NCE 2 Lesson Notes (part B)

[TOC]

L49 The end of a dream

unit 1 简单句

unit 2 并列句和复合句

unit 3 并列句和复合句的简化, 非谓语动词

## word

tired adj. 厌烦的
- be tired of …
real adj. 真正的
- really adv. 真正的
spring n. 春天, 泉水, 弹簧
gust n. 一阵
- a gust of wind
sweep v. 扫, 刮风
- sweep swept swept
- sleep slept slept
- keep kept kept
- creep crept crept
smash v. 碰碎, 摔碎
- smash sth. to/into pieces
- … the bed was smashed to pieces …
miraculously adv. 奇迹般地
- miraculous adj. 奇迹般的
- miracle n. 奇迹
glance v. 扫视
- glance at sb./sth.
promptly adv 迅速地
- fast quickly repidly
- fleetly swiftly

## key structure

复习合并句子
并列句 vs. (主从) 复合句
状语从句的省略 → 非谓语动词 (主语相同)

## text

简单句 → 基础的重中之重
并列句 : 多件事一样重要
复合句 : 多件事不一样重要

[n.+v.]+conj.+[n.+v.]+conj.+[n.+v.] = 主句 + 从句 = 连接词+ 陈述句

conj. 是连词

### 状语从句的省略

状语对原句进行补充 e.g. 时间/ 原因…

→ Because she was punished, she burst into tears (因为受到惩罚，她泪流满面)

↘︎ Because punished, she burst into tears. (相同的内容省略, 此处 Punished 变成非谓语动词, 不作谓语, 表被动, 做状语)

↘︎ Punished, she burst into tears. (省略连接词)

另一个例子

→ When it is done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt.

↘︎ When done too often, this habit can sometime hurt.

↘︎ Done to often, this habit can sometimes hurt. (如果不关注时间, 省略连接词)

另一个例子

→ While he was talking with me , he broke his cup carelessly.

↘︎ While talking with me , he broke his cup carelessly. (省略主语, 把谓语动词改为非谓语, 表主动)

↘︎ Talking with me , he broke his cup carelessly. (如果不关心时间, 省略连接词)

另一个例子

-> After he glanced at the bits of wood and metal … the man sadly picked up the mattress …

↘︎ After glancing at the bits of wood and metal … the man sadly picked up the mattress …

↘︎ Glancing at the bits of wood and metal … the man sadly picked up the mattress … (如果不关心时间上的先后的话, 可以去掉连接词, Glancing 非谓语, 表主动)

另一个例子

-> Because He was tired of sleeping of the floor. (本文中 was 是唯一的动词)

↘︎ Because being tired of sleeping of the floor.

↘︎ Being tired of sleeping of the floor.

↘︎ Tired of sleeping of the floor. (being 也可以省略)

状语从句的省略只能发生在和主句主语相同的情况下,

Done 作状语, 表被动 , 非谓语
Doing 作状语, 表主动 , 非谓语
To do 作状语, 表目的, 非谓语

下面继续课文讲解

-> A gust of wind swept the bed off the roof and sent it crashing into the courtyard below. (并列句可以省略同一主语)

-> Although the bed was smashed to pieces the man was miraculously unhurt.

↘︎The bed was smashed to pieces, but the man was miraculously unhurt.

- lay (lie) 躺着

## 拓展 : 合并句子 :

-> He missed the train, He did not hurry

↘︎ He missed the train because didn’t hurry.

另一个例子

-> He ran fast . He failed to win the race.

↘︎ Although he ran fast, he failed to win the race.

↘︎ He ran fast but failed to win the race.

另一个例子.

-> My neighbour could not return home.

-> He went to Tokyo for a holiday.

-> He didn’t have enough money.

↘︎ My neighbour, who went to Tokyo for a holiday, could not return home , because he did not have enough money

另一个句子

-> The city was destroyed during the war.

-> The city has not been completely rebuilt.

↘︎ Destroyed during the was , the city has not been completely rebuilt.

另一个句子

-> I found the dor unlocked.

-> I went into the kitchen.

↘︎ Finding the door unlocked, I went into the kitchen.

另一个句子

-> I went into the garden.

-> I wented to pick some flowers.

↘︎ I went into the garden to pick some flowers.

本课的动词不规则变化

blow blew blown

sweep swept swept.

L50 Taken for a ride

## word

ride
- v. 骑, 搭乘
  - ride a bicycle / horse
- n. 旅行
  - take (sb.) for a ride 开车带某人兜风 / 欺骗某人
excursion n. 远足
- go on an excursion 去远足
conductor n. 售票员
view n. 景色, 观点, 视野
- → from my point of view

## key structure

复习 doing/done/to do 作定语/状语
宾语从句的省略

## text

take v. 花费 (主语不能是人)
- sth. take sb. sometime
- → The recovery took her three years.
- 英语水平的提高在于多变
- To do sth. takes sb. some time.
  - = It takes sb. some time to do sth.
    - It 是形式主语,
  - 去劝说她花费了我 10 分钟
    - → It took me ten minutes to persuade her.
get on the bus 上车
- get off the bus 下车
→ I’ll tell you where you should get off
- → I’ll tell you where to get off.
宾语从句的省略 (wh-/how to do)
- Making Love out of Nothing At All
  - → I know just how to whisper
  - → and I know just how to cry
  - → I know just where to find the answers
  - → and I know just how to lie
  - → I know just how to fake it
  - → and I know just how to scheme
front
- → in the front of 在车的前半部 (车内)
- → in front of 在镜子前 (镜子外)
→ Looking round(修饰整个句子, 状语), I realized that I was the only passenger left on the bus(定语, 修饰名词).
→ ‘This is as far as we go’
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某时 (没做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 (做了)
prefer v. 情愿, 更喜欢
1. prefer + n./代词 + 从句或者 prefer + doing sth. + to do sth.
  - → I prefer English 我更喜欢英语
2. prefer + n. + to + n.
  - prefer + doing sth. + to doing sth.
  - prefer + to do sth. + rather than do sth.
  - I prefer coffee to tea. 我喜欢咖啡更胜过茶.
易混淆词
- lose v. 丢失
  - loose adj. 松的
  - miss v. 错过, 想念
- expect v. 预期, 期待 (心理)
  - wait for v. 等着 (实际)

L51 Reward for virtue

## word

reward n. 报酬 v. 给奖赏
- reward sb.
- reward oneself
- → You worked so hard, and you need to reward yourself occasionally
diet n. 节食
- go on a diet / begin a diet
- be on a diet
- → I am on a diet now.
hurriedly adv. 匆忙的
- do sth. hurriedly
- hurry v. 匆忙
embarrass v. 使尴尬(及物动词)
- → You embarrass me.
- → I am embarrassed
- -ed 自身感到这感觉的意思, 当 adj. 来用
  - embarrassed adj. 尴尬的
  - excited
  - interested
- -ing 使别人有这感觉, 当 adj. 来用
  - embarrassing adj. 使人尴尬的
  - exciting
  - interesting
    - → The teacher are not interesting(使别人感到无趣).
guilt n. 有罪, 内疚
- guiltily adv. 内疚地, 有罪地
- guilty adj. 内疚的, 有罪的
strict adj. 严格的
occasionally adv. 偶尔的 (sometime)
- occasional adj. 偶尔的, 不经常的
- occasion n. 场合, 时机, 机会

