …, but I’m afraid (that) at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there is nothing I can do about it.
- → There is nothing I can do about it. 对此我无能为力.
  - → The telephone is out of order, and there is nothing I can do about it.
  - → I know you are not statisfied(不满意), but there is nothing I can do about it.
  - → We apologize(抱歉, 感到歉意) for this, but there is nothing we can do about it.
- as good as (和什么一样好(字面意思)) = almost (几乎…; 和…差不多)
  - → The injured man is as good as dead.
    - = → The injured man is almost dead.
  - → Everything is as good as settled. 每件事都几乎解决了
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L21) As far as I could see, it needed only a minor adjustment: a turn of a screw here, a little tightening up there, a drop of oil and it would be as good as new.
- go downstairs 去楼下

L3 An unknown goddess ⭐️

## word

archaeologist (英) 考古学家
- archeologist (美)
- 长的单词比较容易记忆
  1. 有字根, 类似于在背短语
  2. 意思固定
- 字根
  - “arch(a)” = ancient 古的, 古老的, 古代的
    - archaic adj. 古老的, 古代的, 原始的
      - archaic words 古老的文字
      - archaic civilizations 古老的文明
  - “-(o)logy”=to study / “-ist” = 人
    - archaeology 考古学 archeologist 考古学家
    - biology 生物学 biologist 生物学家
      - “bio-"=life
    - geology 地质学 geologist 地质学家
      - “geo-” = earth
    - psychology 心理学 psychologist 心理学家
      - “psysh-” = mind
    - physiology 生理学 physiologist 生理学家
      - “physi-” = 身体
prosperous adj. (经济上) 繁荣的
- a prosperous country / businessman 繁荣的国家/商人
- prosperity n. 繁荣(不可数)
  - economic prosperity 经济繁荣
  - → We’ll keep the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong at any cost.
  - → One hundred years later, the Negro(黑人) lives on a lonely island of poverty(贫穷) in the midst(中间的,文雅的书面语) of a vast(广袤的) ocean of material(物质的) prosperity. — Dr. 马丁路德金
- prosper v. 繁荣不及物
  - → A company can’t prosper without investment.
  - 同义词(可替换)
    - thrive / flourish v. 繁荣 ( 本意是植物枝繁叶茂以至于茁壮成长)
      - → A company can’t thrive/flourish without investment.
      - → Plants that thrive / flourish in tropical(热带的) rainforests.
      - thriving / flourishing adj. 繁荣的
        
        → a thriving /flourishing tourist industry. 一个繁荣的旅游业
storey / story n. 楼层(英/美)
- 复数形式
  - storey → storeys
  - story → stories
- story 和 floor 的区别
  - floor 一般指第几层, 比方说我住在第几层
  - story 一般指总共有多少层, 比方说楼有几层
- 例句:
  - → a two-story house.
  - → The house is two stories high.
  - → a multi-story parking lot.
- floot 上, 英式和美式有区别, 美式的一楼称为 the first floor, 英式的一楼称为 the ground floor, 二楼才称为 the first floor
  - 地下室: basement
  - 顶层: the top floor
  - 阁楼: attic
sacred adj. 宗教的, 神圣的
- a sacred holiday
- sacred music 圣乐
- → Mecca is a sacred place.
- 同义词
  - holy adj. 神圣的
    - holy bible 圣经
    - holy water 圣水
    - a holy war 圣战
  - blessed adj. 神圣的, 有福的
    - bless v. 保佑
    - The Blessed Virgin Mary 圣母玛丽亚
    - → It is more blessed to give than to receive. 施比受更有福
  - divine adj. 神的, 神性的, 有神的特征的
    - → To err is human , to forgive divine. – Alexander Pope 凡人多舛误, 唯神能见宥.
classical adj. 古代 (希腊和罗马) 文化的 (因为西方文化起源于希腊和罗马)
- 第二个意思, 古典的 adj.
- classical studies
- classical music
- classic adj. 经典的, 一流的, 最棒的
  - a classic novel 一本经典小说
- -al 后缀
  - electric adj. 用电的, 电动的 – an electric light/razor 电灯/电剃刀
    - electrical adj. 电的, 与电有关的 —- electrical failure 停电
  - historic adj. 有历史意义的 — a historic moment 历史性的时刻
    - historical adj. 历史的 — historical record 历史记录
  - economic adj. 经济的 — economic policy 经济政策
    - economical adj. 经济的(省钱的), 节约的 — an economical car 一台经济型汽车
  - politic adj. 策略的, 明智的 —- a politic decision 一个明智的决定
    - political adj. 政治的 —- political asylum(避难,庇护,庇护所) 政治避难
rest v. 放置, 倚放
- → Her elbows rested on the table. 她的胳膊肘搭在桌子上(不及物动词的用法)
- → She rested her head against a cushion(垫子). 她把她的头靠在一个垫子上 (及物动词的用法)
- 派生意
  - rest on / upon 基于
    - → Columbus’ decision to sail west rests on his belief that the world is round.
    - be based on/upon 基于
    - be founded on/upon 基于
      - upon 更正式一点
    - depend on/upon 基于, 依赖, 依靠, 取决于
      - → Don’t always depend on others. You should learn to rely on yourself.
    - rely on/upon 依赖依靠取决于

## text ⭐️

some time 一些时间
- sometime 有时
make a discovery(n.) (of…)
- = discover
- make a interesting discovery (of…)
- 写作中名词的好处是比较庄严/正式, 另一方面也比较灵活, 名词前面可以随便加修饰语, 例如上面例子中的 interesting. 所以写作中经常将动词转换为名词短语.
  - use(v. 时, 中间的 s 是浊辅音, 发 [z] 的音, 名词发 [s] 的音, 拼写一样, 发音不同)
    - make use(不可数,) of…
    - make the best use of … * → He made the best use of his talent.
  - describe (v.)
    - make a vivid description of ….
  - investigate (v.) 调查
    - make a thorough(adj. 彻底的) investigation(n.) of…
  - summarize (v.) 总结
    - make a comprehensive(adj. 全面的, 包罗万象的) summary(n.) of …
  - analyze (v.) 分析
    - make a detailed(adj. 细致的) analysis(n.) of
文中第一句话为什么要用被动
- → Some time ago, archaeologists made an interesting discovery on the Aegean island of Kea.
- 如果用人作主语的话, 那么焦点和主语就放到了考古学家(archaeologists ) 上, 如果按照这个介绍方式, 后文中最好能继续介绍考古学家. 所以这里用被动, 用事做主语, 引出下文,类似的介绍方式还有很多.
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L3) A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship’s captain instrcting him to give up the search.
引出不同东西的名字的方式
- 描述地点的名字
  - the city of Beijing
  - (NCE3-3 P22-L3) the promontory of Ayia irini
  - (NCE3-16 P74-L1) the tiny village of Perachora
  - (NCE3-8 P42-L2) the famous monastery of St. Bernard
- 描述小说/文章/电影等作品的名字
  - the novel entitled Three Kingdoms
  - the movie entitled Da vinci Code
- 描述人的名字
  - the man named / called Vincent.
expolre v. 考察, 探索
位于某个地方的多种表达
- 主动
  - stand 伫立, 立体的感觉
  - sit 位于, 立体的感觉
  - lie (躺)位于, 平面的感觉
- 被动
  - be located
  - be situated
  - be sited
- stand,sit,lie 多用于描述石像/庙宇等, 比较小的东西, 表主动, 而大的例如城市, 或者村庄则使用被动
  - → (NCE3-18 P82-L4) Strange form stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
  - → The Monument to the People’s Heroes stands in the center of Tian’anmen Square.
  - → The house sits on top of a hill overlooking the town.
  - → (NCE3-8 P42-L2) The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in the 11th century, lies about a mile away.
promontory(headland): a long narrow area of high land that sticks out into the sea.小海角, 峭壁
cape: a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea. 地理上的大的海角, 例如好望角.
At one time = once 曾经
- 这座城市肯定经历过繁荣
  - → The city at one time must have seen/known prosperity.
享有 enjoy
- enjoy good health 有个好健康
- enjoy a high standard of living 享有高水平的生活
- → The garments are magnificent and tasteful and have long enjoyed great fame both at home and abroad.
  - at home and abroad 国内外
- 同义词
  - be blessed with… 幸运的拥有(were lucky in having)
    - → They were blessed with two children, a boy and a girl.
  - be endowed with… 被赋予
    - → She is endowed with both brains and beauty.
      - brains 的复数是智慧的意思, 如果用 intelligent的话, 和 beauty 不押韵
    - → We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights. that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. — Declaration of Independence by Thomes Jefferson
boast 有(好的东西)(事物做主语) - 词法比语法难
- boast 如果用人做主语是指吹牛, 说大话
- boast 如果用事物做主语才表示有 (好的东西)
- → There is a lot of beautiful scenery in China. (不佳)
  - → China boasts a lot of beautiful scenery. (佳)
表示从属的 with
- a girl with blue eyes
- a mug with a broken handle
表示被… 的东西, 可以用过去分词限定名词, 然后再用 adv. 在前面去加工
- a vastly improved method 一个极大改善的方法
- a much acclaimed novel 一个受到赞扬的小说
英文是层次结构, 可以不断的套, 像一棵树, 中文是像竹子一样的结构,
- ![image-20230315122450170](/Users/kurisuamatist/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/image-20230315122450170.png)
equip v. 装备, (及物动词)
- equip A with B
- be equipped with …
- 名词形式:
  - equipment n. 设备 (不可数)
- → The classrooms are equipped with modern multimedia teaching equipment.
a great many (of) … + 可数名词复数
- a great number of … + 可数名词复数
- a great amount/deal of … + 不可数名词
clay n. 陶土
表示在上方和在下方的介词辨析
- beneath / underneath → on
  - 表示紧贴着在上方或者在下方, 注意 on 的读音, 是前鼻音
- under → over
  - 表示隔着一段距离的上方和下方,
- below → above
  - 表示海平面的上方或者下方, 不一定是正下方, 可能距离很远, 但相比海平面的位置低于或者高于

## text part 2

→ The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times.
被用作的主动和被动写法
- 被动
  - be used as … 被用作, 当成什么来用, 发挥什么功能
    - → The wooden box is used as a seat.
- 主动
  - act / serve / function as …. 被用作, 当成什么来用, 发挥什么功能
    - → The wooden box acts / serves / functions as a seat.
    - → (NCE3-25 P122-L3) She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past.
B.C. (BC): Before Christ
- A.D. (AD): Anno Domini (拉丁文)
- Roman times: 500 B.C.
  - times 在这里不是代表时间的复数, 代表的是时代
    - in modern / recent / ancient / prehistoric times
      - 当代/近代/古代/史前时代
    - in times of …. 在某个年代
      - In times of peace / war
        
        在和平时期 / 在战争时代
        
        → (NCE3-14 P66-L12) In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state …
    - 同义词:
      - age 时代
        
        the Ice Age 冰河时代
        
        the Stone Age 石器时代
        
        the modern age 现代
        
        the computer age 计算机时代
      - era 时代, 时期 (相对正式)
        
        the steam-engine era
        
        mark the end of an era
        
        → His death marked the end of an era.
        
        mark the beginning of a new era
        
        → (NCE3-25 P122-L9) It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
        
        → The foundation of the People’s Republic of China marked the beginning of a new era.
类似的音变, 读起来会省力
- t + j(半元音) = tʃ (常见)
  - don’t you
  - won’t you
  - last year
  - situation
- d + j(半元音) = dʒ (常见)
  - did you
  - would you
  - graduate v. 毕业 n. 毕业生
  - credulous
- s + j (半元音) = ʃ (不一定会发生这个变化, 语速特别快的时候会比较常见)
  - this year
  - Bluss you. 上帝保佑你
  - I promise you.
- z + j(半元音) = ʒ (不一定会发生这个变化, 语速特别快的时候会比较常见)
  - May I use your book?
  - How’s your father?
- 更详细的在 American Accent Training.
represent v. 代表
- stand for v. 代表
- 上述两个词都可以作谓语动词用
- → Honey, this gold ring stands for / represents my love for you.
- 做状语的代表
  - on behalf of sb. 如果somebody 是名词或者比较长, 那么通常用这种形式
  - on one’s behalf 如果是代词, 就直接用属格放中间即可
    - → On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.
    - → Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
      - pleased 高兴
date from … 从某个时候就有了, 可以追溯到某时
- date from(主动) 可以把 date from 变非谓语动词 dating from 做后置定语
- date back to… (主动) 可以追溯到
- can be traced back to …. (被动) 可以追溯到
- 动词的主动被动要注意看单词, 这个和每个单词的用法有关
  - 造句: 丝绸之路(the Silk Road) 的繁荣可以追溯到遥远的汉朝
    - → The prosperity of the Silk Road dates from/ dates back to / can be traced back to the distant Han Dynasty.
      - distance 距离 n.
      - distant 遥远的 adj.
happen to do 碰巧, (p 被浊化)
- 如果表示发生的话, 那么这里 happen 后面是不能加动词不定式的, 因为 happen 是不及物动词.
- sth. happen to(介词) sb. 这个才表示发生
  - → A car accident happened to him. 一场车祸发生在他的身上
- 动词的搭配往往决定了动词的含义
- it happen that 碰巧
  - → We happened to take the same train.
  - → It happened that we took the same train.
- chance to do 碰巧 (另一种表达)
  - → We chanced to take the same train.
- it chance that 碰巧 (另一种表达)
  - → It chanced that we took the same train.
- 做状语的碰巧
  - by chance
  - by accident
  - accidentally
    - → We took the same train by chance / by accident / accidentally.
- as it happen 碰巧 (习语搭配, 不能翻译成它发生时)
  - 通常放在句首, 后面加一个逗号
  - 比较口语化的用法
  - → As it happended, we took the same train.
- as luck would have it 碰巧
  - 口语化的用法
  - → As luck would have it, we took the same train.

## part 3

In Classical time 在古罗马时代
preserve v. 保护 (保护在好的状态 in good condition)
- preserve one’s eyesight(保护视力) / food (保存事物, 不让腐朽坏掉)
- 类似的词的辨析
  - conserve v. 保护(强调的是保护它不让数量再减少)
    - conserve wildlife(保护野生动物) / resources (保护资源)
  - reserve v. 保护 (保护起来, 以备未来使用)
    - → Reserve your energy for the climb tomorrow. 保存你的体力,为了明天爬山
    - → I reserve the right(权利) to disagree.
    - reserve a table for 2 预订一个二人桌
      - tea for 2 鸳鸯茶(一杯茶两个人喝, 情侣)
precious adj. 宝贵的 (美语中, 如果没有 r 的大多数情况是不卷舌的.)
- nervous adj. 紧张的
- anxious adj. 焦虑的
surprise adj. 惊喜的, 惊讶的
- astonish adj. 惊讶的 (因为难以置信的事情)
  - → (NCE2-46 P206-L5) He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods.
- amaze adj. 惊讶的 (强调搞不清楚, 迷惑不解)
  - → They were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
- astound adj. 惊讶的 (强调把某人给惊呆了, 更加让人惊讶的, 发愣, 变成一块石头一样)
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L16) The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.
turn out to be 原来是
- → Eric’s girlfriend turned out to be his half-sister.
- prove (to be ) 被证明是
adj.-doing 构词法
- → (NCE3-34 P158-L17) an interesting-looking(看上去有趣的) carved(雕花的) dagger(匕首).
- hard-working
- Easy-going 随和的, 好相处的
stand 表示有多高的意思, 不表示站着
- → The tower stands 15 meters (high).
- weigh 表示有多种,不表示重量
  - → The boy weights 50 kilos.
- measure 表示有多宽,或者有多长
  - → The carpet measures 5 meters long.
    - carpet 地毯,满铺地毯, 比较大张的
      - rug 装饰用的小地毯
    - 5 meters long.
      - 3 meters across.
rested on 搭在
- → Her hands reseted on her hips.
- → Her face rested on her hands.
sweep 扫地
- full-length skirt 拖地长的裙子
让步介词 despite (尽管)
- 类似的介词还有, 表示尽管
  - in spite of
  - notwithstanding (文言)
  - 变连词引导从句
    - In spite of the fact that ….(同位语从句, 解释 the fact, 直译就是尽管这些事实, 什么事实? 后面跟同位语从句)
    - despite the fact that ….
      - → (NCE3-52 P236-L2) Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance.
- 也表示尽管, 但是是连词, 引导让步状语从句
  - though + 从句
  - although + 从句
  - even though + 从句
  - while (书面语中常用) + 从句
如何写出引人入胜的叙事类文章?
- 制造悬念 (有趣发现) -> 层层深入, 迫近主题 (古城->庙宇->殿堂->神像)-> 解释谜底, 故事高潮(身首异处, 摩登女郎)-> 尾声, 意犹未尽(身份未知)

L4 The double life of Alfred broggs. ⭐️

## word

manual /ˈmænyuəl/ adj. 体力的, 手动的
- manual work/labor(劳动)
- 反义词:
  - mental(脑力的)
    - mental work/ labor
    - 有关的词
      - spiritual 精神的 adj.
        