## key structure

复习一般过去时

## text

get bad 变坏, get 作系动词, 变得
so … that 结果状语从句
- → Things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet
First of all 首先
- → He wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.
  - → He wrote out a long list of all the forbidden foods.
过去分词(done)(有 adj 词性) 可以修饰名词作定语表被动
forbid forbade forbidden
→ The list included most of the things (that) Huge loves
pay sb. a visit(n.) = visit(v.) sb.
ring the bell 按响门铃
as fat as ever 比较状语
- as … as … 和 … 相比一样
  - → as fat as he ever was 比较状语从句
lead led led
hide hid hidden
→ It(形式主语) was obvious(显然) that he was very embarrassed(主语从句)
include v. 包含, (抽象的包含, 例如包含在一个列表中)
contain v. 包含 (实实在在的包含, 例如在一个盒子中)
易混淆词
- raise vs rise 上升
  - raise vt. 把… 上升, 把别人上升
    - → The Bob always raises his hand when I ask a question
    - → Heavy rains have raised the level of the river.
  - rise vi. (rose,risen) 把自己上升
    - → The sun has just risen.
    - → I always rise at six o’clock
- lay vs. lie (L43)
  - lie v. 躺着,位于, 处于
    - lie lay lain lying
  - lie v. 说谎
    - lie lied lied lying
  - lay
    1. 表示 lie 的过去 “躺/处于位于”
      - → The beggar lay these yesterday
    2. 不表示过去, 作动词原型, v. 放置, 摆放/ 产卵, 下蛋
      - lay laid laid
      - → Lay those parcels on the floor, please. (省略了主语的祈使句)
      - → Haven’t you laid the table yet?
不规则变化的动词
- forbid forbade forbidden forbidding
- lead led led

L52 A pretty carpet

## word

temporarily adv. 暂时的
- temporary adj. 暂时的, 临时的
  - do sth. temporary
  - a temporary job
inch n. 英寸
- 12 inches = 1 foot (英尺) = 0.3048 meter
- 3 feet(foot 复数) = 1 yard (码) = 0.9134 meter
space 空间
- outer space 外太空
actually adv. 实际上

## key structure

现在完成时
现在完成进行时

## text

现在完成时
- 形式: have/has + done
- 意思: 表达现在的之前完成的事, 不管做完没做完
- 用法: 现在的之前, 强调事情完成的结果
- 例句
  - → We have not won the match.
现在完成进行时
- 形式: have/has been doing
- 用法: 现在的之前发生的事, 强调事情进行的过程
- 例句:
  - → We have been working hard for several months.
  - → I have been studying English all morning.
  - → It has been raining for a week.
  - → We have been living here since I was born.
  - → We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning.
上述两种时态的区别
- 现在完成时 | 现在完成进行时
- have/has done | have/has been doing
- 角度相同: 都表示 “现在的之前”
- 强调不同: 强调完成的结果 (是否做完都可以) | 强调持续进行
→ I have been trying to get my new room in order.
- get sth. in order 使 … 有序
To make matters worse 更糟糕的是..
adv 放在助动词后, 实义动词前
have to 必须做某事
A short while ago 不久前
carpet 地毯
gaze 盯着看
spare 备用, 空闲时间
at all 根本
- not at all 根本不
句子分析
- 定语从句中, 如果关系词作宾语, 则可以省略
  - → This is the prettiest carpet (that)I have ever seen
表达这一辈子最…的事用
- 形容词最高级 + n. + sb. +have ever done
- 例句
  - → … So it will soon be sending us the clearest pictures …. (that) we have ever seen
  - 你是我见过的最漂亮的女孩
    - → You are the prettiest girl (that) I have ever seen.
  - 这是我们听过的最令人激动的消息
    - → This is the most exciting news we have ever heard.
  - 那是我做的最蠢的事
    - → This is one of the stupidest things I have ever done.

L53 Hot snoke

## word

hot adj. 带电的
fireman/firemen 消防队员
cause
- v. 引起
  - Carelessness causes accidents
- n. 起因
  - the cause of the fire
- reason 原因
examine v. 检查
- examiner n. 主考官
- examination n. 检查, 考试 (简写: exam)
accidentally adv. 意外地, 偶然地
- 意外的做了某时
  - do sth. accidentally
  - do sth. by accident
  - do sth. by chance
- accident n. 事故
- accidental adj. 意外的, 偶然的
remains n. 尸体, 残骸, 剩余的东西
- → the remains of a snake
- remain v. 保持, 保留
  - remain silent
wire n. 电线
- wireless adj. 无线的, (-less adj. 的否定后缀)
  - wireless network
  - wireless mouse
  - wireless keyboard
volt n. 伏特
solve v. 解决
- solve the mystery(谜)
- solve the problem of …
- solve the problem of air pollution/earthquake
snatch v. 抓住, 往上抓住
spark n. 电火花

## key structure

一般过去时 did
现在完成时 have/has+ done (强调结果)
现在完成进行时 have/has + been + doing (强调过程)

## text

→ At last fireman have put out a big forest fire in CA
→ Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began
名词可以修饰名词
→ They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire
wind v. 缠绕,蜿蜒
- wind wound wound
- wind round 围绕着 sth./sb.
explanation n. 解释
- explain v. 解释
onto = on to
- on/in : 表示静止的在 … 上面/里面
- onto/into 表示动态的到上面/里面
I think so (代词, 如此/这样)
throw to/ throw at / throw away 的区别
- → Forest fires are often caused by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away
- → He threw the ball to me and I caught it
- → The boy threw a stone at the window and broken it.
quite(adv. 很,非常) / quiet (adj. 安静的)
- → They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire.
- → The class kept very quiet during the lesson.
drop / fall
- → A bird had dropped the snake on to the wires
- → He fell down the stairs and broke his leg

L54 Sticky fingers

## word

sticky adj. 粘的
- sticky fingers 黏糊糊的手指
- sticky weather 闷热的天气
- stick v. 粘贴
pastry n. 面糊, 面团
annoying adj. 令人烦的, 恼人的
dismay v. 失望
recognize v. 认出
persuade v. 说服
- persuade sb. (not) to do sth. 劝说某人做某事
- persuade sb. into/out of doing sth. 劝说某人做某事
mess n. 乱七八糟
- What a mess !
- make a mess (of …) 使… 乱
- be in a mess 处于乱的状态
sign v. 签字 n. 指示牌,符号
- sign your name here
- sign a contract
- signature n. 签名
register v. 登记, 注册

## key structure

冠词

## text

flour (面粉) / flower 读音一样
→ Nothing could have been more annoying. 没什么比这个让人更烦的了
pick up (接起 , 捡起) / hang up 挂断 (电弧)
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
- = To do sth. takes sb. some time.
There be + n. 表示有
- There be + n. + 介词短语, 表示有什么在那里
no sooner …. than … 一….就…
- → I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
enough
- adj. I have enough time/ time enough.
- adv. good enough , loud enough
定冠词的用法 (the)
1. the + adj. 表示一类, 通常表示一类人
  - e.g.
    - the dead 私人
    - the living 活人
    - the rich
    - the poor
    - the deaf 失聪的人
    - the blind 失明的人
    - the new 新的事物
    - the old 旧的事物
    - the sick 生病的
    - the disabled
go to the school 去学校
- go to school 去上学 (抽象概念)
- go to the hospital 去医院
  - go to hospital 去看病(抽象概念)
→ It is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
→ Most(大部分) people enjoyed it
- 最高级要有 the, 没有的 the 的最高级不表示最高级

L55 Not a gold mine

gold n. 金子
- 可以修饰别的名词
- a gold mine
- He has a gold watch
- golden adj. 金色的, 珍贵的(常用), 金子制的
  - → He missed a golden opportunity(一个珍贵的机会)
mine n. 矿/n. 我的
- mineral n. 矿物, 矿物质
  - -al adj 后缀
- mineral water 矿物质水
treasure n. 财宝
revealer n. 探测器
- reveal v. 披露, 探测
invent v. 发明 (从无到有)
- discover v. 发现(从不知道到知道)
detect v. 探测
- detective n. 侦探
bury v. 埋藏
cave n. 山洞
seashore n. 海岸
- shore n. (海/湖/大河) 的岸
pirate n. 海盗 n. 盗版
- → Pirate of the Caribbean 加勒比海盗
- pirate books 盗版书
- pirate software 盗版软件
arm n. 胳膊, 武器 v. 武装
entrance n. 入口
- enter v. 进入
- exit n. 出口
worthless adj. 毫无价值的
- worth adj. 值…钱的
  - → Our house is worth $20000.
thoroughly adv. 彻底的
trunk n. 树干 / 大象鼻子/ 行李箱
confident adj. 有信心的
- confidence n. 信心
  - t 结尾的形容词, 把 t 变为 ce , 词性变为名词
- self-confident adj. 有自信心的
- self-confidence n. 自信心

## key structure

used to do sth.
would do sth.
总结非谓语动词

## text

非谓语动词
1. 不作谓语的动词
2. 什么时候用非谓语动词
  - 在已经有谓语动词的情况下, 用非谓语动词, 一个主语只能有一个谓语, 其余的动词需要变成非谓语动词
3. 非谓语动词分几种
  - doing/done/to do (不一定是非谓语, 必须单独出现才是非谓语)
  - be doing 不是非谓语是进行时态
  - be done 不是非谓语是被动语态
  - 情态, 时态, 语态, 都是谓语的特征
  - 非谓语独立出现, 旁边没有别的动词
非谓语动词的作用
1. 相当于名词来用, 可作主语/宾语/表语, 仅(doing/to do), 另外, doing 可变成词组
  - 作主语
    - → Fishing is my favorite sport. L20
      - → = To Fish is my favorite sport.
    - → Playing basketball is my favorite sport
    - → It(形式主语) was his job to repair bicycles L31
      - 主语后置, 可以用It 形式主语补位
  - 作宾语, 介宾用 doing , 动宾用 doing/to do
    - → I often fish for hours without(介) catching anything.
      - 介词后面只能接代词/名词/动名词 , 所以此处只能用 doing
    - → Both men started running through the trees (关于 doing 的词组). L44
      - =→ Both men started to run through the trees(to do 的词组)
  - 作表语
    - → My dream is traveling around the world
      - =→ My dream is to traveling around the world.
2. 作定语修饰名词, 或者作状语修饰句子(doing/done/to do)
  - 通常就近修饰, 在这种情况下, doing 表主动, done 表被动, to do表目的, 即将去做
  - 修饰名词作定语
    - → Passing planes(经过的飞机) can be heard night and day
    - → I was the only passenger left on the bus 修饰前面的 passenger
    - → I have a lot of homework to do. 修饰前面的 homework.
    - 需要知道修饰谁, 会比较容易看懂句子, 写的时候也要知道在修饰谁.
    - 短的放前面, 长的放后面
  - 修饰句子
    - → Looking round, I realized that I was the only passenger
      - Looking round 前后没有名词, 而且逗号隔开, 修饰整个句子(的主语)
    - → Armed with the new machine, they went into the cave.
    - → I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view.
3. 非谓语动词的用法总结
  1. 相当于名词用, 作主语/ 宾语 / 表语 (doing / to do)
  2. 修饰名词 / 句子, 作定语 / 状语 (doing / done / to do)
→ Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently.
- finding 是非谓语, 介后动名词,
- lost 是非谓语, 修饰后面的名词 treasure,
→ A new machine called ‘The Revealer’ has been invented.
- call 非谓语, called ‘The Revealer’ 整个是个定语, 修饰前面的名词
- 如何判断哪个是谓语动词? 观察 3态1否
→ and it has been used(谓语) to detect gold.
→ which has been buried in the ground.
英文中, 两个括号/破折号中间的是插入语
- → The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where — it is said — pirates used to hide gold.
→ The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and the fail to collect it .
- would + do 有两种意思,
  1. 表示过去将来时
  2. 表示过去常常做某时
过去常常做某事, used to do sth. / would do sth.
1. 如果表示过去做,现在不做, 用 used to do sth. , 因为 would do sth. 仅表示过去常做某时, 不关心现在
  - → I used to go to work by bus, Now I go by bus.
  - → I used to be a student, I used to have many pen-friends.
2. 表示过去的状态用 used to do sth. , would 只能表示过去动态的
  1. When I was a body, I used to spend my holiday in a factory. I would get up at 5:00 and would start working at 6:00
3. would 不能用在故事的开头
4. 其他情况下, used to do sth./would do sth. 可以随意使用.
→ Armed with the new machine(修饰整个句子), a search party went into the cave …
tin n. 锡
尽管
- In spite of + 词
- despite + 词
- Although + 句子
- even though + 句子
- though + 句子
something of value 有价值的
- = something valuable
写作扩展
- → In spite of this, many people are confident that ‘The Revealer’ may reveal something of value fairly soon.
  - something of value = something valuable
    - something of great value = something very valuable
  - very important(adj.) = of great importance(n.)
    - very different = of great difference
  - → Your final exam is of greate importance (main)
    - =→ You final exam is very importance.
  - → Chinese and English are of great difference
    - =→ Chinese and English very different.
  - → Studying English is of great importance.
易混淆词
- used to do sth. 过去常常做某事(现在不这样做了)
- be used to sth. 习惯于某物
- be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事
- be used(被动) to do sth. 被用来去做某时
  - get used to sth./doing sth.
- stand 忍受 = bear
不规则动词变化
- dig dug dug digging

L56 Faster than sound

## word

sound n. 声音, 一切的声音 v. 听起来
- voice n. 声音, 人的声音
- noise n. 声音, 不好的声音, 噪音
excitement n. 激动
wheel n. 轮子
- at the wheel 在开车
explosion n. 爆炸
- explosive n. 炸药 adj. 易爆炸的
course n. 跑道, 行程, 课程, 一道菜
- on/off the course.
rival n. 对手
speed v. 疾驶, 加速, m. 速度
- speed up/ slow down
- reach(达到) / keep a speed.
- drive at the speed of 以… 速度开车