        反义词:
        
        material adj. 物质的
- 字根:
  - “man(u)"=hand (带这个字根的词通常与手, 或者手工制作的有关)
    - manufacture 批量制作 (过去是手工制作)
      - (NCE3-26 P126-L12) biscuit manufacturers. (饼干生产厂家)
      - (NCE3-45 P208-L20) soap manufacturers. (肥皂厂家)
    - manacle 手铐 n.
    - manuscript 手稿 n.
      - script v. 写
    - emancipate 解放 v.
      - e(x) 前缀有出来的意思
      - emancipate slaves
      - the emancipation(n. 解放) of women
        
        tion 是名词后缀
      - the Emancipation Proclamation 废奴宣言
collar /ˈkɑlər/ n. 衣领
- 元音读法辨析: ɑ, ʌ, ə
  - ɑ 和中文拼音的 a 是一个读音
  - 美音中 ʌ, ə 是同一个读音,嘴唇松弛 , 嘴巴微张开, 喉咙发生, 声音类似于拼音的e第一声. 区别在于重读音节中用 ʌ, 弱读音节中用 ə
    - 口语中读错和书写中拼写错误一样的严重性
    - above [ə‘bʌv]
    - color /‘kʌlər/
    - Hi, buddy! /ʌ/
    - much /ʌ/
    - I love you, honey. /ʌ/
    - → The color/ʌ/ of the collar/ɑ/ is white.
- white-collar workers
- blue-collar workers
- v. 揪住领子
  - → The policeman collared the thief. 警察一把揪住了小偷的领子
- 动词名词是同一个单字的情况
  - tie a tie v. 系,捆,扎 n. 领带
  - sign a sign v. 叹气, n. 叹出的气
  - wish a wish v. 许愿 n. 许的愿望
    - I wished a wish on the star.
- 名词动词不是同一个词但是相近
  - dream a dream v. 做梦 n. 梦, 梦想
  - die a glorious death 死的光荣 v. 死, n. 死
  - breathe one’s last breath v. 喘气, n. 呼吸
sacrifice /ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/ v. 牺牲, 献出
- sacrifice … for … 为了某个目的而牺牲了宝贵的东西
  - → Many women sacrifice their careers for their families.
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L16) Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice holiday time for the pleasure of travelling by sea.
- 表示放弃的意思
  - give up
  - abandon
    - abandon ship 弃船
  - renounce v. 正式宣布放弃了
    - renounce smoking and drinking
  - cede v. 放弃(割让领土)
    - → Hong Kong was ceded to Britain after the Opium war.
privilege /ˈprɪvlɪdʒ/ n. 特权, 特殊的好处
- enjoy(享有 v.) a privilege
- abuse(滥用 v.) a privilege
- 权利 right n.
  - Education is a right, not a privilege. 教育是一种权利, 而不是特权.
- have the privilege to … 有幸做某事(习语搭配)
  - → Today, I have the privilege to speak at this important international forum on behalf of the Chinese government.
corporation /ˌkɔrpəˈreɪʃn/ n. 公司
- multinational corporation 跨国公司
- company n. 公司
- firm n. 公司
- business n. 公司, 商号
- concern n. 公司
- enterprise n. 企业
  - foreign funded(投资) enterprise 外资企业
  - joint(共同的 adj.)-venture(投资) enterprise 合资企业
  - state(国家 n.)-owned enterprise (SOE)
  - private enterprise
  - township enterprise

## text part1

→ These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices
- 后面的than people who work in offices 是定语从句, 修饰前面的 far more money
These days 当今, 现如今 (不要翻译成这几天)
- 同义词
  - these days
  - today
  - nowadays
- 反义词
  - in those days (一定要加介词 in)
    - → (NCE3-21 P106-L2) In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
    - → (NCE4-9 P53-L1) In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
receive money 挣钱 (比较正式)
- make money (没那么正式比较随意)
- earn money
far + 比较级增强比较级的语气, 多得多, 大得多
- 相同作用的词
  - far / much / even / still / yet …
- 多一点点
  - slightly / a little / a bit / a little bit …
模仿句造句:
- 现如今, 在娱乐界 (the entertainment field) 工作的人挣的钱往往比在教育行业 (the education sector) 工作的人多得多
  - field 表示界/行业
  - sector 表示国民经济的某个领域, 某个行业
  - toil v. 工作, 劳累 (辛勤的工作, 汗滴流到地上)
  - → These days, people who work in the entertainment field often receive far more money than people who toil in the education sector.
→ People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
- 后面 for the simple …. 原因状语从句
  - 里面的 that 从句是同位语从句
- 这里 People who work in offices 和前面一句的结尾重复了, 这里是有意这样做修辞, 这叫做 anadiplosis 的手法, 中文翻译叫顶真; 连珠
  - 这个手法在中文中也常见
    - 一生**二二**生三三生万物
    - 地法**天天法道道**法自然
  - 英文中
    - → Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution. – 小布什
    - → For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter— 英国大诗人拜伦
    - → If you dream it, you can do it; if you do it , you can love it; if you love it , you can enjoy it; If you enjoy it, you can make it.
refer to … : 提到 ….; 谈及 ….
- = mentoin … / speak of …
- → Please don’t refer to this matter again.
- 把 A 称为 B 的表达
  - refer to A as B
    - 如果 A 是什么很明显, 比方说上文刚刚在着重说 A, 那么 A 可以省略, 变成
      - refer to as B
  - call A B
    - … and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’ not Alf.
  - address A as B
    - 如果是被动就是 be addressed A as B
  - know A as B
    - 生活中常用被动
      - be known A as B
        
        → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name for him self and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
        
        → (NCE3-21 P106-L3) Because of this, they were known as ‘prizefighters’.
        
        → (NCE3-31 P146-L8) He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
for the simple rease that… 因为一些简单的原因, 只是因为 (正式, 因为这里用的名词)
- = simply because …
- 原理是介词 + 名词 + 同位语从句 = 普通从属连词
  - 表示因为
    - for the reason that …
      - 因为 for 有歧义, 可以表示因为, 也可以表示目的, 所以这里为了避免歧义, 所以后面接的 the reason
    - because of the fact that…
    - due to the fact that ..
    - on account of the fact that …
    - = because
  - 表示尽管, 虽然
    - in spite of the fact that…
    - despite the fact that …
    - = although…
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L2) Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green , an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance.
模仿造句
- 大熊猫常常被称为活化石 (living fossil), 只不过因为他们在世界上已经生存了两亿多年了
  - → Giant panda are frequently referred to as “living fossil” for the simple reason that they have lived on earth for over 200 million years.

## text part2

→ Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
这里的 such is human nature 是一个倒装, 这里 such 当代词来用, 代词 such 做表语, 但是放在前面
后面的 that 接的是一个同位语从句, 用于解释这是一个怎样的人类本性
- nature n. 本性, 天性
  - → Excuse me, nature calls. 不好意思, 我去上个厕所 (本性召唤)
  - → He is kind by nature . 他的善良出自本性
  - → Such is human nature that … 人的本性就是这样的!
    - → It is human nature that .. 这句话和上一句话的意思一样, 语法正确, 但是强调的意味差了很多.
  - → Such is human nature that we all love to get something for nothing.
    - for 后面可以跟给多少钱, 这里用 nothing 就表示免费
    - 这是人的本性使然, 我们喜欢获得免费的东西
  - → Such is human nature that we don’t treasure what we have until we lose it.
    - 这里 treasure 做动词, 表示珍惜 (也对应了他的名词意思)
    - 直到失去才懂得珍惜, 这是人的本性
  - → Human nature is such that a great many people …
    - 这是正常语序, 但是语气不如刚才那么强
    - → (NCE3-27 P130-L9) The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
      - 社会的情况是这样的, 技术要掏钱买, 就像商品要掏钱买一样.
      - 倒装写法 → Such are the conditions of society that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
be willing to do 乐意做某事 (willing 乐意的, adj.)
- → (NCE3-28 P134-L17) I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay $5
- 乐意做某事的其他表达
  - be ready to do 这里不翻译成准备好做某事, 而翻译成乐意做某事
    - → If your order is large enough we are ready to reduce our prices by 5%
      - 如果你的订单足够大, 我们可以把出价下调 5%
  - be prepared to do 这里也不翻译成准备好做某事, 也翻译成乐意做某事
    - → (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubios privilege of living in the country is beyoud me.
      - country 这里表示乡村
      - be beyoud me 我简直无法理解
for the privilege of … 为了 … 好处
- → (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyoud me.
  - dubious adj. 可疑的, 不可靠的
→ This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
- 后面是从句, 前面是主句
- 从句的 as 表示正如
- 从句的 it 表示前面的 this, 也就是为了称为白领放弃高收入这件事
- 从句的 did 表示前面的 give rise to sth.
give rise to sth. (fml.) 导致…
- fml. 是指正式书面语
- → The president’s absence gave prise to speculations about his health.
用介词搭配表示在哪工作
- → I work as an English teacher for New Oriental School.
- as + 职位 + for + 公司
观点+ 例证的句型
- … (观点), as it did/does in the case of … who … (句子句型有难度, )
- 这个句子如果用简单句写就会写成一个零散的句子
  - → This can cause curious situation. Alfred Bloggs was an example. He worked…. 结构松散, 而且难度系数太低, 评分会很低
  - → This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. (紧凑而且有难度)
模仿造句:
- 压力 (stress) 会导致精神上的一些疾病(mental diseases), 正如在通用汽车公司 (General Motors) 工作的工程师 Mike Johnson 身上发生的情况一样.
  - → Stress can give rise to mental diseases, as it did in case of Mike Johnson as an engineer for Gerneral Motors.

## text part3

关于结婚
- get married 加了个 get 表示已经结婚的这个过程
- be married 表示已婚
- marry sb. 表示和某人结婚
  - be married to sb. 嫁给了谁,
  - 注意这里一定要用 to ,注意不能用 with , 用with 表示随着女孩一起被嫁, 变成嫁妆了.
- → The girl was married to me. 和某人结婚
- → The girl was engaged to me . 和某人订婚
穿着
- dress 表示给某人穿衣服, 所以人做主语的时候要用被动, 这个不能从中文的意思来判断, 这个需要根据具体的词来判断
- be (dressed) in, dressed 可省略
  - → He was (dressed) in a smark black suit.
    - suit 表示全套西装
- sb. wear sth.
  - → He left thome waring a smart black suit.
- change 表示换一件衣服
  - change (out of …) (into …), 如果只表示换上什么衣服可以把 out of 换掉
    - → You’d better change out of the red jacket into a blue one.
花费 spend
- speed … on sth. /(in) doing (in 可省略)
  - → I spent a lot of money on food.
  - → I spent a lot of time on homework. (接物用 on)
  - → I spent a lot of time (in) learning English.
  - → I spent my summer vacation in Hainan Province.
  - → I treasured every minute I spent with your family.

动名词的时态和语态

时态/语态	主动	被动
一般时	doing	being done
完成时	having done	having been done

一般时万用, 只要是动名词都可以用, 无论是比谓语动词早, 还是同时, 或者比谓语动词晚, 都可以用这个

完成时是用于强调, having done 里面的这个动作, 比谓语动词发生的早一些, 强调它发生的早一些.
例句
- → (NCE3-6 P35-L7) After gazing at the display for saveral minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
- → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L13) Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
- → (NCE3-40 P182-L21) Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.
- → (NCE3-36 P166-L18) After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit.

## text part4

fellow n. 同事, 同僚, 同胞
- 这个词和 follow 没关系, follow的过去式和过去分词都是 followed
- 用法:
  - fellow dustmen
  - fellow actors
  - fellow students
  - fellow citizens
  - follow Chinese /Americans …
- 例句:
  - → (NCE3-22 P110-L14) The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
  - → (NCE4-33 P195-L8) We would lay less stress on ‘facts and figures’ and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens.
  - And so , my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. — kennedy.
- 表示同事的常见词
  - workmate 可数
  - colleague 可数名词
  - associate 可数
  - 例句
    - → (NCE3-22 P110-L10) One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
→ Alf’s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job.
- 我过去是, 现在是, 将来也会是你的朋友 (活用时态)
  - → I was, am and will be your friend.
will be doing 表示一种可预见性
- → Professor Wang will be taking charge of our department next Monday
  - department 表示大学里的系
英文中表示倍数的三种方式
- 方式
  1. A is .. times as .. as B
  2. A is … times the amount of B
    - the amount 可以使用下列词替换 (the number, the size , the length, the width/breadth, the height, the value, the price … )
  3. A is … times 比较级 than B
- 例句
  - 1
    - → His salary is three times as much as mine.
    - → His salary is three times the amount of mine.
    - → His salary is twice more than mine
  - 2
    - → The box is four times as big as that one.
    - → The box is four times the size of that one.
    - → The box is three times bigger than that one.
worth 值得
- be worth + sth.
  - be worth + doing (这个只用主动, 不管是被动)
- be worthy + of sth.
  - be worthy to do / to be done
- 例子:
  - → the matter is worth consideration(n.)/considering.
  - → The matter is worthy of consideration(n.)/to be considered.
- 纠错:
  - → The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worth being celebrated. (X) 这里 worth 后面只能跟动词的主动形式
    - 改正: 后面跟 is worth celebration (n. 变成名词) / celebrating (变成主动)
      - 或者改成 is worthy of celebration(n. 变成名词)/ to be celebrated. (被动)

L5 The facts ⭐️

## words

后面要补笔记, 现在只记了比较重要的

editor /ˈɛdɪtər/ n. 编辑
- editors 后面接 of 介词
  - → the editor of the Washington Post
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L1) editors of newspapers and magazines
- 主编:
  - chief editor = editor in chief
- 同根词
  - edit 编辑 v.
    - → Janet edited books for a variety of publishers.
  - edition 版本, 注意音标, 和 editor 开头不一样, /ɪˈdɪʃən/
    - a paperback / hard-cover / de luxe edition
      - de luxe 豪华的, 特指书籍
    - the first edition 首版
    - a revised edition 修订版
    - in its sixth edition 在它的第六版里
      - 这个 sixth 读法是 six的读音加个 /t/ , /ˈsɪksθ/
  - editorial /ˌɛdɪˈtɔriəl/ n. 社评, 社论
  - 听力题
    - 1
      - M: Mary is in charge of the art and music section; and Charles the sports page. What are you?
        
        in charge of 负责, 归某人管
        
        be responsible for 负责 , 归某人管
        
        What are you ? 表示你是做什么的
      - W: I’m responsible for the editorials.
      - Q: Where does the woman work?
    - 2
      - M: Would you pass me the sports section, please?
      - W: Sure. If you give me the classified ads and editorial section.
      - Q: What are the people doing?
extreme /ɪkˈstrim/ n. 极端 (⭐️ 五星级词汇)
- go to extremes 走极端
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L1) Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L14) This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.
- 同根词
  - extreme adj. 极端的, 过分的 (程度)
    - → Extreme poverty still exists in many rural areas.
    - → Force is only justified in extreme circumstances.
  - extremely adv. 极端地(程度副词)
    - be extremely difficult / important / useful / complicated / pleased / gratefu
    - → (NCE3-27 P130-L4) Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
    - (NCE3-46 P212-L24) But I was extremely pleased(极端高兴的) with myself. I had traced the cause of the trouble.
journalist /ˈdʒɜːrnəlɪst/ n. 记者
- 同义词
  - reporter 记者
  - columnist (用法比较窄, 专栏记者, 专栏作家)
    - column n. 专栏
  - -ist 后缀表示某个人
  - correspondent n. 记者(驻外记者)
    - our Middle East correspondent
    - Our correspondent in South Africa sent this report.
    - a war / sports / education / political(政治) correspondent
- 同根词
  - journalism n. 新闻业, 新闻学, 新闻工作
  - a career in journalism
  - → I plan to study journalism at college.
  - → I see under “activities” that vou’ve been writing for the school paper. Yes, sir. What kinds of articles have you written? All kinds-sports, editorials, theater reviews. You name it, I’ve written it. Hmmm. Well, have you ever thought of becoming a journalist? A professional writer? Not until recently. Michigan has a fine School of Journalism. Yes, I know that. You seem to have some reservations. I’m a little uncertain.
publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ v. 出版
- → This book is published by Oxford University Press.
  - press 也表示出版社
- publisher n. 出版社, 出版商
- publishing n. 出版业, 出版行业
  - → She chose publishing as a career.
- the press n. 新闻界, 报界, 舆论界
  - the freedom of the press
    - → (NCE3-45 P208-L1) In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned.
- go to press v. 出版, 付梓
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L10) Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.
- pirate v. 非法出版, 盗版 n. 海盗
  - pirated CDs / books / software
fire /‘faɪər/ v. 解雇
- fire / dismiss sb. from .. 用被动, 大多数情况是被解雇
  - → I’ve just been fired from my job, and I don’t know what to do.
  - → She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L29) The poor girl was dismissed instantly.
- lose one’s job 主动用法, 丢了工作
  - → Many people won’t complain about pay and conditions because they’re terrified of losing their jobs.
- lay off 短期解聘
  - → Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry.
  - laid-off workers 下岗工人
- suspend v. 停职
  - → The two police officers.have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.
- depose v. 罢免 (通常是重要岗位)
  - → King Charles I was deposed from the English throne in 1646.

## text part1

go to extremes to do sth. 过分地⋯ 在某方面走极端
- 造句：女孩子常常在减肥方面走极端.
  - → Girls often go to extremes to lose weight.
- 造句：有些父母常常过分地满足孩子的需要.
  - → Some parents often go to extremes to satisfy the needs of their children.
- 造句：阿尔弗雷德•布洛格斯过分地追求 (seek) 成为白领工人的特权.
  - → Alfred Bloggs went to extremes to seek the privilege of becoming a white-collar worker.
提供, 动词
- provide
  - 下面两种情况也是短的在前, 长的在后, 灵活选用
  - provide sb. with sth.
    - → (NCE3-41 P192-L17) If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life’can offer.
  - provide sth. for sb.
    - → Colleges provide accommodation for all first-year undergraduate students.
- offer
  - offer sb. sth.
    - → They offered him a very good job, but he turned it down.
  - offer sth. to sb.
    - → The drama school offers places to students who can show talent.
facts and statistics 为什么 facts 放前面
- 并列结构都是这样, 短的放前面, 长的放后面的原则
- 例子
  - fruit and vegetables 水果和蔬菜
  - fur and feather / birds and beasts 飞禽走兽
  - bed and board 这里有头韵 / food and shelter 食宿
  - 衣食住行
    - food, shelter, clothing and transportation
→ Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
造句: 某些网站常常过份地给访问者提供令人眼花缭乱的大量的信息.
- → (NCE3-38 P174-L5) Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have.
- → Some websites often go to extremes to provide their visitors with a bewildering amount of information.
instruct sb. in sth. (teach)在某方面教导某人
- → I instruct a class in history. (instructor)
- instructor n.老师, 教学人员
- instruct / direct sb. to do 命令指示某人去做某事
  - → I have been instructed by the company to offer you a refund.
  - → The judge directed the defendant to remain silent.
- refund 退款
  - fund n. 资金
- defendant n. 被告
→ Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the presidents palace in a new African republic.
- 这句话使用动作的承受者做主语, 是为了突出这个承受者, 所以换而言之, 就是想强调突出哪个就用那个做主语, 这是使用被动语态的主要动机之一.
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L1) Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.
- → (CE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
- → (NCE3-32 P150-13) A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship’s captain instructing him to give up the search.
article on / about sth. (by sb.) 文章关于什么, by 后面跟是谁写的
- → an article on / about education by Mr. Smith
arrived/came v. 到达
- 通常是物做主语
- → The card arrived on my birthday.
- → A letter came for you this morning.
- → (NCE3-1 P14-41) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
- 造句：当Jane收到信时，读完第一句话就哭了.
  - → When the letter came / arrived, Jane read the first sentence and then cried.
→ The article began: “Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace’.
- Hundreds of
  - two hundred 中的 hundred 是不加 s 的, 但是数以百计是要加 s 的
  - 意似搭配
    - dozens(数以十计的, 一打(12 个)) of / scores(数以二十个计的) of / hundreds of / thousands of / millions(数以百万计的) of + 复数名词
    - tens of thousands of (数以万计的)/ hundreds of thousands of(数以十万计的) + 复数名词
    - thousands upon thousands of(成千上万的) + 复数名词
- lead to 通往 (led to 是过去式) 导致
  - 通往
    - → All roads lead to Rome.
    - → (NCE3-48 P220-L18) The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain.
  - 导致
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) This led to yet another angry argument.
- surround v. 包围, 环绕 n. 环绕物, 周围环境
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-30) Needless to say our house is now surrounded by a jungle.
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L23) Looking up l saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate.
  - surrounding adj. 周围的
    - → (NCE2-62 P284-L4) Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
→ The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.
- fax n. 传真(有时传真机也会缩写成 fax, 注意根据上下文辨析意思)
  - send sb. a fax / a letter / an email /a card
  - get / receive a fax / a letter / an email /a card from …
- at once 立即, 立刻
- exact adj. 精确的
- find out : get information, 找到抽象的信息/情报/情况, 而不是找到具体的物件
  - → (NCE3-13 P62-L8) She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
  - → (NCE3-22 P110-L10) One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
  - find: 表示找到了一个具体的东西/物件
    - → (NCE3-15P70-L12) He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out.
- 造句：这位经理立刻给他的秘书发了一封email，要求她了解一下即将出席会议的确切人数。
  - → The manager at once sent his secretary an email instructing her to find out the exact number of the people who will attend the meeting.

## text part 2

→ The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.
- set out: to start a journey, especially(尤其的) a long journey.
  - → (NCE3-25 P122-L8) Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England.
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after ** **, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
- set out to do sth. : begin a job, task, atc with a particular aim or goal.
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L8) Dimitri at once set out to find the thief.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L1) True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.
- obtain v. 采集, 获取
- take 后面跟时间表示花费了多少时间, 可以用人和物做主语
  - → (NCE2-50 P236-L2) 1 went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than l expected.
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L15) Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time.
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-113) It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
  - → I took just ten minutes to solve that problem.
  - → He always takes so long to eat his breakfast.
  - speed … on sth./(in) doing sth. 只能是人做主语
    - → (NCE3-50 P228-L25) I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home from work.
    - → (NCE4-39 P228-L4) One, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.
- 造句：这位秘书立刻着手核实 (verify) 这些重要的事实，但是她花了很长时间才完成。
  - → The secretary immediately set out to verify these important facts, but she took a long time to finish it.
meanwhile adv. 与此同时, 在这个期间
- at the same time
- (in the ) meantime
  - meantime adv. 时和 meanwhile 一样, 单独使用
    - → I continued working. Meantime, he went out shopping.
  - meatime 如果是名词, 那么需要和 in the 一起连用
    - → (CE3-33 P154-L19) It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorrydriver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles.
one more 与 another 的关系
- one more … = another …
- two more … = another two …
- In another two weeks it’ll be finished.
  - = In two more weeks it’ll be finished.
→ He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired.
- inform 是通知的意思
  - inform sb. of sth.
  - inform sb. that .. 如果 inform 后面的事情比较复杂, 用从句来说
  - 为什么第二个搭配里 of 没了
    - that 从句最明显的特征之一就是不用在介词后, 所以介词碰到 that 这个连词一般说得死掉, 不光是宾语从句, 定语从句也一样, 介词后面如果跟关系代词的话, 一般用 which 这样的词, 通常不用 in that 这种搭配. 不过也有例外
      - in that … 这里 in 不是介词, 而是和 that 一起做复合连词, 翻译成因为… , 是书面语
      - but / except that … 除了…情况之外/要不是… 的话, 也是复合连词
- yet 强调, 强调又一个, 没有书面语和口语的区别
  - yet/still one more/another/bigger.
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) This led to yet another angry argument.
  - yet/still one more example
    - → He’s given us yet/still more work to do.
    - → Inflation had risen to a yet/still higher level.
      - inflation n. 通货膨胀
  - 听力题
    - → M: They said the train won’t arrive until nine.
    - → W: Well, what that boils down to is yet another delay in our schedule.
    - → Q: What does the woman mean?
      - boils down to 归根结底到最后的结局是, 概括为, 归纳为
      - yet anouther 表示又一次
- 造句：绑匪(kidnapper)又寄了一封匿名信 (anonymous letter)，通知老太太如果她报警，她就再也看不到她儿子了。
  - → The kidnapper sent yet another anonymous letter informing the old lady that if she called the police she would never see her son again.

## text part3

→ When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
- reluctantly adv. 不情愿地, 不乐意地
  - = unwillingly
- as 按照/像…一样
- had originally been written 强调发生在过去
- 造句：当再一次未能得到签证 (visa)时，我们不情愿地按照原计划在国内旅行 (go on a domestic journey)。
  - → When we again failed to get visas, we reluctantly went on a domestic journey as it had originally been planned.
    - go on a domestic journey (国内旅行)
→ Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
- not only … but also … 不但….而且….
  - not only … but … (特别注意这里的 but 不是但是, 而是表示而且)
  - not only … but … as wall
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L23) This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L4) At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water-tight compartments.
- 部分倒装
  - 只把助动词，be 动词（之前没有其他助动词)或情态动词置于主语之前. 只提前一个, 按照上面的次序.
  - 目的是为了突出句首的成分, 当把上述成分放到句首之后, 会引发部分倒装, 突出的成分有以下几种情况
    1. 否定词位于句首, 突出句首状语
      - 如：not only,not until, neither, nor, never, hardly, barely, scarcely, few, little, rarely, seldom, under no circumstances, in no way, …
      - → Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
      - → (NCE3-41 P192-L26) Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
        
        beauty n. 美丽
      - → (NCE3-37 P170-L13) Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the line.
      - → Never have l seen such a good movie.
      - → Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.
      - → Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
    2. “only + 状语”位于句首, 这里状语有可能是副词, 介词短语, 或者状语从句, 如果是状语从句的话, 这个状语从句不能倒装, 只能后面的主句倒装(和前面的副词/介词短语的情况一样)
      1. only 跟时间状语, 通常翻译成直到某个时候才…
        
        → Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.
      2. only 不跟时间状语, 通常翻译成只有….才….
        
        → Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
      3. only 后面跟状语从句
        
        → Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother will it learn how to swim.
        
        → (NCE3-40 P182-L22) Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
    3. such, so, well, often, many a time 等表示程度、频率的词位于句首
      - → (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
      - → (NCE3-46 P212-L1) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly " less dependent on specialized labour.
      - → Well did I know him and well did he know me.
      - → often did it snow there.
      - → Many a time has he given me good advice.
- 造句：不但有几个人抱怨说在夜里听见了"像猫一样的噪音〞，而且一位钓鱼途中的商人还看见那只美洲狮在树上。
  - → Not only did several people complain of ‘catiike noises’ at night, but a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree as well.
→ However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1.084 steps [leading to the fifteen-foot wall (which surrounded the president’s palacel.)] (从句套从句….)
- 状语从句的省路。
  - 状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件：
    1. 状语从句的主语与主句主语一致。
    2. 状语从句的谓语包含be动词。
  - 则可同时省略状语从句的主语和其后的 be动词.
  - 例句
    - → Metals expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.
      - → Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.
    - → Francis Preston Blair Jr., although he was born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
      - practiced 不是练习, 表示医生或者律师拿着执照在工作
      - jr. 是 junior 表示儿子, 或者小xxxx, 国外经常父亲与儿子同名
      - sr. 是 senior 表示父亲, 或者老xxxx
      - → Francis Preston Blair Jr., although born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
    - → However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while ~~(he had been)~~ counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace.
- 好的句子的特征是没有一句废话和一个多余的词

L6 Smash and grab ⭐️

## word

smash-and-grab /,smæʃ ən ‘ɡræb/ n. 砸橱窗抢劫
- 英文释意: a kind of robbery in which the robbers break the shop window and steal the goods on display
- smash v. 打碎, 砸碎 , 可以表示主语本身粉碎, 或者把宾语打碎, 也有把宾语打倒的意思(引申意)
  - smash the window (及物)
  - → The glass smashed into small bits. (不及物)
    - “into"是一个介词，表示一种变化、转换或状态的改变。
  - → We’re determined(有决心的) to smash terrorism. 我们下定决心打倒/粉碎恐怖主义
  - smash the Gang(匪帮) of Four 打倒四人帮
  - 同义词
    - shatter v. 粉碎(及物不及物皆可)
      - shatter the window (及物)
      - The glass shattered into small bits. (不及物)
      - → When I’m in your arms Nothing seems to matter My whole world could ,shatter, I don’t care
        
        in your arms 这里注意 arm 得是复数才表示怀中, 单数就是胳膊里了就emmmm
        
        matter 这里表示重要
      - 派生意
        
        shatter one’s dream / hope / confidence .. 粉碎了某人的梦想, 粉碎了某人的希望, 粉碎了某人的信心
        
        → Peter’s comments shattered the boy’s confidence.
- grab v. 抢过来, 夺过来
  - → A mugger grabbed her handbag as she was walking across the park.
    - mugger 抢劫犯 n.
      - mug v. 当街抢劫
  - 同义词
    - seize v. 强制夺取,
      - → (NCE3-40 P182-L17) As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill.
    - rob v. 抢劫 (特指非法夺取)
      - → The convenience store was robbed last night.
jewallery/jewelry /ˈdʒuːəlri/ n. 珠宝 (总称, 高档珠宝, 不可数)
- a piece of jewelry 一件珠宝 (不能用 a jewelry)
- two pieces of jewelry 两件珠宝
- 她有很多漂亮的珠宝
  - She has a lot of beautiful jewelries. (X)
  - She has a lotof beautiful jewelry. (T)
  - She has a lot of beautiful jewels. (T)
  - 可数形式变形成不可数形式 (因为是总称所以不可数)
    - jewel → jewelry
    - scene → scenery 风景风光 (+ry)
    - machine → machinery 机器机械(泛指)
    - weapon → weaponry 武器军备(泛指)
    - poem → poetry 诗歌(文学题材)
    - novel[ˈnɑːvəl 注意第一个元音不发噢的音]→ fiction 小说(文学题材总称)
    - myth → mythology 神话 (文学题材)
    - leaf → foliage 树叶(通常指全部或部分的叶子)
    - table/chair … → furniture 家具
    - pen/pencil … → stationery 文具
    - trunk/suitcase … 行李箱/箱子 → luggage /baggage 行李
staff [stæf] n. 一个组织的全体工作人员 , 手杖, 拐杖
- → The hospitals medical staff is / are excellent.
- teaching staff
- engineering staff
- domestic staff 全体家仆
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L14) Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.
  - → (NCE4-10 P59-L10) Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms.
- 同义词
  - cast n. 某部电影中的全体演员 (卡斯)
  - crew n. 一群人, 一群机组人员, 一艘船的工作人员, 一个装修队
  - faculty n. 一个学校的全体老师, 或者大学里一个专业的全体教师
  - audience n. 一个戏院/剧场/礼堂的台下的全部观众, 两个大礼堂就可以用复数

## text 1

这是一片记叙文, 英语记叙文 (narrative) 的要点
1. 五个W一个R (when, where, who, why, what and result) (必须)
2. 目的明确，线索清晰，描写生动，详略得当，句式多变。
  - 句式多变, 避免句式的单调死板也是英文写作中必要的.
第一段第一句在描述地点和大致的时间
expensive 在这里不翻译成贵的来修饰 shop, 而是翻译成高档的来修饰 shop, 本意/抽象含义是费钱的.
- expensive shops / hotels
- → Mary is an expensive girl. She eats like ahorse.
  - 玛丽是一个费钱的女孩 (拜金), 她吃得像马一样多(类似中文中的吃得和猪一样多, 英文中也常说成吃得和狮子一样多, 英文中如何说 eat like a pig, 通常不是说吃得多, 而是说吃得没有吃相, 不优雅).
- 近义词, 豪华的, 高档的
  - a fancy / luxury car
  - a fancy / luxury hotel
arcade n. 有顶的商业街, (下雨也可以逛)
- arc(arch) 这个词(根)有拱或者弧形的含义
- 17-Arch Bridge
- Arch of Triumph 凯旋门
在附近的介词/介词短语的表达
- around …
- close to …
- in the neighborhood of …(更正式, 口语中比较少用)
- in the vicinity of…(更正式)
- off … (在… 的附近)
  - → I rent an apartment off campus.
  - 听力题
    - →M: Will you be living in the dormitory this vear?
    - → W: Not if I can help it. Ive been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of mine.
    - → Q: What does the woman imply?
      - dormitory n. 宿舍楼(美式) 宿舍的房间(英式)
      - Not if I can help it.
        