## key structure

复习形容词 / 副词的比较级/最高级
其他表示比较的词/ 词组

## text

race 专门比速度的比赛
once / twice(两次) / …. times e.g. ten times
→ There was a great deal of excitement just before it began
- a lot of + 可数/不可数 : 大量
- a great deal of + 不可数 : 大量
- a great many + 可数: 大量
- take part 参加(比赛)
many time
→ Many of the cars broke down on the course. and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them!
→ A few car , however, completed the race.
reached a speed of … 达到…速度
faster than : 只能说明比…更快, 不能说明程度
- much faster than: 加强了程度, 快很多
speed sped sped
- → It sped down hill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it.
pleasure 愉快
be different from 与… 不同
be the same as 与…一样
be similar to 与… 相似
其他的表示比较的词 / 词组
1. 修饰或指代不可数名词, 表示 “许多, 大量”
  - much (+n.)
  - a great deal (of) (+n.)
  - a lot (of …) (+n.)
  - 重复出现的时候可以忽略名词
    - → There isn’t much I do to help him.
  - 少
    - a little 一点 (肯定)
    - litte 没多少了 (否定)
2. 修饰可数名词(必须复数), 表示 “许多, 大量”
  - many
  - a great many (of)
  - a great number (of)
  - a lot (of…)
  - a large number (of)
  - a good number (of)
  - 重复出现时, 可以省略名词
3. 少, 不可数
  - a little
  - little
    - → There isn’t much whisky , but you can have a little
    - → There is letter I can do to help him
4. 少, 可数
  1. a few 有几个 (肯定)
  2. few 没剩几个 (否定)
扩展, 区分易混淆词
- 形容好看
  - handsome 男性, 帅的
  - beautiful 女性, 漂亮
  - pretty 女性, 漂亮
  - good-looking 中性, 好看的
- 到达
  - reach 到达某地, 到达某个程度, 够得着某个东西
  - arrive in/at 到达某地
    - → The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour.
    - → Will you pass me that book please? I can’t reach it.
    - → I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said…
    - → We arrived in New York yesterday.
    - → We arrive at the station in good time
- 参加和发生
  - take part 参加
  - take place 发生
    - → It was the oldest car taking part.
    - → The next race will take place in a year’s time.
不规则动词变化
- speed sped sped

L57 Can I help you, madam?

## words

madam 太太, 夫人, 结婚的上了年纪的女士
- young lady 年轻的女士
jeans n. 牛仔裤
scornfully adv. 轻蔑地
- scornful adj. 轻蔑的
- scorn n./v. 轻蔑/蔑视
fur n. 各种皮毛, 裘皮
eager adj. 热切的, 热情的, 急切的, 渴望的
- be eager for sth.
  - → The man is eager for success.
- be eager to do sth.
  - → The stranger was eager to help me.

## key structure

复习介词

## text

介词
- 介词用于构成介词短语, 对整个句子进行补充
- In(体)/on(面)/at(点)
  - 地点: in 表示里面, on 表示上面, at 表示点
  - 时间: in 接大的范围(年月季上午下午晚上), on 接天, at 时间点
- to 朝着某个方向
- into / out of : 动态的进入/出来
- with: 伴随着有
- without: 伴随着没有
in + 衣物: 表穿着
though + 让步状语从句
wear(表主动) /dress (穿衣, 表主动只能接人(sb.))
- be dressed (in+衣服)
  - 用被动式表示意义上的主动
be eager to do sth. 热切的做…
非谓语 + 宾语从句
as soon as 一.. 就…
享受做某事, enjoy + doing
make sb. (to) do 使某人做某事
课文扩展: 使役动词
- 使役动词: 使某人做某事
  - make sb. (to) do / let sb. (to) do 两个都是省略 to 的不定式
    - make sb. do 有强迫的色彩
    - let sb. do 有建议的语气, 有许可的含义
    - → She made the assistant bring almost everything in the window.
    - → The teacher made the boy write the exerciceagain.
    - → Let’s take a taxi
    - → Don’t let the children touch anything in the room please.
不规则动词变化
- seek sought sought 寻找

L58 A blessing in disguise?

## word

blessing n. 福气, 福分, 好事
- bless v. 保佑
- → God bless you!
disguise.
- n. 伪装
  - a blessing in disguise 因祸得福
- v. 伪装
  - disguise one’s voice
tiny adj. 极小的 (very very small)
- 比 micro 还小
possess v. 拥有 (正式写法)
- own/have (日常使用)
- possession n. 拥有, 拥有权
cursed adj. 可恨的
- curse v. 诅咒, 咒骂
- a cursed tree 被诅咒的树
increase v. 增加, 上涨
- rise / grow / go up / climb 都可以表示上升/ 增加
- decrease v. 减少, 降低, 下降
  - decline / go down / drop / fall 都可以表示下降
decade 十年
plant v. 种植, 安放
- plant a boomer in the place
evil adj. 坏的, 邪恶的 (比 bad 更坏)
- gain / get / earn (都表示获得) + an evil reputation(名声)
claim v. 领取, 索取 v. 声称, 主张, 断言
- → The hurricane claimed hundreds of victims.
- claim the baggage(行李)
- → She claimed that she had won the match.
source n. 来源
- the source of income
- the source of infomation
trunk n. 树干, 箱子, 大象的鼻子

## key structure

复习被动语态
强调句

## text

be said 被说, 据说
- → The number of visitors to Frinley has now .
increased 增长
the number of + 可数名词复数, “…的数量”, 如果做主语, 后接第三人称单数动词
- 区分 the number of 和 a number of
  - the number of …的数量,
    - 后接三单动词
  - a number of + 可数名词复数 “许多/大量”
    - 后接动词
强调句
- → The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years(强调的内容) that it has gained on evil reputation.(强调句)
- 强调句的结构
  - It’s …(强调句的内容) that …
  - It is + 强调的部分 + that + 句子余下的部分
- 变化
  - It is/was + 强调的部分 + that/who + 句子余下的部分
    - 英语中, 没有未来的用现在时代替
- 不能强调什么
  - 不能强调 adj. 和 v.
    - → It(形式主语) was obvious that he was very embarrassed. 不是强调句
  - 判断句子是否能够还原, 来进而判断是否是强调句
    - → It is said that he has returned from English. 不是强调句
    - → It is said that if anyone touches the tree , he will have bad luck; If he picks a leaf, he will die.
- 例句
  - → I want to go to America this summer.
    - → It’s America that I want to go to this summer. 强调 America
  - → Tom went camping whith Jerry
    - → It was Tom that/who went camping with Jerry
  - → We used to have meetings in the cafe.
    - → It was in the cafe that we used to have meetings.
  - → Men can solve the problem of natural disaster only by controlling the environmental pollution.
    - → It is only by controlling the environmental pollution that men can solve the problem of natural disaster.
→ Many villagers believe that the tree has already claimed(索取) a number of victims(受害者)
has been asked 之前被要求
so far … 截至到现在, 用现在完成时
point 有点出/指出的意思
tourist 游客
as 因为
In spite of 尽管… , 不能够接句子, 后接词
- although , though , even though 是连词, 可以接句子
- → In spite of all that has been said , the tourists have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-truck.
被动语态
- be + done 中
  - done表示 1. 被动的动作
  - be 表示 2.被动的时态和 3.主语的单复数
双宾语动词的被动语态
- 例子
  - She gave me a pen = She gave a pen to me.
    - I was given a pen by her = A pen was given to me.
  - The manager offered the vacant post to him.= The manger offered him the vacant post.
    - The vacant post was offered to him by the manager. = He was offered the vacant post by the manager.
- 写作中的应用
  - → People say (that) he is a genius.
    - 中文中常是 sb. 说了什么事, 以人为主体
    - 英文中常以 什么事为主体 (写作时需注意)
    - 方法 1: 用 be said to do
      - → He is said to be a genius
    - 方法2 : 形式主语 + 主语从句
      - → It(形式主语) is said that he is a genius.(主语从句)
  - → People say (that) is oil under the North Sea.
    - → There is said to be oil under the North Sea.
    - → It is said that there is oil under the North Sea.