        如果我能避免的它话就不要, 这里 help 表示避免
      - off campus 学院附近
造句：在朝阳区建国门外大街上高档的国贸商城 (China World Shopping Mall) 刚刚开始营业.
- →The expensive China World Shopping Mall on / at the Jian GuoMenWai Avenue in Chaoyang District was just opening.
empty adj. 空的, 空荡荡的
- an empty truck, empty streets
职业后面加属格表示职业的工作场所
- the jeweler’s 珠宝店
- the grocer’s 杂货店
- the tailor’s 裁缝店
- the baker’s 面包店
- the butcher’s 肉店
- the barber’s 理发店
- the stationer’s 文具店
- the chemist’s 药店
  - chemist 化学家/药剂师
- 人名后面加属格, 某人的房子/家庭/大学/…, 要视具体的语境和上下文而定
  - → We spent the weekend at Mr. Green’s (house).
  - → He graduated from St. John’s (University).
  - → Joe lives near St. Paul’s (Cathedral) in London.
admire v. 赞赏, 钦佩, 注目,
- 这是一个静态的动词, 不太适合用进行时, 表示我正在倾佩您的意思会比较奇怪. 这个词用进行时的时候, 表示用欣赏的眼光在看
- → I admire her courage.
- → I am admiring her beauty.
- 同义词/词组
  - gaze at … 欣赏的看, 充满兴趣的看
    - → (NCE3-6 P34-L7) After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
    - → He gazed at the belle.
      - belle n. 美女 (来自法语)
    - → He stared at the belle. 瞪大眼镜, 瞪圆眼睛在看
    - → He gaped at the belle. 强调下颚下拉, 张嘴, 看傻了
    - → The belle glared at him. 怒目而视
assistants n. 店员/ 助理
- . 助理经理
- (shop) assistant (英式)
- (shop) clerk (美式)
had been doing 过去完成进行时
- 表示持续性的动作一直做到过去的某时, 而且还有可能继续下去.
- → (NCE3-20 P90-L8) Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model.
- → (CE3-32 P150-L1) The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.
only just adv. not long ago / before 刚刚
- → We’ve only just arrived.
- → Ive only just moved to Londan.
arrange v. 布置
- → We arranged the chairs in a semicircle.
- → His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order.
  - alphabetical adj. 按字母顺序排列的
动名词的一般时无视时态万用
- → After gazing at the display for several minutes,
作文写法
- 文似看山不喜平。为人贵直,而作诗文者贵曲。 — 袁枚《随园诗话》

## text 2

→ The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
- horn n. 喇叭 (本来意思是牛羊的犄角, 后面又派生出号角的意思, 接着就变成喇叭)
- blaring adj. 刺耳的, 大声喧哗的
- 独立主格
  - (with）+n. + 非谓语 (doing / done / to do,其中being常省路)，在句中常作状语或定语.
  - → The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
  - → One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings (being) over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L19). ., and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L30) Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time (being) for boredom.
  - → (NCE4-18 P104-L9)1t is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
  - 在一些庄重的场合, 我们可以把 with 去掉, 一般来说加不加 with 区别不大
  - → (CE3-34 P158-L17) Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery. much of it broken.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-L1) In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences-most of them wildly improbable.
  - 独立主格比非谓语动词多了独立主格中描述自己的逻辑主语的部分 , 使用非谓语动词隐含的主语和实际主语是一致的, 如果非谓语动词自己的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致, 那这个时候, 就可以加上非谓语动词自己的逻辑主语.
  - 所以, 非谓语动词的逻辑主语和主句一致时, 可以省略, 这个时候叫做非谓语. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语和主句不一致时, 不可以省略, 这个时候叫独立主格.
  - → He came in and carried a book.
    - 但如果这时我想强调其中的一个动作, 而把另一个动作作为次要信息, 上面的句子用非谓语动词即可.
    - → He came in carrying a book. (主语统一)
    - → He came in and a book was in his hand. (主语不统一, 突出强调 book)
    - → He came in (with) a book (being) in his hand.
roar v. 吼叫, 咆哮(狮子老虎的吼叫声), 派生意是 n. 轰鸣声,
→ The __ __ __ of airplane engines announced a coming air raid.
- A. roar (轰鸣声)
- B. exclamation (大声的惊呼声)
- C. whistle (口哨声)
- D. scream (尖叫声)
造句：宁静突然被打破，一个凶恶的家伙 (a tough guy)，瞪着眼睛拿着枪，闯进了 (break into) 银行。
- → The silence was suddenly broken when a tough guy, with his eyes glaring and a gun in his hand, broke into the bank.
come to a stop / halt = stop / halt
- → (NCE3-39 P178-L21) Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt.
- come to an end = end
- come to a close = close
- come to a decision = decide
- come to a conclusion = conclude

## text 3

→ One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
- at the wheel (习语搭配)在驾驶室, 在驾驶舱, wheel 表示车轮/方向盘, 所以这个能表达在驾驶室
- while 引导并列句的时候表示 ‘而’, 表达轻微的对比. 而不是表示 ‘‘当某时’’,
  - whereas 也能表示 ‘而’
  - → He must be over 60, while / whereas his wife looks about 30.
  - while 还能表示尽管, 类似于 Although, 放在句首, 引导让步状语从句
    - → While she is a likable girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with.
      - likeable adj. 讨人喜欢的, likeable 是英式写法, 美式写法是 likable
    - → (NCE4-16 P92-L10) While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.
    - → While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create .
      - bedrock 基石
began doing / began to do 区别不大, 尤其在当代英语,
- began doing 多是主动发出的行为
  - → (CE3-28 P134-L6) Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen,
- began to do 多描述一个可观发生的现象
  - → It began to rain.
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L10) During the journey, the boat began to sink.
非谓语做方式状语
- → Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.
- → The boy went running to meet him.
- → The girl came bouncing to tell me the news.
→ One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue(雕像), but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain(疼痛).
- 忙于做某事
  - be busy doing sth.
    - → They are busy preparing for the wedding.
  - be busy with sth.
    - → They are busy with preparations for the wedding.
  - be too busy doing sth. to do sth.
    - → He was too busy working to notice us come in.
- 习语搭配 help oneself to sth. 有两个意思 (都是未经允许, 自己拿的状态, 自取, 不客气了哈)
  1. 别客气, 请自己拿
    - → Help yourself to a beer.
  2. 偷/抢
    - → They helped themselves to the farmer’s apples.
The raid was all over in three minutes, 这里的in 是用了多久的意思
- → (NCE2-5 P28-15) The birds covered the distance in three minutes.
- 表示多久之内可以用 under, 例如 under three minutes. 用 within 也行, within three minutes.
scramble v. 争相恐后/争夺/仓惶的跑 , 也能表示往高的地方爬
- → As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door.
接速度的介词
1. speed 做不可数名词时, 与 at, with 搭配均可
  - e.g. at / with great speed
2. speed 做可数名词时，只能与 at搭配
  - e.g. at a speed of 60 mph
→ Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves.
- ran after 表示追, 相当于 trace, 既可以表示物理上的追, 也可以表示追求,
  - 同义词
    - chase v. 追, 及物动词
      - → Instead of studying, he wastes his time chasing girls.
    - pursue v. 追 , 及物动词
      - → The thief ran across the field, with an officer pursuing him.
- vases n. 花瓶
- ashtrays n. 烟灰缸
价值多少钱的东西
- 金钱+worth of + 物品
  - → one billion dollars worth of merchandise
  - → fifty pence worth of trouble
  - → Ross: Well, how was the date?
    - → Rachel: Well I’m alone and I just bought fifteen dollars worth of candy bars, what do you think?
  - → I just bought 50 yuan worth of groceries.
    - 汉语拼音构成的单位, yuan, jiao, fen, mu亩, qin顷, li 里, 都是单复数同行

L7 Mutilated ladies ⭐️

## words

mutilate /ˈmjuːtɪleɪt/ v. 使残缺不全(及物), 常用被动(被动的时候不及物)
- → He was mutilated in a car accident and lost one arm.
- → The painting has been mutilated by a boy.
- 近义词:
  - maim v. 使残废, (及物), 被动的时候不及物
    - → One man has lost his life; another has been maimed.
  - paralyze v. 使瘫痪, 使无力(及物)
    - → The accident left him paralyzed from the waist down.
  - cripple v. 使跛脚, 使残疾(及物), n. 瘸子 (不礼貌)
  - disable v. 使失效, 使失去能力 (及物)
    - the disabled 残疾人
    - the handicapped 有障碍的, 残障的, 残疾人
    - the physically challenged 比较礼貌的讲法的残疾人(政治正确)
    - the mentally challenged 比较礼貌的讲法的弱智人 (政治正确)
    - the horizontally challenged 比较礼貌的讲法的肥胖症患者 (政治正确)
    - the vertically challenged 比较礼貌的讲法的侏儒症患者 (政治正确)
chew /tʃuː/ v. 咀嚼, 及物不及物皆可
- 听力题
  - → Here, take this pill, and don’t chew it.
- 近义词:
  - bite v. 咬, (及不及物皆可)
    - → bite off more than one can chew
      - bite off 咬下来
  - swallow v. 吞咽, n. 燕子
  - gobble v. 狼吞虎咽地吃
  - devour v. 吞食, 狼吞虎咽地吃
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
  - nibble v. 细嚼慢咽, 小口吃 n. 咬痕
    - → Eagles catch snakes that gobble toads that swallow insects that nibble green leaves. 老鹰抓住了蛇正在吃蟾蜍, 这只蟾蜍吃了昆虫, 这只昆虫吃树叶
      - 从句套从句
fiance n. 未婚夫,(可数名词)
- financee n. 未婚妻
- husband-to-be n. 未婚夫
- bride-to-be n. 未婚妻
- groom/bridegroom n. 新郎
  - groom n. 有牵马的人的意思
- bride n. 新娘
- 教堂婚礼相关的人物的单词
  - bridesmaid n. 傧相(女, 大约四个左右)
  - maid of honor n. 伴娘 (傧相中的chief)
  - groomsman n. 傧相 (男, 大约四个)
  - best man n. 伴郎 (傧相的 chief)
  - newlyweds n. 新婚夫妇, 新婚燕尔
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-14) Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes.
  - happy couple n. 新婚夫妇, 新婚燕尔
spokeswoman n. 女发言人 (女权运动的产物)
- spokesman n. 发言人 (不分男女)
- spokesperson n. 发言人 (中性词, 指男发言人比较多见)
- 类似的
  - chairman n. 主席 (不分男女)
  - chairwoman n. 女主席
  - chairperson n. 主席 (中性, 指男主席比较多见)
- 听力题:
  - → W: The dean just announced that Dr. Jeffries is going to take over as Chairperson of the English Dept. M: I knew it all along. He was the obvious choice.
    - daen n. 美国大学某个学院的院长
    - head n. 美国大学的系主任,
    - chairperson n. 美国大学的系主任.
    - take over 接过
    - Dept. n. 系专业

## text 1

happen to do 碰巧做某事
- sth. happen to sb. 某事发生到某人身上
- come up 某事出现了/发生了
  - → Has it ever come up to you?
- sth. occur to sb. 某人想到了某事
  - → 一场车祸发生到了他的身上 A car accident happened to him.
  - → 他想到了一个好主意 A good idea occurred to me.
银行的纸钞 back note/ banknote / note
- 美式喜欢用 bill 表示纸钞, bill 也表示账单
  - → a fake / counterfeit $20 bill
    - counterfeit adj. 伪造的, 假冒的,
- William (威廉) 的昵称是 Bill
  - Bill Clinton 的实际名字是 William Clinton
  - Bill Gates
- coin 硬币
- change n. 零钱, v. 改变
- 钞票相关的可数与不可数的总结
  - bill note coin 可数
  - change 不可数
    - → 1 carry no change on me.
rescue / save v. 救, 抢救
- → (NCE3-12 P58-L15) When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave. .
- → Wow! Have you ever rescued anyone from a burning building before?
- come / go to one’s rescue 来救某人/ 去救某人
  - → When John was in trouble, everyone went to his rescue.
- pick up sb. 救起某人, 搭救起某人
  - → (NCE3-20 P9O-L7) The’Antoinette’ floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
- salvage … from … 从… 中救了某物, (通常指物不指人 )
  - → He tried desperately to salvage belongings from the burning house.
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L13) The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck.
    - salvage as mush as possible from the wreck 尽所有可能救出残骸中的物品
- savior /saviour n. 救命恩人
  - → You are my savior.
  - a knight in shining armor 关键时刻出现的救命恩人
    - → I don’t know who you are, Nick. You just magically show up like some knight in shining armor, ready to save the day..
      - save the day 力挽狂澜
→ People who live in Britain needn’t despair when they make mistakes like this (and a lot of people do)!
- Britain, needn’t 读的时候需要用鼻腔爆破
  - 鼻腔爆破 nasal explosion (口语)
    - 英文中的爆破音, p/b/t/d/k/g 六个爆破音, 这六个音通常是在口腔爆破, 但有些时候爆破会发生在鼻腔, [t]/[d]+[n] 的时候. 这时会不读 [t]/[d] 直接发 [n],
    - 鼻腔爆破只发生在弱读音节
    - 示例单词 : Britain / mutton/ certain /mountain /didn’t / student
- despair
  - despair of sb. 对某人绝望
  - despair of (doing ) sth. 对某事绝望
    - → The teachers began to despair of him.
    - → Mike despaired of ever seeing her again.
  - in despair 绝望地
    - → 他绝望的自杀了 He killed himself in despair.
    - → (NCE3-54 P244-427)I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L28) 1 gave up in despair.
    - → With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
      - faith n. 信仰
      - hew v. 砍
→ Fortunately for them(状语), the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog.(后置定语)
- claims v. 要求, 索赔 n. 声明 (保险业用的特别多)
  - 形似词: climax n. 高潮
- deals with 应付, 处理, 解决, (常用, 听说读写都有可能出现)
  - → W: I had to deal with so many courses last term that I really had a hard time. M: Itold you it would be better for you if you took fewer courses during the first semester.
  - attend to 应付, 处理, 解决
    - attend v. 出席
    - → (CE3-33 P154-L9) You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc.
  - see to 应付, 处理, 解决
    - see v. 看
    - → Don’t worry about it. I’ll see to it later.
  - handle 应付, 处理, 解决
    - → ‘Molly, Ineed your special talent for handling special matters.’ “Like what special matters?’
    - talent n. 才能
    - d 碰到 j 会音变为 [dʒ]
  - tackle 解决
    - → Many schools are now trying to tackle the problem of drug abuse.
      - drug n. 毒品
      - abuse v. 辱骂, 滥用, 虐待
  - cope with … 解决
    - → a seminar on ‘coping with stress in the workplace’
      - stress n. 压力, v. 强调
- feed sth. to sb. / feed sb. on sth. 把某物喂给某人吃
  - fed 过去式
  - → I fed raw meat to the dog.
  - → I fed the dog on raw meat.
  - → well-fed, well-bred 吃得饱的人懂礼貌
  - feed 还有投币的意思
  - → She fed two coins into the machine for a cup of coffee.
- 一个动词和两个不同的宾语搭配表示两个不同的意思,
  - zeugma 轭式修辞/ 共轭修辞
  - → Clothes that fit the man and the times
    - fit
  - → You’re free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit.
    - as you see fit 如果你觉得合适的话
    - execute + 法律表示执行法律
    - execute + 某人表示处死某人
- 动词 + up 表示强调彻底性
  - use 用 use up 用光了
  - burn 烧 burn up 烧光了
  - chew 嚼 chew up 嚼完了, 嚼烂了
- → It seems that dogs love to chew up money.
  - 通常重要信息放在主句中, 次要信息放在从句中, 所以这个写法没有课文中的写法好
  - → Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!
    - 把原来的主句作为插入语放到句子中, 然后把原来的从句作为主句. 重点突出, 主次分明.
    - 另一个例子:
      - →You may wonder why spiders are our friends.
      - → (NCE4-2 P11-L1) Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
        
        突出主要内容
        
        should 在疑问句中可以表示怎么
    - 又一个例子
      - → Many of us believe that economic development is of paramount importance to China.
      - → Economic development, many of us believe, is of paramount importance to China.

## text2

concern n. 有关于, 关于…
- be about… n. 关于
- → A recent case is about Jane Butlin ..
- 书信中也可以用
  - → To whom it may concern,
- → (NCE4-4 P23-L2) One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
- be concerned with….
  - → The book concerns music.
  - → The book is concerned with music.
  - → a book concerning music
    - concerning 很多字典直接把它看成介词
  - → a book concerned with music
run: be in charge of (sth); manage 经营
- run a hotel / shop / language school
- → John manages a successful furniture business.
- → John is in charge of a successful furniture business.
→ John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping.
go + doing 表示去做某事
- go fishing
- go camping
- go sight-seeing
- go mountain-hiking
- go hunting go bowling
→ When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing it, cooked her fiance’s wallet as well.
- without realize it 替换
  - … without knowing it,
  - …. without being aware of it
dismay: both shocked and discouraged. 既惊讶又沮丧
turn to /into … 变成 …
- change into…
- become
- → The caterpillar eventually turns to / into a beautiful butterfly.
- → The caterpillar eventually changes into a beautiful butterfly.
- → The caterpillar eventually becomes a beautiful butterfly.
  - caterpillar n. 毛毛虫
- turn + 名词表示身份的改变, 同时用零冠词
  - → The teacher turned writer.
  - → He has turned traitor.
    - traitor n. 叛徒
imagine one’s …. when … 想象一下某人在某时的感情/感觉
- → Imagine his dismay when he found he took the wrong train.
定语从句有人认为应该叫 continuative clause 接续性分句
- → John went to see his bank manager and the manager sent the remains of wallet and the money to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!
- 很多并列句或者状语从句都会考虑用定语从句的外壳, 因为定语从句比较简洁, 关系代词/关系副词既引导从句, 又在从句里充当成分, 这样表述就能简洁一些
- → He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries.
  - → He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
    - 这样就可以省略一个 the boy
    - 书面语中, 如果表达效果相同, 那么用字越少, 水平越高, 好的句子特征是没有一个冗余的词.
- → (NCE4-1P5-L1)We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
  - 靠… 这句子特么是个解释原因的原因状语从句…. 但是壳是定语从句的壳
  - → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. (等价,但是没有上面的句子简练)
- → Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
  - → Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
- → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any time.
  - → Ihave to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
    - give sb. the sack 炒某人鱿鱼
- → History books never mention those people although they really helped civilization forward.
  - → History books never mention those people who really helped civilization forward .
special 除了表示特别的, 也能表示专用的, 专门的
某人说了某话, 可以用倒装语序 ‘said sb.’, 但是后面的 sb. 不能是代词
as/ so long as 只要…..
- 类似的词
  - provided/ providing (that) …
  - on condition (that) …
- → You’ll be quite safe as long as you follow my instructions.
- → He can come with us, provided / providing (that) he pays for his own meals.
- → I’lI lend you the money on condition (that) you pay it back within three weeks.
- 辨析
  - only if … 只有… , if 后加状语从句, only if 如果在句首, 需要部分倒装
  - → she will go only if he goes.
  - → Only if he goes will she go.
for 可以表示在哪工作
- → (NCE3-4 P26-L6) This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
把某人说话的内容, 中间用某人说拆成两截, 一头一尾, 用于强调说话的信息, 弱化说话的人
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L11)“I’m trying to.repair the bell,” answered Bill. “I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise”.
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L13) “You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. “You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.”
如何写出优秀的解释说明类文章 (exposition)
1. 语言生动活泼，充满趣味性。
2. 用词准确清晰，避免模棱两可。
3. 抽象说明与具体例证相结合。
- 本文脉络（经典的解释说明类文章）:
  - 第一段：三个设问句引起读者兴趣并引入主题：残钞鉴别组，并确切地说明其作用。语言充满趣味性。
  - 第二段：给出具体例证。描述清晰，语言风趣，句式多变。

L8 A famous monastrey

word

monastery /ˈmɑːnəstɛri/ n. 修道院
monastery 基督徒的修道院 (基督徒住的地方, 布道的地方叫教堂)
temple 佛教徒和道教徒的寺庙
mosque 伊斯兰教徒的清真寺
–
monk n. 洋和尚/中国的和尚 (男性)
nun n. 修女/尼姑
nunnery n. 女修道院
convent n. 修女住的地方
–
church n. 普通的教堂, 教会
cathedral n. 大教堂(更宏伟的建筑)
St. Bernard 圣伯纳德 (地名)
- St. → saint n. 圣徒
- 某些地名或者大学的名字前面有 St. 前缀, 通常是为了纪念某位圣徒.
  - St. Andrew’s Road 圣安德鲁大街 (伦敦)
  - St. Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂 (伦敦)
  - St. Valentine’s Day 圣瓦伦汀节 (情人节)
rashly /ˈræʃli/ adv. 莽撞地, 冒失地
- rash adj. 轻率的, 鲁莽的
  - a rash decision
  - → Don’t make rash promises.
- 近义词:
  - reckless adj. 轻率的, 不顾后果的, 不顾可能出现的危险的
    - → He was fined $100 for reckless driving.
      - fine v. 罚款
  - impulsive adj. 爱冲动的, 头脑发热的.
    - impulse n. 冲动
    - → She’s so impulsive — she saw the house for the first time and said she’d buy it straight away.
      - straight away = right away = immediately 立刻
enclosure /ɪnˈkloʊʒər/ n. 围场, 圈地, 附件
- enclosure movement 圈地运动
  - Thomas More 的 Utopia(乌托邦) 中将圈地运动叫做 Sheep eat men.
- enclose v. 包围, 环绕
  - be enclosed by ..
  - → The garden was completely enclosed by a high wall.
- surround v. 包围, 围绕
  - be surrounded by …
  - → She said that she wanted to die surrounded by the people she loves.
- besiege v. 包围, 围绕 (军队)
  - be besieged by …
  - → Troy was besieged by Greeks.
- 形似词
  - closure n. 关闭
  - close v. 关闭
privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi/(美式发音) n. 清静, 隐私, 个人自由
- .protect / respect / invade sb.’s privacy
  - invade v. 入侵，侵略，侵入
- private adj. 私人的
  - 一般形容词或者名词末尾的 ate 会轻渎. 而非重读拖音
  - a private conversation / collector
    - None of your business

text 1

connect A with / to B 物理上的连接
- → The Channel Tunnel has connected Britain with mainland Europe for the first time .
- 同义表达
  - link A with / to B
  - join A to B
    - → (NCE3-17 P78-L8) The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten lsland.
- 抽象的联系
  - connect A with / to B
  - link A with / to B
    - → There is no evidence to link / connect him with the murder.
      - evidence n. 证据
  - associate A with B
    - → (NCE3-23 P114-L10) There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.
  - relate A to B
Switzerland 中间的 z 发 ts 的音
- pizza 中间的 zz 发 ts 的类似次的音
- Nazi
at…
- at 可以是 at an altitude of …. 的缩写, 表示在多少海拔高度上…
- 这个 At 2473 meters,… 可以看成原因状语, 也可以看成非谓语动词修饰整句, 省略了作为现在分词的 Being.
  - → Being at 2,473 meters, …
    - Being 如果出现在非谓语动词的句子里面, 通常可以省略 Being.
造句：4807米的勃朗峰 (Mont Blanc) 是阿尔卑斯山脉 (the Alps) 的最高峰。
- At 4,807 meters, Mont Blanc is the highest peak of the Alps.
  - Mont Blanc 是从法文来的, The Alps 阿尔卑斯山
使用 of 引出某些东西的名字
- → The famous monastery of St. Bernard
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L2 the Aegean island of Kea
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L3) the promontory of Avia lrini
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L1)the tiny village of Perachora
- 小说的名字不能用 of, 要用 entitle
  - → the novel of Three Kingdoms (F)
  - → the novel entitled Three Kingdoms
  - → the movie entitled Da Vinci Code
- 人的名字也不能用 of
  - → the man named / called Vincent
found v. 建造, 成立
- foundation n. 基础
公元后通常不需要明确标明 AD(Anno Domini), 公元前通常需要标明 BC (Before Christ)
可以追溯到某个时期
- date from
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L11)The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.
- date back to …
- can be traced back to
- 上述两个都可以表示追溯到某个时候,
  - → ..,which dates from the 11th century, …
  - →…, which dates back to the 11th century,.
  - → ..,which can be traced back to the 11th
    
    century,
位于的多种说法, (复习第三课)
- lie
- stand 强调立体感, 立着, stand 本身也有站的意思.表示比较小的东西
- 描述大的东西可以用躺着, 例如 lie,
St. Bernard Dog 温顺, 巨型犬, 常做救生犬
→ St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
- crossing the dangerous Pass. 做后置定语, 修饰 travellers.
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L10) cross the pass on foot
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L11) cross the pass in cars
- cross ＋宾语＋方式状语 穿越, 横穿某个地方
- 动词＋across ＋宾语, 和上面的穿越, 是不同的表示方式, 但是意思一样
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L11) They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island .
    - row across the Caribbean
  - → (NCE3-20 P90-L1)In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £ 1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.
    - fly across the English Channel
  - cross the pass on foot = walk across the pass
  - cross the pass in cars = drive across the pass
  - row across the Caribbean = cross the Caribbean by boat.
Roman time: 公元前五世纪 , the 5th century
n. 后面加 ly, 一般是 adj., adj. 后面加 ly, 一般是 adv.
- friendly adj. 友好的, 无害的.
  - environment-friendly 环保的, 环境无害的
  - ozone-friendly 臭氧层无害的
bring … from …. : 从 …. 带来 ….
- introduce …from….：从…..引进….
  - → …,which were introduced from Asia, …
  - → The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.
    - The grey squirrel 灰松鼠
  - → (NCE4-17 P98-L1) In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.
- (写作中最忌讳雷同)
→ Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.
- sent out into 被派往某个地方
- now (that) conj. 同时表示时间和原因, 现在怎么怎么样, 或者因为怎么怎么样.
  - Now (that) 从句使用现在时
    - → Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.
- tunnel n. 隧道, 地道
  - the Channel Tunnel
  - canal n. 运河
    - → the Panama Canal 巴拿马运河
疑问词 + ever 的含义
- 表示 “到底… . ”引号疑问句
  - → (NCE3-2 P18-L10)”Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
- 表示“无论…〞引导让步状语从句。=no matter + 疑问词
  - → (NCE3-1 P14-L11) Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
  - → No matter where it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
  - → …,the dogs are still sent out into the snow no matter when a traveller is in difficulty.
- 知新： “疑问词+ever〞表示“无论〞时还可以用于名词性从句，此时 $\ne$ “no matter+ 疑问词”，因为后者只能用于让步状语从句。
  - 名词性从句: 主语从句 / 宾语从句 / 表语从句 / 同位语从句, 都可以由名词来充当, 所以这四类从句都叫做名词性从句
  - → Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome. (T)主语从句
  - → No matter who wants to sign up for the course is welcome. (F) 让步状语从句, 这样整个句子没有主语了, 上面的句子因为是主语从句, 所以开头的从句是主语, 后面加谓宾, 而改成 no matter+疑问词之后, 上一句开头的主语从句变成了让步状语从句, 整个句子没有了主语
    - → No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome. [T]
  - → Whatever project he works on is always successful. [T]
    - → No matter what project he works on, it is always successful. [T] (No matter what)
- 读书使人充实, 讨论使人机敏, 写作使人精确 – 弗朗西斯培根 “论读书”
despite 介词尽管
attempt to do sth. 设法去做某事, 努力试图做某事
- 同义词
  - try to do sth.
  - make an attempt to do sth.
  - make an effort to do sth.
  - seek to do sth. (fml.[正式的书面语])
- → (NCE3-38 P174-L7) But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.
- → I made an attempt to apologize, but Brian wouldn’t even talk to me.
- → (NCE3-20 P90-L2) Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
- → (NCE3-38 P174-L21)It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
- → (NCE4-24 P138-L14) … if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.

text 2

→ During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars.
- months 通常读得时候, th 不发音, 最后的 s 由于受 n 的干扰, 读成 ts 发的类似刺的音.
  - month 正常读
- in cars = by car
  - 表示“使用某种交通工具”的介词短语， “by”后要直接加单数名词 “in” 后的名词要有人称和数的变化.
    - by 的描述相对于 in 来说更少, in 能够加更多的描述, 描述多少辆/某人的交通工具, 一定要用 in, 绝对不能用 by 这个表达.
  - → You can go to the airport in my car.
  - → We crossed the river in a boat.
As 可以引导原因状语从句, 表示因为
about 可以做副词表示周围/环绕
→ As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be …
- there be 句型的主语是后面的名词, 这里就是后面的 so many people
- 这里的非谓语的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致, 所以是独立主格结构, 这个句子原句如下:
  - → (With) so many people (being) about, the dogs have to be
  - 连词后面必须跟完整的句子, 而不是非谓语,
- 这里的 special 是表示专用的, 而非特殊的’ 的意思
- keep: confine 把… 关起来, 上文的 be kept 表示被关起来
  - → He was kept / confined in prison.
  - → You shouldn’t keep / confine the bird in a cage.
    - cage 笼子
life 表示生活, 中文中的在英文中并不都是 of
- [btw 补笔记的时候记得补加粗的位置]
- life at the monastery 在修道院的生活
- life on a desert island(island 的 s 不发音) 荒岛生活
- life in the army 军旅生活
- life on campus 校园生活 (campus 大学校园)
  - collage 学院
  - off campus 学校周围
quite adv. completely 完全, 截然
- 越是高级英语越是细致活儿, 细致的位置体现水平
- quite 作adv. 常见的意思有两个,
  1. 颇为, 相当地
  2. 截然, 完全, 彻底, 完全地,
- 文中 quite different 应该翻译成截然不同, 不应该翻译成颇为不同.
- 其他的表示截然地/完全地的例子
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L4) The other side of the picture is quite the opposite.
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
temperature 中间的 a 不发音
drop to 下降到
- 同义词
  - fall 掉下来, 摔下来, 也可以表示数量下降
    - → The temperature falls to -30°…
    - → (NCE3-50 P228-L24) Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero. (Little by little 一点一点的)
  - plunge 扑通一声跳到水里了
    - → (NCE3-10 P50-L15) The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
    - → The temperature plunges to -30°…(替换)
  - dive to 跳水
- 反义词
  - increase to … 上升到
  - rise to … 上升到
  - rocket to …. 暴涨到
  - soar to … 上升的 (鸟儿飞到天上去了)
- 上升/下降的幅度
  - → The temperature drops by 10° (温度下降了十度)
-30度怎么读
- minus 30 degrees (注意美语中, 没有字母r 的时候是不能勾舌尖的)
- 30 degrees below zero 零下三十度
- 摄氏度C
  - minus 30 degrees Centigrade(n后面的 t读快了就没了, 直接用 n 拼 i) / Celsius
- 华氏F
  - minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit

text 3

⭐️ perfer v. 更喜欢, 宁愿, 偏爱
- prefer A to B
  - → I prefer mutton to beef.
- prefer doing to doing
  - → I prefer standing to sitting down.
- 听力题
  - → W: Didn’t Marian go shopping with you yesterday?
  - → M: Even if she hadn’t had a lot of studying, she would have preferred staying home to going shopping.
  - 否定疑问是希望预期肯定的回答.
  - imply v. 暗示, 意味着
- prefer A rather than B 喜欢 A 而不是 B, 有排斥 B 的意思 (刚刚那个是相比 A 更喜欢 B)
  - → I prefer mutton rather than beef.
- prefer to do rather than do 更喜欢做 A 相较于 B, 这里没有排斥 B 的意思
  - → I prefer to stand rather than sit down.
    - 注意让人坐下的时候不要说 sit, 这是对狗下口令, 应该是 ‘sit down , please’
- would rather do than do 宁愿做 A 也不愿意做 B (区别较为微妙)
  - → I**’d** rather stand than sit down.
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L7) … people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
  - 听力题
    - → M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
    - → W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I**’d rather** call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.
      - due adj. 到期的, 应付的,
        
        cue n. 线索
      - make that one 赶上那辆车
允许做某事的表达
- permit sb. to do
- allow sb. to do
- give sb. permission to do
wander: to walk aimlessly 漫无目的的闲逛
- 同义词:
  - roam v. 闲逛
    - 形似词: foam n. 泡沫
- 形似词
  - wonder : n. 奇迹, v. 想知道
regular adj. 规律的, 常规的, 规则的
- regular visitors 常客
  - regular visitors to sp. 到某地的常客
- 同义词:
  - normal
- 反义词:
  - irregular adj. 不规则的
- → He is one of our restaurant’s regulars.
  - → What’ll it be? 您想点啥?
  - → the usual , please.
parties of skiers 一队一队的滑雪者
- 这里的 party 不是表示派对, 而是表示一队有共同目的的人
- a party of tourists 一队游客
- a search party 搜寻队
- a rescure party 营救队
- 同义词
  - group / bunch / crowd / band
  - bunch 用在水果上是一串, 例如一串葡萄
  - band 不但可以表示乐队, 也可以表示一群人.
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L9) Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in ltaly with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.
复活节是耶稣复活的日子 Easter(三月底四月初左右), 圣诞节是耶稣出生的日子Christmas,
- on Christmas Day 圣诞节那一天
  - At Christmas 是整个圣诞节假期
- on Easter Day
- on(美)/at(英) weekends
受到欢迎
- ., are always warmly welcomed .. (不佳)
- receive a warm welcome (名词会相对更加正式)
- 致以欢迎 extend … to …
  - extend v. 延展, 提供
  - → Let’s all extend a warm welcome to our visitors.
- receive + n. 受到；得到；遭到, 这三个意思都可以优先考虑用 receive, (黄金的第一选择)
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L9) No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
    - 受到的表扬和遭到的谩骂
      - abuse 辱骂, 虐待, 滥用
  - receive insults 遭到了侮辱
  - receive support 得到了支持
  - receive adequate treatment 得到了充分的治疗
  - receive good education 得到了良好的教育
  - 用 receive 的话就不需要使用动词被动了.
  - receive attention 得到了关注
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L20) This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, …
到了三册, 词法上的重要性, 慢慢就会超过语法的重要性, 随着单词量的增加, 词法上的细节会越来越多,

L9 Flying cats

## word

fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ v. 迷住, 吸引住 (及物)
- ate 字根在动词末尾有固定的读法, eit,
- be fascinated by 被吸引住了
- → I am fascinated by the story. 我被这个故事迷住了
- → So the story is fascinating.
  - 这里不是现在分词, 是直接当作形容词来用
  - fascinating adj. 迷人的
- be / find …. endlessly fascinating 永远都是那么迷人
  - find 不一定表示发现, 也可以表示认为/觉得,
  - → This city is endlessly fascinating.
  - → I find the natural world endlessly fascinating.
- fascination n. 魅力, 吸引力
  - have a … fascination for … 对某人某物来说有一种什么样的魅力
    - → The story has a great fascination for me.
    - → (NCE4-35 P207-L17) Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.
      - voyagers n. 探险家, 旅行者, 航海家
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L5) For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.
affectionate /əˈfɛkʃənət/ adj. 充满深情的, 柔情的
- ate 字根不在动词末尾读成 ət
- → She looked at him in an affectionate way.
- affection n. 慈爱, 柔情
  - parental(父母亲) affection 父母亲的爱
  - maternal(妈妈的) affection 母爱
  - paternal(父亲的) affection 父爱
mysterious /mɪˈstɪriəs/ adj. 神秘的, 难以理解的
- 中间的 ə 经常被吞掉
- the mysterious pyramids(金字塔)
- mystery n. 谜, 难以理解的人或事
  - be a mystery to sb. 对某人来说难以理解
    - → It’s a complete mystery to me why she married him at all!
      - complete adj. 完全的 v. 完成
      - 最后的 at all 用来加强语气
    - 听力题:
      - → M: I was shocked when I heard you’d finished your research project a whole month early.
      - → W: How I managed to do it is still a mystery to me.
submissive /səbˈmɪsɪv/ adj. 服从的, 顺从的, 温顺的
- → He was looking for a quiet submissive wife who would obey his every word.
- submit v. 提交, 呈递, 服从, 屈服
  - submit to 服从于, 顺从于
  - → First, you must give Helen back to my brother. Second, Troy must submit to my command to fight for me whenever I call.
- yield/jiːld/ to … 服从于, 屈服于
- bow(鞠躬) to … 屈服于,服从于
  - → The government refused to yield / bow / to the terrorists.
    - terrorists n. 恐怖分子
- be subject to sth. 屈服于, 服从于
  - → All employees are subject to the regulations of the company.
    - regulations n. 规章制度
  - → So let us begin anew—-remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
    - anew = again
    - sincerity 真诚
    - 最后一句用了倒复手法,
feline /ˈfiːlaɪn/ adj. 猫的, 像猫的,
- → She walks with feline grace.
  - grace n. 优美,优雅 (来自古法语)
    - graceful adj. 优美的, 优雅的
- ine 词缀经常表示像… 一样的
- canine adj. 狗的, 像狗的, 犬的
  - canine teeth 狗牙
- aquiline adj. 鹰的, 像鹰的
  - an aquiline nose 鹰鼻
- prcine adj. 猪的, 像猪的
- equine adj. 马的, 像马的
- bovine adj. 牛的, 像牛的
  - bovine spongiform(海绵形状的) encephalopathy(脑部病变) (BSE) 疯牛病
    - mad cow disease(疾病) 疯牛病
- feminine adj. 女人气的, 像女人的
  - female 女性的
- masculine adj. 男子气的, 像男人的
independence /ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns/ n. 独立, 自主
- Independence Day 独立日 (7.4 美国国庆)
- → India gained independence from Britain in 1947.
  - gain(v. 获得) independence from sb. 从某人获得独立
- independent adj. 独立的, 自主的,
  - be independent of ….
    - → Hlis wages(n. 工资) enabled him to become economically independent of his family.
  - be dependent on … adj. 依赖的
    - → They hate being dependent on their parents.
      - 这里的 hate 不翻译成憎恨, 翻译成不乐意,
    - → ICE3-46 P212-L1) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.