L59 In or out?

## text

bark v. 狗叫 (也可以表示人叫, 但有贬低的色彩)
press v. 按压 n. 出版社, 新闻界
- press the button
- press any key to continue.
- pressure n. 压力
  - relieve the pressure
  - the pressure of life/work
paw n. 脚爪
develop v. 发展, 开发
- develop a bad/good habit
- a developing country
- a developed country.

## key structure

复习课
表示目的的几种方式

## text

complain of/about
spend + 时间/钱 + on sth./(in) doing sth.
train sb. to do sth.
→ He ran to the station so that he caught the train. 结果状语从句, 已经完成了
- → He ran to the station so that he might catch the train. 目的状语从句, 尚未完成
表示目的的几种方式
1. 用词组表示目的 (主语必须相同)
  - in order to do sth.
  - so as to do sth.
  - to do sth.
2. 用从句表示目的状语从句 (主语可以不同)
  - so that / in order that + 句子 (有情态动词)
3. 例子
  - 1
    - → He ran to the station
    - → he wanted to catch the last rain.
      - → He ran to the station to/in order to / so as to catch the last train.
      - → He ran to the station so that/ in order to that he would catch the last train.
  - 2
    - → I opened the door quietly
    - → I didn’t want to disturb him.
      - → I opened the door quietly not to/ in order not to / so as not to disturb him.
      - → I opened the door quietly so that/ in order that I would not disturb him.
  - 3
    - → The thief ran quickly
    - → The policeman couldn’t catch him
      - → The thief ran quickly so that/in order that the policeman couldn’t catch him.
4. 主语不同的词组表示目的
  - for sb. to do
  - in order for sb. to do
  - so as for sb. to do.

L60 The future

## word

future n. 未来, 前途
- in the (near/distant) future
- look forward to the futurn
fair n. 小集市, 展览会 adj. 公平的
- fair enough
fortune-teller n. 算命的人
- fortune n. 运气, 命运
crystal n. 水晶
relation n. 亲属
- 等价 relative n. 亲属
- relationship n. 关系
impatiently adv. 不耐烦地
- im+(p/m)开头的单词, 表否定
  - impatient adj. 没有耐心的, 不耐烦的
    - patient adj. 有耐心的 n. 患者, 病人
      - patiently adv. 耐心的

## key structure

复习表示将来的各种时态

## text

名词修饰名词
- a village fair
- a school bus
- a birthday present
- a door key
- a crystal ball
intends to 打算做
the moment 引出时间状语从句
- → the moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise.
- 时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来
→ A woman(主) you主 know谓 well will rush谓 towards you.
- 中间的是从句
复习表示将来的各种时态
- L12 一般将来时(现在的将来), will do (将来有可能发生的事), am/is/are going to do (事前有计划打算)
- L2 现在进行时, am/is/are doing (I’m coming to see you) 表示确定的将来, 通畅与来/去的动词搭配
- L13 将来进行时, will be doing (表示确定的将来)
- L16,36 一般现在时 do/does
  1. 状语从句 (条件/时间)
  2. 有计划表的将来
    1. → The trains arrives at 9:00 am

L61 Trouble with the Hubble

## word

space n. 空间
- outer space 外太空
- spaceship
- space station
- → At the moment, they cover every inch of floor space.
faulty adj. 有错误的
- fault n. 错误, 故障
hundred
- thousand 千
  - five thousand_ (不加s)
  - thousands of (加s)
- million 百万
- billion 十亿
  - hundreds of
- trillion 兆
shuttle n. 往返的, 班车/ 班机
grab v. 抓
- grabbed
- grabbing
atmosphere n. 大气层, 氛围
distant adj. 有距离的
- distance n. 距离
universe n. 宇宙
- universal adj. 宇宙的, 普遍的, 通用的
eagle eye n. 突起的镜头

## key structure

将来进行时 (复习)
将来完成时 (复习)
将来完成进行时
分析长难句

## text

April 20 → 读的时候 April th 20
at a cost of 以 …. 为花费
Right from the start 从最开始
disappointing adj. 令人失望的
分析长难句的步骤
1. 准备: 数谓语动词
  - 一个句子中只能有一个谓语动词, 所以, 有几个谓语动词就有几件事
2. 断开: 标点/ 连接词 / 分析主谓 (主谓主谓 or 主主谓谓)
  - 谓语动词有情态, 语态, 时态, 否定
  - → The pictures it(主) sent(谓) us(主) were(谓) very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty!
  - n. + 从句 (无连接词) 100% 是定语从句
shuttle v./n. 往返接驳
necessary adj. 必要的
→ A robot-arm from the Endeavour will grab the telescope and hold it while the astronauts make the necessary repais.
1. 上文 hold 前没有 will, 而 will grab 的原因是应为 hold 处于并列句的后半段, 并列句的特点是相同的可以省略, 所以 hold 前的主句和 will 都被省略了
2. 时间状语从句, 用将来进行时
have ever seen 见过的所有
⭐️ 将来完成时 will/shall have done (将来的之前)
- 通常会与一些将来的词组共用
  1. by + 将来的时间 (在那个时候)
    - → He will have arrived by this time tomorrow
    - → He will phone us later today. He will have received his exam results by then.
    - by 的情况
      1. by + 时间: 表示 “截止到 … 时间”, 与各种完成时连用
      2. by the time + 句子: 引导时间状语从句
      3. by the time you read this. 虽然看上去讲的是现在, 单实际上是在表示将来
    - 时间状语从句中, 一般现在时表示将来,
  2. by the time+ 一般现在时的句子 (表示将来)
    - → The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
    - → By the time he arrives in Beijing, we will have stayed here for two days.
- 将来进行时
  - 持续进行, 正在进行, 确定要发生
- 将来完成时
  - 将来的之前
将来完成进行时
- 将来完成时 will/shall have done
  - → Soon the astronauts will have repaired the telescope.
- 将来完成进行时 will/shall have been doing (强调过程)
  - → By Friday midday, they will have been working on it for seven days.
  - → By next Sunday, they will have finish all the preparation.
  - → They will have been preparing for a month.
grab grabbed grabbed grabbing