## text1

**never fail to do sth. ** 总是能做某事
- be always doing sth. 略有贬义词的味道
- → My grandson never fails to phone me on my birthday.
- 双重否定
  - 表肯定, 用于加强肯定句的语气, 比肯定句更加肯定.
  - → (NCE3-9 P46-L11) …,because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
    - shortage n. 缺乏
      - no shortage 有得是
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L26) Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L7)It is not uncommon to hear that a shipping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship.
  - → She did not fail to keep her word.
  - → Nobody is without his faults. 人无完人
  - → Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 如果你想做某事, 那么没什么是不可能的. (有志者, 事尽成)
    - willing adj. 乐意的, 愿意的
  - → No one has nothing to contribute to society(社会). 每个人都可以为社会作出贡献
  - → I will never read books without falling asleep. 我一看书就想睡觉,
→ Cats are endlessly fascinating.
→ We find cats endlessly fascinating.
→ They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well.
- can be 表示一种可能性,
- be friendly to/toward(s)(美服可以把 s 去掉也行) 对某人友好
  - → Why is he suddenly so friendly to / toward(s) you?
- be affectionate toward(s) 对某人充满深情
  - → He is very affectionate toward(s) his children.
- live/lead a … life 过着一种 .. 的生活
  - live 表示活着, 他的名词生活就是 life,
  - 这种动词和后面宾语同根的情况较为常见,
    - sing a song
    - live a life
    - He breathed his last breath
    - She died a glorious death. 死得光荣
- … of one’s own 自己的….(专门用来做后置定语)
  - → I want a room of my own.
像…一样
- like 如果表示像…一样 , 在书面语中作介词 (或者说连词)
- as … as …. (用于肯定句)
- as/so … as (否定/疑问)
  - 第一个 as/so 是副词, 修饰形容词或者副词, 第二个 as 是连词, 表示就像, 这个连词后面跟的并列句中, 谓语动词一般是省略的, 因为后面的谓语动词往往和主句中的谓语动词是一样的.
  - → They never become as / so submissive as dogs and horses (do).
- in the (same) way that(which) …., 就像 ,这个 that 在这里表示关系副词,
  - → (NCE2-26 P126-L4) We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.
  - → Love me in the way that I love you.
    - 祈使句, 省略主语, 以动词开头.
  - → The city is living proof that the policy works in the way that economists claim(声称).
  - → They never become submissive in the (same) way that dogs and horses do.
learn 学会了, 明白了, 懂了,(强调结果)
- study 表示去学习, 去研究, (强调过程)
- 听力题:
  - → When will you ever learn?
    - 为什么你总是在明白了? 翻译一下就是为什么你总是学不会?
    - 意思是: Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
古罗马/古希腊认为的三个成熟男子必备的品性
- independence 独立
- humor 幽默
- honesty 诚实
sovereignty n. 主权
autonomy n. 自治权
- → the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 内蒙古自治区
→ Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their lives.
- remain 留有, 保持
- suspicious adj. 怀疑的(怀疑别人) / 可疑的(令别人怀疑)
  - be suspicious of /about … 对… 怀疑的, 有戒备
  - → He appeared suspicious. 他看起来可疑的
    - appeare 看起来
  - 同义词
    - sceptical(英) / skeptical(美) adj. 怀疑的, 持怀疑态度的
      - be skeptical of/ about
      - → I’m highly skeptical of / about his motives.
all one’s life = throughout(贯穿) one’s life 终生
- for life = for the rest(其余的) of one’s life 余生
  - for 读快了会读成 fe
  - → The accident crippled him for life. 事故使他余生残废了.
  - → I’ll love you for life.
→ One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives.
- belief n. 信念, 信仰, 观念
- 这里第一个从句 that fascinates us most about cats 修饰前面的 one 或者 things 都对, 新概念体系中, 通常认为这个从句修饰前面的 one, 而国内的考试中通常认为这里修饰前面前面的 things.
  - 如果是修饰 one , 那么这里的动词 fascinate 要用第三人称单数加 s,
  - 如果是修饰 things, 那么这里动词 fascinate 用原型即可
  - 上述两种在语法上都对,
  - 以下是新概念体系的其他例子
    - → (NCE2-28 P134-L1) Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
    - → (NCE3-25 P122-L6) The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built.
    - 语法改错 :
      - → John is the only one of the students in the class (A) that never (B) admit making a mistake even when (C) it is (D) pointed out to him.
      - admit 改为 admits
- 这个知识点叫做 one of something 后面加定语从句的谓语用三单还是原型
most 修饰 v. 前面加或不加 the 都 ok, 而 most 如果修饰 adj. ,那么前面要加 the
- → Those who work (the) most often get paid (the) least.
造句：最令我们感到伤心 (sadden) 的一件事是一种令人沮丧的说法 (a depressing saying)：每当我们在街上有麻烦或者有危险时没有人来帮助我们 (come to our assistance)。
- One of thing that saddens us most is a depressing saying that whenever we are in trouble or danger in the street no one will come to our assistance.
there is a good deal of truth in … (某事很有道理)
- 某事有点道理
  - (NCE3-12 P58-L7) Perhaps there is an element of truth in both this pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.
  - There is probably an element of truth in this argument, but they ignore a more basic fact that the freedom of the press is often abused.
    - argument n. 争论, 论据,
    - the freedom of the press 新闻自由
    - abuse v. 辱骂, 虐待, 滥用
  - → Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity in a famous scientist to the fact that he never went to school. There is undoubtedly a truth in his observation, but such a truth is not criticism of schools.
    - creativity n. 创造力
    - attributed … to … 把前者归因于后者
    - observation n. 某人的观点
    - there is a truth in … (某事有道理)
    - criticism n. 批评
ability to do 做… 的能力
servive v. 存活, (不及物) v. 经历某事而存活 (及物)
- → in the battle, only 4 soldiers survived.(不及物)
- → Only 4 soldiers survived the battle. (及物)
- → (NCE3-54 P244-L18)1am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches.
… is based / founded on fact 基于… 的, 这里是基于事实的
- … rests on fact 基于事实
- … is supported by fact 被事实支持的

## text2

medical adj. 医学的/医疗的
make a study of sth. (名词结构, 更为庄重) = study … 对 sth. 做研究 / 研究 sth.
- make a study of human nature 对人性做研究
- 对人性做仔细的研究
  - 例1: make a study of human nature carefully
  - 把动词变成名词作为中心词的短语之后, 充满了灵活性, 不止是表达更加庄严正式, 而且可以直接在名词前面用形容词来限定了, 之前用副词修饰动词, 现在可以用形容词修饰名词,
  - made a close(adj. 仔细的) study of human nature
→ All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of them died from shock or injuries.
- yet 表示然而既可以做副词, 也可以做连词, 本句中作连词
- injurie n. 外伤
- have sth. in common :
  - → … because people’s descriptions of the puma had a lot in common.
  - → These two species have certain features in common.
    - species n. 物种 (单复数同行)
    - certain adj. 某些, 某种程度上
- share sth. : 有共同的某些东西的(的替换)
  - → We share an interest in history. 我们对历史有着共同的兴趣
  - → These two species share certain features. 这两个物种有着共同的特征
  - → All these casts shared one experience: …. 所有的猫有着共同的经历(经验/体验)
- fall off sth. 从某处掉落
  - 替换:
    - fall off sth.
    - fall from sth.
    - fall sth.
- shock v. 受到打击/冲击
- die from … 更强调外因
  - die from shock or injuries / a wound / an accident
    - shock 冲击力
    - Injuries 外伤
    - wound n. 伤口(常指刀枪伤), v. 使受伤/使受创
    - accident 事故
  - 替换:
  - die of … 更强调内因, 疾病/饥饿/悲伤
    - die of a disease / hunger / grief
      - disease n. 疾病
      - grief 伤心
  - 上述二者的区别并不是语法错误, 只是一个习惯和趋势
  - → (NCE2-77 P358-L3) As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
  - → (NCE4-37 P218-L6) It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually ‘die of old age’, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty.
→ New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
- ideal n. 理想 adj. 理想的, 完美的, 最好的 (由于这个词本身已经有最高级的含义了, 所以这个词没有最高级的变化)
- shortage n. 短缺
  - there is a shortage of …. 缺乏某人某物 (这个修饰前面用单数形式, 即便 of 后面的词是复数也是用单数形式, 这里强调的是 shortage , 而不是 of 后面的词)
    - → There is a shortage of food in the refugee camps.
    - → There is a shortage of nurses and doctors in this area.
  - there is no shortage of … 双重否定个表肯定,
    - → …because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
  - there are plenty of
    - plenty n. 丰富, 充足 adj. 充足的, 丰富的,
    - plenty of 某物充足
    - → …, because there are plenty of tall buildings. (这里的短语主体是 plenty of , 所以是否用复数是看后面的 tall buildings) (?没太搞懂这里的意群是怎么分的…)(查了下, 这里的 plenty of 做形容词短语, 修饰后面的高楼大厦, 谓语主体是高楼大厦)
    - → There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from!
      - windowstills n. 窗台
→ One cat, Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet only suffered from a broken tooth.
- storey n. 楼层
- yet 然而
- suffer (from) sth. v. 经历了痛苦的事情
  - suffer v. 遭受, 忍受
  - moreover adv. 此外, 而且
  - in spite of 介词短语, 尽管, 不顾
  - ever so adv. 非常, 极其
造句：一个叫 Mike 的出租司机出了 (be involved in .）一次严重的车祸，然而只断了两根肋骨 (rib)。
- → One taxi driver, Mike, was involved in a serious car accident, yet only suffered from two broken ribs.
→ ‘Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers,’
- behave v. 行为举止
- well-trained adj. 训练有素的
→ It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves.
- seem v. 似乎, 好像, 显得
- further adj. 进一步的, 越, 更远
  - further 来自 far ,是 far 的两个比较级之一
  - far → farther / further → farthest/furthest
    - 美式用 farther 多点, 英式两种都行
    - 在抽象概念上的含义, 更加深入的, 进一步的, 更深远的, 通通得用 further
      - further development(发展) /investigation(调查)
- 越…就….
  - → The harder they worked the hungrier they became.
    - 这个句子前面是从句, 后面是主句,
    - 意思是 : 他们工作的越努力, 他们就越饿
  - → They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked
    - 这个句子的前半句是主句, 后半句是从句, 要先翻译后半句的从句, 再翻译前半句的主句
    - 意思依旧是: 他们工作的越努力, 他们就越饿
  - 幸运的是, 这个句式就上面两种格式, 没有第三种格式
  - → (NCE3-55 P248-L20) A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
    - dust n. 尘埃
    - thin adj. 薄, 瘦
      - thinner 更薄的
    - solar system n. 太阳系
    - 这里的 own 不表示拥有, 而强调它属于我们自己
    - 这句话是上面的第二个句式, 前面的 thinner 的前面的 the 被省略了, (注意观察比较级的词前面的 the, 而不是名词前面的 the, ), 所以这句的前半句是主句, 后半句是从句, 先翻译从句, 再翻译主句
    - 所以这句的意思是当我们向太阳系边缘行驶的越远, 那么尘埃会越稀薄.
  - → The younger the child is, the more is the child’s need of sleep.
    - 主句的主语如果太长, 就可以考虑用倒装
    - 然后更变态的点, 如果主句和从句的谓语动词都是 be 动词的话, 那么这两个 be 动词都可以被省略, 所以上面这个句子可以进一步被简化为(不一定需要主从两句的谓语都是 be 动词, 这个主从两句里面的 be 动词只要存在就都可以省略):
    - →The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep. 整个句子没有谓语动词, 但是句子语法是对的(这种省略非必须, 前面省后面留, 或者前面留后面省都行)
    - → (NCE4-7 P41-L4) The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
      - 前面是从句, 后面是主句
      - elapse v. 流逝
  - 这个句型有三个要非常注意的细节
    1. 第一个是翻译的顺序
    2. 第二个是主句中如果主语太长可以倒装(可选, 可省可不省)
    3. 第三个是谓语动词中出现了 be 动词是可以省略的 (可选, 可省可不省)
reach v. 达到
→ In a long drop, they reach speeds 15 of 60 miles an hour and more.
1. speed 做不可数名词时, 与 at, with 搭配均可.
  - e.g. at/with great speed
2. speed 做可数名词时, 只能与 at 搭配
  - e.g. at a speed of 60 mph
- → (NCE3-6 P34-L14) The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed.
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L23) Though the new rudder was fitted at/with tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win.
stretch v. 伸展, 拉伸
- → (NCE3-44 P204-127) …,you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, …
  - unbroken adj. 连续的, 中间未中断的
  - stretch out for miles 连绵数英里
  - stretch out 延伸, 伸展, 伸出
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L13) You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks,
  - stretch one’s legs 散散步, 出去走走
flying squirrel n. 飞鼠
→ This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact when they hit the ground.
- increase v. 增加
- resistance n. 阻力
- reduces v. 减少
- inpact n. 冲击力
- ground n. 地面
本文篇章分析
- 现象一解释〞型说明类文章。题目新奇，引其读者的兴趣。
- 第一段：引文（猫很迷人，路做陈述）一引出主题（最迷人之处在于有九条命一跌落时不死）
- 第二段：介绍一项研究并举例一借用医生的话展开解释原理（语言生动风趣）一末尾点题 (flying squirrels → flying cats)

L10 The loss of the Titanic ⭐️

## word

colossal /kəˈlɑːsl/ adj. 巨大的, 庞大的, 惊人的 (来自希腊语 kolossos , 意为巨像)
- 美式发音中, 中间的 o 还是发 ɑː 的音
- 形容数量或者体积巨大的
- a colossal ship
- a colossal sum of money
- 同义词
  - huge
  - great
  - immense /ɪˈmɛns/ adj. 巨大的
  - enormous /ɪˈnɔːrməs/ adj. 巨大的 (来自中古拉丁语 enormis, 意为不寻常的大小)
  - gigantic /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/ adj. 巨大的 (来自希腊语, 意为 “巨人”)
  - titanic (来自希腊神话中的泰坦) 除了表示巨大的之外, 还暗示特别坚固的, 特别强壮的, 特别结实的 (毕竟词从泰坦来)
tragic /ˈtrædʒɪk/ adj. 悲惨的, 悲剧的
- tragedy /ˈtrædʒədi/ n. 悲剧, 惨剧, 不幸的事件
- comedy /ˈkɑːmədi/ n. 喜剧
  - comic adj. 滑稽的, 好笑的
- drama /ˈdrɑːmə/ n. 戏剧 (网络词抓马)
  - dramatic /drəˈmætɪk/ adj. 戏剧性的, 引人注目的, 激动人心的, 夸张的
liner /ˈlaɪnər/ n. 班轮, 班机, (来自 line 这个词)
- (ocean) liner 班轮
- airliner 班机
- steamship 汽轮
- yacht /jɑːt/ n. 游艇 (来自荷兰语 jaght, 意为 ‘追求’/‘狩猎’)
- tanker 油轮 (来自 tank, 意为存储器, 容器)
  - tank n. 储存罐, 水箱, 坦克 (来自中古英语的 tanke, 意为储藏室)
    - gas tank 油箱
    - storage tank 储罐
    - water tank 水箱
- ferry /ˈferi/ n. 渡轮 (来自古英语的 ferian，意为 “运送”)
  - berry n. 浆果
    - cherry n. 樱桃
- raft /ræft/ n. 木筏
- dinghy /ˈdɪŋi/ n. 橡皮艇, 橡皮救生艇
- canoe /kəˈnu/ n. 独木舟
  - kayak n. 爱斯基摩独木舟, 皮艇, 划皮艇
    - kayaking v. 划皮艇
voyage /ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/ n. 航行(海上的), 可数
- flight n. 航行 (空中的), 可数
  - 形似词
    - blight n./v. 枯萎
    - bright adj. 明亮的
      - blind adj. 失明的
- navigation /ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃən/ n. 航海 (不可数)
- aviation /ˌeɪviˈeɪʃən/ n. 航空 (不可数)
- 在… 的途中
  - be on a voyage / flight / trip / journey / tour
    - on a business trip
    - on a hunny moon trip
    - journey 比较长距离的旅行, tour 一般是周游, 要去好几个地方
- Bon voyage! 一路顺风(法语) 坐船/坐飞机/坐火车皆可
  - Have a good trip! 一路顺风
    - 诺曼征服, 征服过英国, 强迫英国人学法语, 所以英语中来自法文的词比较多,
  - Happy landings! 一路顺风
    - land n. 降落, 着陆
norrowly /ˈnærəʊli/ adv. 侥幸地,勉强地(发生) , 狭窄地 (来自 narrow 的副词形式)
- → We won narrowly. 我们险胜
- → He narrowly escaped drowning. 他险些淹死
  - drown v. 淹死
- (only) just adv. 勉强地, 侥幸地
  - → She (only) just failed in the exam. 没及格, just failed 要直译勉强地失败, 就是差点成功嘛
- hardly(几乎不) / scarcely(几乎没有) / barely (几乎没有, 仅仅, 来自 bare)
  - → I hardly know him. 我不太认识他. (不熟, 可能有一面之缘) (别理解成我几乎快忘了他, 英文应该不会表达的那么模糊.)
tremble /ˈtrembl/ v. 颤抖, (来自古法语 trembler，源自拉丁语 tremulare，表示颤动，震颤)
- → He trembled with anger. 他气的浑身发抖.
  - anger n. 怒火, 愤怒
- → The leaves trembled in the breeze. 树叶在微风中颤抖
- breeze /briːz/ n. 微风 (来自古法语 breser)
- quiver n./v. 颤抖(指人或者事物都行)
- shiver n./v. 颤抖(指人或者事物都行)
  - → When I kiss your lips, ooh l start to shiver, Can’t control the quivering inside. Wouldn’t you agree, baby you and me got a groovy kind of love.
    - lips n. 嘴唇
    - groovy adj. 绝妙的, 特别好的, 很棒的 (口语)
- shudder v./n. 剧烈的颤抖(更大幅度)
  - → (NCE4-3 P17-L5)… make a modern climber shudder at the thought, ..
  - 形似词:
    - shutter n. 百叶窗

## text 1

船只的名字前一般要加上定冠词 the, 有个例外, 当船在句子中间当同位语的时候, 可以省略 前面的 the, 但不是必须省略
- The Titanic
- (NCE3-25) the Cutty Sark
- (NCE4-27) the Vasa
- → (NCE3-32 P150-L1) The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L1) One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich.
  - sailing ship 帆船
从 A 启航驶往 B
- sail from A to B
- sail out of A towards B : 从 A 出发, 向 B
- sail for B from A
- 飞往
  - → The Boeing 747 flew from Shanghai to New York.
  - → The Boeing 747 flew out of Shanghai towards New York.
  - → The Boeing 747 flew for New York from Shanghai.
    - 英文的地名中, 通常是重读最后一个音节
- 如果表示出发或者离开的动词后面要接 目的地, 那么中间的介词通常用 for 而不用 to
  - leave for
    - → I am leaving for Dalian on Friday.
  - depart(离开) for …
  - set out / off for …
  - make for …. 表示朝某个方向走
    - → I think it’s time we made for home.
      - 这里 made 是虚拟语气, 不是表示过去式
      - 英语是介词的语言
  - be heading / headed for … 朝着某个状态前进
    - → The negotiation is heading for deadlock.
      - negotiation /nɪˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/ n. 谈判
      - deadlock n. 僵局, 死锁
    - → Newcastle seemed to be heading for failure until a late goal saved the day.
造句：马航370号航班 (Malaysia Airlines Flight 370)于2014年3月8日从吉隆坡 (Kuala Lumpur) 出发飞往北京。
- → Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 flew for Beijing from Kuala Lumpur on March 8th, 2014.
指“车、船、祖国”时常用"she”
- → What’s wrong with my car? She won’t start.
  - start 有时候也表示激灵, 醒来的时候的一机灵
- → China has done what she promised to do.
对于 1316 的读法, 通常英式会在百和十之间加一个 and, 而美式则加不加都 ok. 而在千和百之间通常都不会加.
描述团队的人数可以用全体成员的称谓 + of + 数量, 例如
- a crew of 891
- a staff of 1319
- a committee of 100 一百人的委员会
- a family of 5 五口之家
  - 如果写成 ‘a family of 5 people’ 则有点罗嗦
表示在车上, 在船上, 在飞机上
- on board n. / aboard adv. & prep.
  - board 通常当名词用(木板/董事会/食物/登机牌) 或者当动词用(上载具)
  - aboard 通常当副词或者介词用
- All aboard! 全体上船
- Welcome aboard! 欢迎上船/ 欢迎加入我们的组织
- One thousand three hundred and sixteen passengers and a crew of 891 were on board (her) / aboard (her).
  - 放在句首通常不用阿拉伯数字, 而用英文字母把它拼写出来, 这是一个习惯 (个人理解是开头用阿拉伯数字的话, 在书面语中有点显得不庄重, 即便在中文里也是如此, ), 在句子后面用阿拉伯数字没问题.
全部倒装
- 把全部谓语置于主语之前
  1. 表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。这种倒装主要目的是为了突出句末的主语.(突出句首的是部分倒装)
    1. 主语不是代词。
    2. 谓语动词不是及物动词。
  2. **表语置于句首。**这种倒装主要目的是为了避免头重脚轻 (主语较长) (例如表系主)
    - → Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body.
      - sound adj. 健康的(就是那个’听起来’那个词, 有健康的意思, 修饰名词)
    - → Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
      - gay adj. 开心的
- 句首和句尾是整个句子中最重要的地方, 而句尾比句首更加重要.
- 能倒装的例子:
  - → In came Miss Green. 格林小姐进来了
    - 中文中也有这样的全部倒装: 一推门, 进来了格林小姐
  - → On the hill stands a temple. 一座庙矗立在山上
  - → There are two people. 那有两个人
    - there be 句型也是一种全部倒装, 原句应该是 Two people are there.
  - → There once stood a little village. 那个地方曾经有一个小村庄
  - → Now comes your turn. 现在该你了
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L23) Next came a horse, … 现在来了匹马
- 不能倒装的例子(注意上面的两个条件, 主语不是代词, 谓语不是及物动词):
  - → Off he went. (he 是代词)
  - → On the hill John saw Mary. (see 是及物动词)
部分倒装
- 只把助动词, be 动词(之前没有其他助动词)或 情态动词 置于主语之前. 用于强调句首的内容
  1. 否定词位于向首
  2. ‘only+ 状语’ 位于句首
  3. such, so, well, often, many a time 等表示程度、频率的词位于句首
部分倒装和全部倒装的区别.
1. 强调的部分有所不同
  - 部分倒装是为了突出句首,
  - 全部倒装是为了突出句尾 (表语前置引起的全部倒装多是为了避免头重脚轻)
2. 限制条件有所不同
  - 部分倒装只看句首, 对主语谓语没有要求
  - 全部倒装对主语谓语有要求(表语前置引起的完全倒装除外).

## text 2

→ Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.
- By: according to 根据 …
  - → What time is it by your watch?
  - → By my watch it’s 4 o’clock.
- modern: 现代的, 当代的(当时的时代的, 这个意思不是表示现代)
- standards: 标准, 表示这个意思的时候通常用复数, 毕竟标准是复杂的 ;)
  - safety standards 安全标准
  - moral standards 道德标准
  - living standards 生活水平
  - 同义词:
    - criterion n. 标准, 判断依据 (来自希腊语 kritērion，意思是“判断标准”)不一定是通用的标准, 通畅表示是某机构某公司某个学校用来选拔和鉴别的标准
      - 复数是 criteria
      - admission criteria 录取标准
      - → the criteria we use to select candidates
        
        candidates n. 候选人
→ At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
- ever adv. 用来询问是否在任何时候发生过某事, 从来
  - 形似词:
    - even adv. 平均分配, 甚至, adj. 平坦的, v. 使平坦
- as adj.
  - 像 adj.
- regard v. 关心, 重视, 认为
  - regard … as … 把前者看作是后者, 这里的 as 是介词, 但介词后通常跟名词性的词, 为什么这里可以跟一个 adj. ?
    - 原因如下:
      - 形容词作介词宾语时可视为其前省略了动名词 being，即 ‘‘介词(+being)+形容词 " 的形式。
        
        → He regarded the situation as (being) serious.
        
        serious adj. 严重的
        
        → His work is far from (being) satisfactory.
- unsinkable adj. 不会沉没的, 无法击沉的
  - sunk v. 表示沉默, 下沉
- 并列句表示 ‘不但而且’ 的句型
  - not only … but also …
  - not only … but …
  - not only … but … as well
尽管和即使的辨析
- 中文里的尽管和即使, 两个都是让步的连词
  - **尽管**表示已经发生的事情, **即使**表示未发生的假设
  - 对比例子
    - → Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit. (我不确定你喜不喜欢古迹, 所以我说即使你不喜欢古迹的话, 沃里克城堡也值得一去)
    - → Even though you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit.(我确定你喜不喜欢古迹, 所以我说尽管你不喜欢古迹, 但沃里克城堡也值得一去)
      - ancient monuments 古迹
- 例句:
  - → (NCE2-47 P210-L10) The villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away. (你送我我也不要, 这个只是一个假设)
    - inn n. 旅社, 旅馆, 小酒馆
  - → (NCE2-38 P174-L4) Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
    - bitterly adv. 非常地, 极其地
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L15) Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time.
    - ideal adj. 理想的
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L22) I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twentyfour hours.
- even if 一定是对假设的让步
- even though 一定是对事实的让步
等价的两句:
- → Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float.
- → Even if two of these were flooded, she still wouldn’t sink.
- 课文中没有用 sink 是因为后文中比较近的地方有用到 sink, 所以这里为了避免重复换了一种说法
→ The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.
- 无灵主语, 这里使用被动省略了 people 的出现, 使句子更加简洁. 这里这个被动语态既突出主题, 又句子简洁
- go down: sink 下沉的意思.
- 处女航/处女作: maiden voyage / flight / work
  - maiden 未婚少女
  - 处女地: virgin land
    - virgin 处女
造句：人们将永远牢记这架马来西亚班机(the Malaysian airliner)的失踪惨剧，因为它在从吉隆坡(Kuala Lumpur)到北京的航行中神秘地失去联系，造成惨重的生命损失。
- → The tragic missing of the Malaysian airliner will always be remembered, for it mysteriously lost contact on its flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing with heavy loss of life.

## text 3

→ Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
- 上文的 while 引导时间状语从句
- 第一课的造句: 报警之后十分钟, 一辆警车到达了现场
  - Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
- 这里的 water 是表示水域的意思, 所以这里是复数, 行驶在北大西洋冰冷的水域
- 文中多处使用了无灵主语的修辞,
  - → a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
  - → (NCE3-1 P14-L12) Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
→ After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid adirect collision.
- alarm n./v. 警报
- given 也可以表示发出的意思,
  - give an alarm (发出警报)/ an order (发出命令) / a cry (发出叫喊声) / a long sigh (发出一声长叹)
    - sigh /saɪ/ v. 叹气
  - → The girl gave a charming smile. 女孩显露出迷人的微笑
    - charm n. 令人着迷的, 迷人的
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L15) The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
- the great ship turned sharply 船迅速的急转弯
  - sharply adv. 尖锐地, 急剧地
- 表达载具转弯的词
  - turn v. 转向, 旋转, 变成
  - veer v. 改变方向, 突然转向
    - → Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.
      - jet 喷气式飞机
      - veer sharply 急转弯
  - swerve v. 突然改变方向, 偏离原路线
    - → The lorry swerved sharply to avoid the child.
      - avoid v. 避免 (及物)
    - → (NCE3-39 P178-L9) As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders.
  - change course v. 改变方向/计划/航线 (不及物)
    - course n. 路线(本意), 课程, 过程, 一道菜, 疗程
    - → The plane changed course to avoid the storm.
- once 有一旦的意思,
- rise 的过去式是 rose, 所以不要见了 rose 就是玫瑰
- collision /kəˈlɪʒən/ n. 碰撞
  - collide v. 碰撞
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-413) During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue.
      - rush hour n. 高峰时段
      - argue v. 争论, 辩论, 争吵
        
        argument n. 理由, 论据
- corner v. 使陷入绝境 n. 角落, 路口拐角(两个意思不一样)
→ The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
- just in time adv. 勉强及时
  - with no time to spare adv. 没有时间浪费, 赶时间
    - spare v. 节约, 抽出时间 adj. 多余的, 备用的
      - → Spare the rod and spoil the child. 剩下了棒子, 宠坏了孩子
        
        Spare 和 spoil 压了首韵
    - → We boarded the train with no time to spare. 我们刚好赶上火车.
  - in no time adv. 立刻, 马上
    - in next to no time adv. 立即, 马上
  - nearly on time adv. 几乎准时
- on a sudden impulse adv. 出于突然的冲动
- on time adv. 准时
- only just adv. 勉强, 几乎没有
- feet n. 脚, 英尺
  - foot v. 步行
- rose v. 矗立, 高耸
  - → The immense building rose before our eyes. 这巨大的建筑矗立在我们眼前
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L12) Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
    - rise to a height of 高达
造句：这辆汽车及时转向，勉强躲过了这个孩子.
- → The car turned just in time, narrowly missing the child.
造句：我闪避(dodge)得及时，勉强躲过了这块坠落的石头.
- → I dodged just in time, narrowly missing the falling rock.
  - dodge v. 闪避
→ Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
- suddenly / all of a sudden / all at once
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L16) Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry-driver who was drawing up alongside the car, puled up all of a sudden.
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L23) All at once, I noticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm.
- slight adj. 微弱的
- tremhie v. 颤抖
- ⭐️ adv. 和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语
  - → There is a fine view from here.
  - → I heard them calling me from below. 从下面
  - → They have just returned from abroad.
    - aboard adv. 在交通工具上
    - abroad adv. 在国外
  - → I took my watch from under the pillow. 后面接的介词短语
  - → He picked up the gun from behind the counter. 介词短语, counter n. 柜台
  - → I live near here
  - → We didn’t meet until after the show.
  - → The weather has been fine except in the north.
- go down 往下走
  - go up 走上去
  - be going on 发生
→ The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged.
- faint adj. 微弱的, 模糊的 v. 昏倒, 变的微弱
- 注意这里的 so … that …. 句型, 如此微弱以至于 …
- 用 too… to…改写上面的句子
  - → The noise had been too faint for anyone to think that the ship had been damaged.
→ Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded!
- horror n. 惊恐, 恐惧
  - to his horror 令他感到惊骇的是
- rapidly adv. very quickly
- plunge v. to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards, 跳入, 跳进
  - → Her car swerved and plunged off the cliff.
→ As there were too few lifeboats for everybody to take, 1,500 lives were lost.