L62 After the fire

## words

control n. 控制, (变得受控)
- get sth. under control 使 …. 处于控制下…
- be under control 一直处于控制 (静态)
- lose control 变得失控 (动态)
- be out of control 一直不受控 (静态)
- control v. 控制
  - control one’s emotion 控制某人的情绪
  - control the budget 控制预算
desolate adj. 荒凉的
threaten v. 威胁
- threaten A with B 用 B 来威胁 A
  - → threaten the village with destruction
- threaten 威胁要做某事
  - → The U.S.A. threatened to break off diplomatic relations.
authority n. 当局 (常用复数)
- the forest authorities 林业局
- the French authorities 法国当局
grass(草) - seed (种子)
bus-stop 车站 (只读一个 s)
spray v. 喷洒
quantity n. 量
- a huge / large / small quantity of sth.
- do sth. in huge / large / small quantities.
root n. 根
- take root 生根
  - → Money is a root of all evils.
century n. 世纪
- country n. 国家
patch n. 小片; 不定, 片段
- a patch of … 一片
- patches of …. 许多片
blacken v. 变黑, 发暗
- the blackened soil 被变黑的土

## key structure

过去完成时
过去完成进行时

## text

过去完成时
- 形式: had done
- 用法: 过去的之前, 强调事情完成的结果
- → Fireman had put out the fire.
过去完成进行时
- 形式: had been doing
- 用法: 过去的之前, 强调事情进行的过程
- → Firemen had been fighting the fire for three weeks.
过去进行时和过去完成进行时都表示过去的之前, 但强调的重点不同, 前者强调结果 , 后者强调进行的过程
country side 农村
great vs. big
- big 只表示大, big man
- great 表示大或有重要性 , great man (伟人)
rise rose rose 上升
coming on 持续的来, 逐渐接近, 继续
not only … but … as well 不仅 …. 而且 ….
,for + 句子表因为
→ Winter was coming on and the hill threatened the surrounding villages with destruction , for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
- 拆解后
  1. winter was coming on
  2. and the hill threatened the surrounding
  3. , for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
→ When the fire had at last been put out , the forest authorites ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly
- 拆解后
  1. When the fire had at last been put out .
  2. the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed
  3. which would grow quickly
In place of … 代替
soil 土地, 泥土 vs. ground 地面
复习表示过去的时态
- 一般过去时
  - did 发生过去的时
- 过去进行时
  - was/were doing 过去进行的事 (进行)
- 过去将来时
  - would do 过去的将来 (之后)
- 过去完成时
  - had done 过去的之前发生的事 (之前 + 结果)
- 过去完成进行时
  - had been doing 过去的之前持续的过程 (之前的过程)
fight fought fought

L63 She was not amused

## words

circle n. 圈子; 圆
- draw a circle 画一个圆
- have a large circle of friends 一大圈的朋友
admire v. 赞美, 钦佩
- admire sb. for sth.
- → We admire him for his knowledge
reception n. 接待
close adj. 亲密的, 近的 /s/
- /z/ v. 关闭
- → Our home is close to the school
- get close to …
  - → the/your/Jeremy’s closest friends
sort n. 种类 v. 整理
- → this sort of thing/things/people
- → this kind of …
- sort of / kind of …. 稍微有点
  - → I’m sort of/ kind of tired.

## key stracture

复习课
直接引语变间接引语

## text

sense of humour 幽默感
speech 演讲
n. + that 从句
- 定语从句 or 同位语从句
  - → This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves
- 通过 that 后的句子是否缺成分来判断是否是定语从句
as + 句子, “按照 … 的方式” , 引导方式状语从句
- → When in Rome , do as Romans do.
- → Do it as I told you last week.
To his surprise 令他惊讶的
laugh at 嘲笑某人
扩展, 直接引语变间接引语 L15, L39
- → He says, ‘I am a fool’ 直接引语
  - (英语中, ‘说’ 后面不用冒号, 用逗号)
- → He says(that) he is a fool. 间接引语
- 方法1 , 设身处地, 祈使句变宾语从句
  - → ‘Stay to lunch.’ he insisted.
    - → He insisted that I should stay to lunch
  - → ‘Come with me.’ he suggested
    - → He suggested that I should go with him
- 方法2, 不变成宾语从句
  - → ‘Open the door for me please.’ She said to me.
    - → She asked me to open the door for her.
  - → ‘Don’t make so much noise.’ She said to the children
    - → She told them not to make so much noise.

L64 The Channel Tunnel

words

port n. 港口
- airport n. 空港, 飞机场
ventilate v. 通风
- well-ventilated adj. 通风良好的
- ventilation n. 通风
sea level 海平面
invasion n. 入侵, 侵略
- → This is the invasion of my privacy
- invade v. 入侵, 侵略, 侵袭
  - → Hitler invaded Poland on Sep. 1, 1939
    - 这里 1 都得时候要读 the first
afficially adv. 正式地
connect v. 连接
- connect … to/with …
  - → The bridge connected this small town to the big city.
- connection n. 连接, 联系
European adj. 欧洲的, 欧洲人的, n. 欧洲人
- European continent 欧洲大陆
- European Union 欧盟
- Europe n. 欧洲
- euro n. 欧元

## key structure

if 条件句 (L16, L40)
- L16 真实条件句
- L40 虚拟条件句

if 真实条件句 (假设过去)
if 虚拟条件句 (假设过去)
宾语从句的虚拟

## text

if 条件状语从句(真实条件句)

	If 从句	主句
假设过去	过去的各种时态	过去将来时
假设现在	现在的各种时态	一般将来时
假设将来	一般现在时 (代替将来)	一般将来时 L16

put forward 提前, 提出
put forward a plan/proposal
→ He suggested that a double railway-tunnel should be built.
- suggest 表示 “建议” , 其后宾语从句要虚拟
- 从句中谓语动词 = (should) + 动词原型 (should 可省略)
表示 ““建议/命令/要求”” 的动词后, 宾语从句要虚拟
- suggest, adrise, propose, recommend/order, ask, demand, insist, request….
→ The workers demanded they should be given the wages they should get.
- draw 有拉(pull)的意思

If 虚拟条件句, 假设现在

If 从句	主句
一般过去时	could+ do
did(were)	would + do
	should + do
	might + do

从句往过去推, 主句4+1

If 虚拟条件句, 假设过去

If 从句	主句
过去完成时	could + have done
have done	would + have done
	should + have done
	might + have done

真实
- → I didn’t tell her the result. She didn’t know it.
虚拟
- → It I had told her the result, she would have known it.

If 虚拟条件句(假设将来)

If 从句	主句
将来同现在	could + do
did(were)	would + do
were to do	should + do
should do	might + do

→ If I had/were to have/should have time tomorrow, I would discuss the new plan with you.

L65 Jumbo versus the police

## words

versus prep. 对阵
- A vs. B
Christmas n. 圣诞节
- Christmas Eve 圣诞夜
ought (modal verb. 语气动词) 应该
- ought to do sth. = should do sth.
weigh v. 称重; 衡量
- weight n. 重量
- → Jumbo must weigh a few tons.
fortunate adj. 幸运的
- fortunately adv. 幸运地
- unfortunate adj. 不幸运的
- unfortunately adv. 不幸运地
- fortune n. 运气, 命运

## Key structure

复习 must / have to
情态动词的虚拟
- should/ought to + have done
复习非谓语动词

## text

Father Christmas 圣诞老人
guard of honour 仪仗队
set off 出发
main street 主路
- side street 辅路
dress 这个词用被动的形式表主动的穿
go along 沿着… 走…
though 尽管
must = have to
- must 无过去式
afterwards 事后
动词短语 let
- let sb. off 放过, 让某人脱离
- let sb. down 让某人失望
- let sb. in 让某人进来
- let sb. out 让某人出去
ride rode ridden riding

L66 Sweet as honey!