L11 Not guilty

word

guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ adj. 有罪的, 内疚的
- be guilty of …. 有罪于, 犯有….罪 (后面接某种罪)
  - → .
- be innocent of … 没有犯…罪 (后面接某种罪)
  - → .
- have a guilty conscience 问心有愧
- have a clear conscience 问心无愧
- guilt n. 有罪
- innocence n. 清白, 无罪
  - → .
    - jury n. 陪审团
    - defendant n. 被告
      - defend v. 辩护
- crime n. 犯罪, 罪行, 罪案
  - commit a serious crime v. 犯下一项严重的犯罪行为
- sin n. 罪孽 (道德上, 宗教上的)
  - → .
declare /dɪˈklɛr/ v. (向税务部门或海关) 申报; 声明, 宣布
- (向税务部门或海关) 申报
  - → .
  - → .
    - → .
- 声明, 宣布
  - → .
  - → .
    - independence n. 独立
  - → .
    - declared war on 表示向… 宣战
    - official corruption 官员腐败
- declaration /ˌdɛkləˈreɪʃən/ n. 声明, 宣言, 宣告
  - the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言
  - the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 联合国人权宣言
dreadful /ˈdrɛdfəl/ adj. 可怕的, 糟糕的
- a dreadful / terrible accident(事故), disease(疾病), nightmare(噩梦)
- → We’ve had some dreadful / terrible weather lately.
- → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
- 派生词
  - dread v. & n. 害怕, 恐惧
    - dread (v.) doing sth 害怕去做 …
      - → I dread being sick.
      - → (NCE3-29 P138-L14) He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
    - live in dread(n) of …. 一直害怕某事…
      - → The committee members live in dread of anything that may cause a scandal.
        
        scandal n. 丑闻
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-L6) We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.
perfume /ˈpɜːrfjuːm/ n. 香水, 香味(芳香味)
- 词根: fume n. 烟雾,
- 可以表示香味/芳香的味道的名词 n. : scent / perfume / fragrance
  - the scent of ripe fruit 成熟水果的香味
    - ripe adj. 成熟的
  - the perfume of flowers 花香
  - the fragrance of lilacs 丁香花的香味
- 可以表示香的 / 芬芳的的形容词 adj. : scented / perfumed / fragrant
  - scented / perfumed soap 香皂
  - the Fragrant Hills 香山
- 其他表示味道的词
  - aroma n. 香气, 芳香 (一般表示食品/饮料的芬芳)
    - the aroma of hot coffee 热咖啡的浓香
  - smell n. 气味 (中性词)
    - funny smell 异味, 怪味
  - smelly adj. 恶臭的, 臭的
    - smelly feet 臭脚
  - odor n. 异味, 刺鼻的味道, 臭味
    - body odor 体味
sarcastically /sɑːrˈkæstɪkli/ adv. 讽刺地，说反话地
- sarcasm / irony n. 讽刺, 反话, 反语
  - with heavy sarcasm / irony 带着浓浓的讽刺/反话
  - → Good of you to arrive on time,’ George said, with heavy sarcasm / irony. 你来的真够准时的
    - on time 准时
- sarcastic / ironic adj. 讽刺的
  - an sarcastic/ironic smile/remark(评论)/expression(表情) etc
  - → (NCE2-92 P418-L4) I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, ‘I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.’
- sarcastically / ironically adv. 讥讽地, 讽刺地
  - → “Oh good,’ he said sarcastically/ironically.
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L16)‘Perfume, eh?’ he asked sarcastically.
baggage n. 行李(美服) (不可数) 统称全部行李
- luggage n. 行李 (英国)(不可数) 统称全部行李
- trunk/suitcase 旅行箱, 行李箱,
- 种类和实际的某个具体类目的可数和不可数的情况
  - table / chair (可数) → furniture (不可数)
  - pen / pencil (可数) → stationery(不可数)
  - jewel (可数) → jewelry (不可数)
  - scene (可数) → scenery (不可数)
  - weapon (可数) → weaponry (不可数)
  - machine (可数) → machinery (不可数)
  - poem (可数) → poetry(不可数)
  - novel (可数) → fiction (不可数)
  - myth (可数) → mythology(不可数)
  - leaf (可数) → foliage(不可数)

text1

→ Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
- tolerant adj. 宽容的
- these days adv. 现如今, 近来, 现在 (和以前做比较)
  - these days / today / nowadays 同义词
- customs n. 海关(结尾必须要加s)
  - customs officers n. 海关官员
  - → It took ages to clear customs but then we were out of the airport quite quickly.
    - clear customs v. 清关
  - → You won’t be able to take that through customs.
    - through customs v. 过海关
  - custom n. 风俗, 习惯(可数)
    - → the custom of giving presents at Christmas
    - → Chinese traditional customs 中国的传统习俗
- quite adv. 相当地, 十分地
  - 形似词: quiet adj. 安静的
- go through 有多个意思
  1. 经历(尤指不愉快的经历)
    - → When you’re going through a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone.
  2. 检查/翻找
    - → I’ve gone through all my pockets but l can’t find my keys.
      - pocket n. 口袋
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) The Officer went through the case with great care.
    - → (NCE2-44 P198-L7) When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them.
  3. 走过, 通过 (字面意思)
海关常见的对话
- → Have/Do you anything to declare?
- → No, I have nothing to declare.
使某人做某事的主动形式和被动形式 (看到了完整的过程)
- make sb. do sth. 主动形式
  - 这个是不带 to 的动词不定式 do
- be made to do sth. 被动形式
  - → I made him repeat it.
  - → He was made to repeat it.
- 其他的 see / hear / notice 也可以用相同的形式
  - see / hear / notice sb. do sth. 主动形式, 听到/看到/注意到某人做某事, 看到了完整的过程
  - be seen / heard / noticed to do sth. 被动形式, 某人被看到/听到/注意到做某事
    - → I saw / heard / noticed him leave the room.
    - → He was seen / heard / noticed to leave the room.
- 表示只看到在做某事, 而未看到完整的过程, 只是那个刹那
  - see / hear / notice sb. doing sth. 主动形式
  - be seen / heard / noticed doing sth. 被动形式
    - → I saw him crossing the road.
    - → He was seen crossing the road.
    - → I heard the girl singing in the room.
    - → The girl was heard singing in the room.
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L12) Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.
- 例题:
  - → The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river.
→ Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare. Even really honest people are often made to feel quilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
- 长句子中间喜欢用短句子做个过渡, 保证句式的变化多样, 同时也让读者有片刻的休息. 多用长句是没错的, 短句太多显得对句子的驾驭能力不佳.
→ The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
- hardened adj. someone who is hardened has had a lot of difficult or unpleasant experiences and is no longer much affected by such things. 麻木不仁的, 经验丰富的, 见怪不怪的
  - a hardened criminal / police officer etc. 经验丰富的罪犯, 经验丰富的警察
  - → The children became hardened to the violence. 这些孩子对暴力见怪不怪了
    - violence n. 暴力
- smuggler n. 走私犯
  - smuggle v. 走私
- on the other hand … (单独使用)
  - on the one hand ….. on the other (hand)…
  - used to indicate contrasting points of view, opinions, etc 用于表示相对立的观点, 表转折关系
  - → I’d like to eat out, but on the other hand I should be trying to save money.
  - → On the one hand they’d love to have kids, but on the other (hand), they don’t want to give up their freedom.
    - 注意, on the other 不是连词, 前面需要有连词连接句子, 或者使用分号也行, 分号可以代替连词的功能
  - 类似的搭配
    - for one thing …; 原因之一是…
    - for one thing ….. for another …. 原因之一是 …. , 另一个原因是
      - used to introduce a reason for sth.
      - → “Why don’t you get a car?” “Well, for one thing, I can’t drive!”
      - → “Why won’t you come to New York with me ?” , “For one thing, I don’t like fying, and for another, I can’t afford it.”
        
        afford v. 承担得起, 买得起
- trouble v. 使困扰 n. 困扰/困难
  - if a problem troubles you, it makes you feel worried or upset
    - upset 沮丧
  - → Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
- 造句: 他的口袋里藏着一张大额的钞票.
  - → He has a large bank note hidden in his pocket.
- 造句：这个贪官 (corrupt official) 在地下室里藏了1000万元。
  - → The corrupt official has 10 million yuan hidden in the basement.
表示回来的词
- return
- come back
- go back
- return back (x) 这个是错的, 逻辑重复了, 上面都是对的
- 类似的错误
  - say it again
  - repeat it
  - repeat it again (X) 这个也是错的, 逻辑重复了
- 类似的错误2
  - go forward 向前
  - advance 前进
  - advance forward (x)
- 类似的错误3
  - in my opinion
  - I think
  - in my opinion, I think … X 重复了, 属于病句
- 类似的错误4
  - it is because …
  - the reason is that …
  - the reason is because … (x)
from(介词) 后可以加 adv. 和介词短语
- → When l returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
- → (NCE3-10 P50-L 12) Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
- → (NCE3-26 P126-L14) Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L13) Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls.
容易弄错的词
- abroad $\leftrightarrow$ aboard
  - study abroad All aboard!
- quite $\leftrightarrow$ quiet
- dairy $\leftrightarrow$ diary
- latitude $\leftrightarrow$ altitude
officious adj.
- (disapproving) too ready to tell people what to do or to use the power you have to give orders 爱发号施令的，指手画脚的
- → When people put on uniforms, their attitude becomes more confident and their manner more officious.
- 辨析:
  - officer n. 官员(军队/政府/公司)
    - a commanding officer
    - a police officer
    - a customs officer
    - chief executive officer
  - official n. 政府官员 (专指文职官员), adj. 官员的, 官方的 (ial 是形容词后缀)
    - government officials
    - corrupt officials
    - official corruption
    - official statistics
reglared A as B 把 A 看作 B

text2

look sb. in the eye(s) /face
- to look straight at sb without feeling embarrassed or ashamed 直视
- → Can you look me in the eye and tell me you’re not lying?
- → I’ll never be able to look her in the face again!
confidently $\Leftrightarrow$ with confidence
- 介词短语可以当副词用,
- confidence 是名词
Would/Do you mind 用法

请求对方做某事
- would / do you mind doing
  - mind 是介意的意思
- → Would you mind waiting outside? (您介意到外面等一会儿么?)
  - 肯定回答:
    - No, not at all. (这里的 No 不表示不愿意, 表示不介意)
    - Not at all.
    - Certainly not.
      - certainly 当然地
    - Of course not.
    - No, that’s quite all right.
    - Not at all, I’d be happy / glad to.
请求对方允许自己做某事
- would/do you mind my/our doing
  - would 理论上来说比 do 更委婉一些
  - my/our doing, 表示我这么做, 用的属格
- mind 后面加 if 从句, 带上真实语气/虚拟语气.
  - do you mind if (真实语气: 一般现在时)
  - would you mind if (虚拟语气: 一般过去时)
  - 三种表达之间的比较:
    - → Would you mind my smoking here?
      - 用属格
    - → Do you mind if I smoke here?
      - 真实语气
    - → Would you mind if I smoked here?
      - 虚拟语气
  - 回答
    - 肯定回答
      - No, not at all.
      - Not at all.
      - Certainly not.
      - Of course not.
      - Go ahead.
    - 否定回答
      - I wish you wouldn’t.
      - You’d better not.
      - I’m sorry, but …
      - I’m afraid …
    - 例句:
      - → Do you mind if l smoke here?
      - → I’m afraid this is a non-smoking office.
  - 例题:
    - “Do you mind ? " “Go ahead.”
      - (A) opening the window
      - (B) I open the window
      - (C) if l open the window (T)
      - (D) whether l open the window
  - 听力题
    - 1
      - W: would you mind waiting a few more minutes?
      - M: Not at all.
      - Q: What does the man mean?
      - Answer: (B) It doesn’t bother him to wait.
        
        bother v. 打扰, 烦扰
    - 2
      - M: Do you mind if l use your phone?
      - W: Of course not.
      - What does the woman mean?
      - Answer: (B) The man is welcome to use the telephone.
    - 3
      - M: Excuse me, do you mind if I borrow that newspaper for a little bit.
      - W: I’m sorry, but it doesn’t belong to me.
        
        belong v. 属于
      - Q: What does the woman imply?
      - Answer: (C) She can’t lend the man the newspaper.

with + 名词相当于副词的用法
- with great care
- 这么用, 把名词作为中心词, 相比直接用副词会更加正式, 名词前可以用形容词来限定
  - → The officer went through the case with great care (=very caretully).
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L15) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight (=delightedly).
  - → (NCE3-11P54-L18) Then l added with a smile (=smilingly).
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L10)‘No’, l answered confidently (=with confidence).
  - → (NCE3-27 P130-L16) His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease (=easily).
  - → She faced the difficulty with calmness (=calmly).
  - → I looked at her with curiosity (curiously).
  - → She spoke to me with tenderness (=tenderly).
  - → I greeted Philip with enthusiasm (=enthusiastically).
介词+ 名词相当于副词的用法
- 不是所有的名词前面都加 with 来相当于副词用
- → The gang picked their victims at random (=randomly).
- → I met an old friend in town by accident (=accidentally).
- → The negotiations were conducted in secret (=secretly).
- → It’s unprofessional to criticize your colleagues in public (=publicly).
→ All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
- All the things 中的 things 有另外一个意思:
  - [pl.] personal belongings 私人财物
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L12) The chest contained the personal belongings of a seaman, Alan Fielding.
- pack
  - pack 的宾语可能是财物, 也可能是箱子
  - → Kelly packed her things before dinner.
  - → He was still packing his suitcase when the taxi came.
- unpack
  - unpack 的宾语可能是财物, 也可能是箱子
  - → (NCE3-24 P118-L15) He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner.
  - → I unpacked my bags as soon as I arrived.
- in a mess 介词短语乱七八糟
  - in a/an dreadful/terrible/awful/apalling mess 大乱七八糟
  - → Jem’s house is always in an awful mess.
  - 同义词
    - in (a state of) disorder
      - disorder n./v. 混乱
        
        同义词
        
        chaos n. 混乱
        
        confusion n. 混淆
      - a state of 表示处于某种混乱的状态
      - → Everything was in disorder, but nothing seemed to be missing.
      - → The whole office was in a state of disorder.
    - in (a state of) chaos
      - chaos 比 disorder 程度更强, 表示更大规模的混乱
      - → The kitchen was in chaos
      - → (NCE3-60 P268-L3) without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
→ I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
- 从句做 形容词补足语 的成分, 补充说明形容词
- → (NCE3-2 P18-414) Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L15)‘1t’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it.’
- → (NCE3-12 P58-L15) When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.
light up
- if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc （因喜悦、兴奋等脸上或眼中）露出光彩
- → His eyes lit up with laughter. 他笑着, 眼睛露出光彩来
- → Her face lit up with pleasure. 他因为喜悦, 脸上显出光彩来
pounce (on sth) 扑上去 (就像老虎扑食一样)
- → The lion crouched ready to pounce.
- → The hawk pounced on its prey.
plunge (into sth) 猛地坠落, 猛地跳下去
- → (NCE3-10 P50-L15) The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water .
charge (at sth) 猛冲 (不及物)
- → (NCE3-39 P178-L21) Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt.
with delight $\Leftrightarrow$ delightedly
- delighted / delightedly 感到高兴的(地)
  - 形容人的感受
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L16) Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift.
- delightful / delightfully 令人高兴的(地)
  - 表示事物的性质, 是使人高兴的
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L2) Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned.
    - indeed adv. 确实, 真正地, 果然
  - → (NCE4-32 P188-L5) The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.

text3

perfume n. 香水
eh interi. used for asking someone to agree with you. 被用来让对方同意你
- → Pretty good, eh?
- → Pertume, eh?’ he asked sarcastically / ironically.
- → Perfume, eh?‘he asked with (heavy) sarcasm / irony.
  - sarcasm n. 讽刺
  - irony n. 讽刺, 反语
should / ought to have done
- 情态动词的完成时, 表示责备的语气
- → (NCE2-65 P296-L5) He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic.
- → How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields, the days when 1had played and should have studied.
  - regret v. 后悔
  - the hours 时光
be exempt form sth. 免于某事或者某个东西
- → Children are exempt from the charges.
  - charge 费用
- → Currently, developing nations are exempt from certain restrictions on carbon emissions.
关税 import duty / customs duty / tariff (最后一个最正式)
- (NCE4-8 P47-L2) These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
- tax 税
  - income tax 所得税
  - property tax 房屋税/物业税
  - sales tax 营业税
  - inheritance tax遗产税
hair gel 发胶/摩丝/啫喱水
- a thick liquid substance which is put in the hair to help the hair keep a particular shape or style
- gel 凝胶
add v. to say more about something that has just been said
- → I have nothing to add to my earlier statement.
- **add that … **
- → (NCE3-40 P182-L11) He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.
do sth with a smile/laugh/sneer/shock/sigh/start
- 一边微笑/大笑/讥笑/震惊/叹气/激灵一边做某事
- sneer v. 讥笑
- → (NCE3-24 P118-121)‘Oh, that,‘he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
- → (NCE2-50 P236-L8) Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.
- → (NCE2-74 P346-114) ‘Oh, is it?’ said the sheriff with a sneer.‘Well, Im Brinksley Meers, and my other name is Gloria Gleam. Now you get out of here fast !’
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L5) One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was sstriking the hours!
- She slowly sat down with a sigh and closed her eyes.
oneself 与by oneself 作状语时的区别
- oneself 强调 “亲自〞，并非他人代劳
- by oneself =alone 强调“独自”，没有他人陪伴或帮助
- 上述强调的点不太一样, oneself 强调亲自, 就自己动手做, 比方说 Do it yourself, by oneself 强调独自, 比方说 Do it by yourself 独立完成.
- → (NCE3-46 P212-L19) I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself. 我不愿意听从这个建议, 并且说 “我自己就能修”
- → They are living by themselves (=alone). 他们独自生活
- → One can’t play tennis by oneself (=alone).
As l expected, he did not believe me.
- as 引导的定语从句, 是唯一可以放在句首的定语从句, 非限定性定语从句, As 的意思是正如
- → (NCE2-14 P64-L8) As I soon learnt, he was English himself!
- → (NCE2-78 P362-112) Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L12) Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.
试试吧的表达
- 鼓动对方,
- try it
- give it a try (注意连读)
- give it a shot(注意连读)
unscrew v. 拧开, 拧松
- screw n. 螺丝钉, v. 拧上
  - screw a bulb in 把灯泡拧上
- → She unscrewed the cap of her water bottle and gave him a drink.
nostrils n. 鼻孔
→ He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth.
- be greeted by …. (of sights, sounds or smells) to be the first thing that you see, hear or smell at a particular time 首先看到的、听到的、闻到的是
- → I woke up and was greeted by bird song.
- → When she opened the door she was greeted by complete disorder.
  - disorder 混乱
- convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
  - convince sb. that 使某人相信某事
  - → (NCE3-1 P14-L13) The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
- tell the truth
  - tell a lie / story / joke .
→ A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baagage.
hurry away 匆忙离开
hurry 后加介词短语或者副词修饰匆忙
→ She hurried away in the opposite direction.
→ He hurried forward to meet him.
- hurry forward 匆忙向前
→ We hurried upstairs to see what was going on.
→ (NCE3-22 P110-L 18) With this, he hurried off the stage.
→ She hurried down the corridor as fast as she could.
→ More than 100 men hurried to the scene to donate their blood.

NCE 3 Lesson Notes L1-L11 (yanlong li)

NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part A (yanlong li)

导学

L1 A puma at large ⭐️

words

text

L2 Thirteen equals one ⭐️

L3 An unknown goddess ⭐️

L4 The double life of Alfred broggs. ⭐️

L5 The facts ⭐️

L6 Smash and grab ⭐️

L7 Mutilated ladies ⭐️

L8 A famous monastrey

L9 Flying cats

L10 The loss of the Titanic ⭐️

L11 Not guilty