## words

bomber n. 轰炸机
- bomb n. 炸弹 v. 轰炸
remote adj. 偏僻的, 遥远的 n. 遥控器
- a remote place
Pacific 太平洋
damage v. 毁坏 (可修复)
wreck n. 残骸
rediscover v. 重新发现
- repeat v. 重复
- retell v. 复述
- rebuild v. 重建
- restore v. 恢复, 修复, 把… 放回
aerial adj. 航空的
survey n. 调查
rescue v. 营救 n. 营救, 救援
- rescue operations 营救行动
package v. 把… 打包 n. 包裹
- package sth.
  - a small package of cigars
- pack v. 包裹, 打包
  - a packing case. 一个打包的箱子 (包装箱)
imagine v. 想象
- imagine + n./动名词
colony n. 殖民地; 群体
- a colony of bee
preserve v. 保护
- prepare v. 做准备
- preview v. 预演, 预告
- precaution n. 预防措施
- pre 强调事前
beeswax n. 蜂蜡

## key structure

have 使役动词
- have sth. done

## text

as sweet as honey 原级比较
- as busy as bees
- as sticky as glue
  - glue 粘合剂
→ In 1963 a Lancaster bomber crashed on wall is Island, a remote place in the South Pacific, a long way west of Samoa.两个同位语
undisturbed adj. 不受打扰的
disturb v. 打扰
- Do not disturb 请勿打扰
remain v. 保持 n. 剩余
- remained undisturbed adj. 保持不被打扰的状态
crashed
- the crash n. 坠毁
accidentally adv. 意外地
rediscover v. 重新发现
condition n. 状况 (situation)
reasonable adv. 合理地
- in reasonable / good / perfect condition
- in bad / terrible condition
rare adj. 稀少的
be worth doing 值得做某事 (主动表被动)
- → These books are worth reading.
- → The idea is worth considering.
- → Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.
By+ 时间, 通常与完成时连用, 但有例外
authorities n. 政府, 当局
- → The French authorities had the plane packaged and (the French authorities had the plane) moved in parts back to France
have 使役
- have sth. done 使某时被做
比较: do/have sth. done
- → I wash my car. 我洗我的车
- → I have my car washed 我使我的车被洗 (不一定是我洗的)
- do sth. 主语亲自做
- have sth. done 使某事碑座, 不一定是主语做的
- → I have my hair cut.
- → I have my clothes washed.
delight n./v. 高兴
- turn A into B, 把 A 变成 B
扩展
- → She ashed somebody to value her house.
- → She had her house valued
- → He will ask somebody to paint the house for him
- → He will have the house pointed
- → I must ask someone to photo copy this letter
- → I must have this letter photocopied
- → Sally will have to ask someone to repair her car
- → Sally will have to have her car repaired.

L67 Volcanoes

## words

volcano n. 火山
- active volcanoes 活火山
- inactive/dormant volcanoes 休眠火山
- extinct volcanoes 死火山
erupt v. (火山) 喷发
- violently adv. 猛烈地, 剧烈地
- violent adj. 猛烈的, 剧烈的
- violence n. 暴力
manage v. 设法
brilliant adj. 精彩的
liquid adj. 液态的
- solid adj. 固态的
- gas adj. 气态的
escape v. 逃脱
- → The prisoner attempted to escape but failed
  - attempt v. 尝试
- → Their conversation did not escape my notice.
- → We all want to escape from the reality sometime.
alive adj. 活着的

## key structure

复习 can/be able to
managed to do

## text

Polish n. 波兰人 adj. 波兰的
- Poland n. 波兰(国家)
spend time (in) doing sth.
- → He spent his life time studying sth.
- → In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro.
can/be able to
- 相同点:
  - 都表示能力, “能够”
  - (be able to 时态比 can/could 更灵活)
    - 情态动词只有两种时态
- 不同点:
  - 表示过去已经成功做到的, 用 was/were able to 不用 could
  - can/could 还可以表示猜测允许
managed to do = was/were able to do
a number of … → a large number of …
could not do = was not able to do = did not manage to do
threatened v. 可能来临
just in time 及时的
managed to 可以表示过去真的有去做
- could do 表示过去有能力做, 不表答是否有做
measure v. 测量
- temperature n. 温度
rick sb’s life 冒着某人的生命危险
any man live 任何活人
can/be able to , managed to do 三个词组
- 在表示过去做的意思时有不同
- 在表示过去没做的意思时一样,
扩展, 区分 say /tell
- say
  - say something/anything/nothing
  - say so (指示这么说)/ no more
  - say goodbye/ a good word (说好话)
  - say 通常接说话的内容
- tell 可以接双宾语, 所以可以有 tell sb. sth., 也可以接名词, tell n.
  - tell us a story , tell you a secret
  - tell the truth/lies
  - tell the difference/ the time
- → If you say so, I suppose it’s true
- → I don’t think you would tell me a lie
- → He is only five, but he can already tell the time
- → If you could say a good word for him, he might get the job.

L68 Persistent

## words

persistent adj. 坚持的, 固执的, 持续不断的, 重复出现的
- persistent effort 坚持的努力
- persistent conflicts 持续不断的冲突
- a persistent smell 持续的味道
- persistence n. 坚持不写, 固执, 持续存在
- persist v. 坚持, 固执, 持续存在
- persist in …
- → The minority of drivers persist in drinking
insist v. 坚持做, 坚持认为, 坚决要求
- insist on …
  - → He always insists on coming with you
- persist 坚持做 ; insist 立场上坚持, 精神上
avoid v. 离开, 避免
- avoid + n. doing sth.
  - → Try to avoid accidents while you are driving.

## key struction

非谓语动词 doing
1. 相当于名词用 — 动名词 (小名)
2. 修饰名词或句子, 表示主动/正在进行 — (小名) 现在分词

## text

doing
1. doing 动名词 (用法1) -
  - 作主语
    - → Fishing is my favourite sport.
  - 介词后, 作宾语 (介词后跟名词/ 代词等)
    - → I often fish for hours without catching anything.
  - 有些动词后, 作宾语
    - → I like playing basketball
2. 修饰名词或句子, 表示主动 / 正在进行 – 现在分词(用法二)
  - → Passing planes can be heard night and day.
  - → Looking round, I realized that I was the only passenger.
pretending v. 假装
- → It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him
no matter how = however 无论怎样
- 引出让步状语从句
- no matter who = whoever
- no matter what = whatever
- → No matter where you are = wherever you are
- → No matter what you do = whatever you do
- → I will be right here waiting for you.
→ I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.
→ Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这见到你
→ You’re not busy doing anything are you ?
- be busy (in) doing sth.
→ would you mind coming?
→ would you mind my coming? doing 动名词的逻辑主语
他们坚持周日之前完成报告
- → They insist on finishing the report before Sunday.
他们坚持周日之前完成报告
- → They insist on her finishing the report before Sunday.
来晚了使我很紧张
- → Coming late made me nervous
他来晚了使老师很生气
- → His coming late made the teacher angry.
名词修饰名词 (动名词)
- the waiting room
- a sleeping bag
- a packing case
扩展: 反意疑问句
- 1.构成 2.特点 3.写法
- → You’re not busy doing anything are you? 否定句+疑问
- → He plays basketball well, doesn’t he?
- → He finished his work, didn’t he?
- → You can’t understand me, can you?
- → He hasn’t left the office, has he?
- 回答
  - → You don’t love me , do you?
    - No, I don’t. 是的, 我不爱
    - Yes, I do. 不是的, 我爱

L69 But not murder

## word

murder n. 谋杀
acquire v. 取得, 获得 (正式 ) =get
confidence n. 信心
- confident adj. 有信心的
examiner n. 主考人
- examine v. 考试
tap v. 轻敲 n. 水龙头
react v. 反应
brake pedal 刹车踏板
paddle n. 桨
mournful adj. 悲哀的
instruct v. 命令
- instruct sb. to do sth.
- instruction n. 指导, 说明
- follow the instruction
suppose v. 假设
- → Let us suppose that …
- be supposed to do 按照计划, 应该做某事
- → You are supposed to tell me what to do.

## key structure

复习被动语态
非谓语动词的变体: having been done

## text

a driving licence 驾照
test n./v. 测试
heavy traffic 拥挤的交通
状语从句的省略
- → After I had been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.(时间状语从句)
- 主语省略后, 谓语要编程非谓语
- → After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
having been done 非谓语动词
- 表示被动, 发生在先, (发生在谓语动词之前)
- 已经被告诉了很多次, 他还是犯同样的错误
  - → Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
- 被广告影响之后, 人们就会冲去买新商品
  - → After having been influenced by the Ads , people will rush to buy new goods.
must have been 表推测
could be heard 能够被听见
in a voice 用 … 的声音
- in a mournful voice 用一种悲哀的声音
扩展; be done vs. done
- 表示被动:
  - be done 和 done 意思一样, 都表示被动
- be done 能做谓语, 被动语态
- done 不作谓语, 非谓语表被动
- was thrown / thrown
  - → The bottle was thrown into the sea.
  - → The bottle thrown into the sea is found.
- 非谓语动词, 表示被动
  1. → Beaten by a girl, the boy cried.
  2. → Having been beaten by a girl, the boy cried.
  3. → Being beaten by a girl, the boy cried
  4. 总结
    1. done 只表示被动
    2. having been done 表被动, 并表示先后关系
    3. being done 表正在被动
- 非谓语动词 vs. 谓语动词, 时间关系?
  - → Having been beaten by a girl, the boy crioed.
  - → Having been beaten by a girl, the boy is cring.
  - 非谓语动词不能表示绝对的时间, 只能表示先后顺序, 因为非谓语没有三态一否, 谓语动词才有时态

L70 Red for danger

## words

bullfight n. 斗牛
drunk n. 醉汉, v. 喝
- drink v.
wander v. 溜达
- wonder v. 感到奇怪, 想知道
ring n. 圆的东西, 圆形竞技场, 年轮 v. 电话铃响
unaware adj. 不知道的, 未察觉的
- be unaware of …
  - → The drunk was unaware of the danger.
- aware adj. 察觉到的, 意识到的
  - be aware of …
matador n. 斗牛士
remark n. 评论; 言语
apparently adv. 明显地
sensitive adj. 敏感的
- sensitive skin 敏感皮肤
- a sensitive question/issue 一个敏感的问题
- be sensitive to…
  - → Young people are sometimes too sensitive to criticism.
criticism n. 匹配
charge v. 冲上去
- → Suddenly a dog barked and charged at the stranger.
- → How much do you charge for the service?
- → The police charged him with murder
- → The battery is charging.
clumsily adv. 笨拙地
bow v. 鞠躬, n. 蝴蝶结
safety n. 安全地带
sympathetically adv. 同情地

## key structure

形容词与介词搭配的词组

## text

be unaware of
- → The drunk was unaware of the danger.
- 主语后必须有动词, 上文为主+ 动+ 补(主系表)
be busy + with + sb. 正忙于应付某人
sensitive to sth. 对… 敏感
变得 (系动词)
- get
- become
- turn
- go
- graw
cheer 欢呼(干杯)
break into 爆发出
even 甚至, 正当…之时
v.+on 表示继续做某事 (L14)
once more 再来一次
for + 原因
→ Even the bull seened to feel sorry for him
- for it looked on sympathetically
- until the drunk was out of the way.
- before once more turning its attention the matador.
形容词与介词搭配的词组
- 后面接 for 的形容词 (针对于 sb., 目的是为了)
  - sorry for 对… 感到遗憾
  - responsible for 对… 负责
  - volid for 有效期为
  - eager for 渴望的
  - enough for 足够
  - famous for 以…闻名
  - fit for 合适, 适合
  - grateful for/to 感激
  - thankful for/to 感谢
  - qualified for/in 能胜任
  - ready for/to 准备好
- 后面可接 with 的 adj. (伴随)
  - popular with 为…所喜爱
  - patient with 有耐心
  - consistent with 与… 一致
  - content with 对… 满足
  - busy with/to 忙于
  - familiar with/to 与… 熟悉
  - angry with sb. 因某人而生气
    - angry at sth. 因某事而生气
- 后面可接 of 的形容词 (属性)
  - aware of 知道, 意识到
    - unaware of 没意识到
  - sure of 肯定
  - capable of 能够
  - fond of 爱好
  - afraid of 害怕
  - jealous of 嫉妒
  - short of 缺乏
- 后面可接 to 的形容词 (向…., 针对于 … )
  - sensitide to 对 … 敏感的
  - close to 接近于
  - contrary to 与 … 相反
  - equal to 与 …. 相等
  - faithful to 忠于 …
  - similar to 与 … 相似
  - harmful to 对 … 有害的
  - useful to 对 … 有用
- 后面可接 at 的形容词 (表示某个点)
  - bad / good at 不善于/善于
  - quick/slow at 在… 方面快速 / 缓慢
  - expert/skillful + at/in 熟练于
- 后面可接 from 的形容词 (来自)
  - away/for for 距离 … 远的, 远离
  - different from 与… 不同的
  - safe from 无危险
- 后面可接 in 的形容词 (在 …. 方面) (体)
  - weak in 在 … 薄弱的
  - honest in 在 … 诚实的
  - fortunate in 在 … 幸运的
- 后面可接 on 的形容词 (在 … 上面) (面)
  - dependent on 依赖于
  - keep on 热心于
  - intent on 专心于
- 后面可接 about 的形容词 (关于)
  - curious about 对 …. 好奇的
  - enthusiastic about 对 … 热心
  - doubtful about/of 对… 有疑问
  - reluctant about/ of 对… 很勉强
- for / with / of / to / at / from / in / on / about / …

L71 A famous clock

## word

parliament n. 议会, 国会
- the Houses of Parliament 国会大厦
official n. 行政官员 adj. 公职的, 官方的, 正式的
- officer n. 军官, 高级官员
observatory n. 天文台
- observe v. 观察, 研究
- Greenwich Observatory 格林威治天文台
check v. 检查, 校对 n. 检查, 支票
- → May I check/see you passport ?
- double check
- bank check 银行支票
microphone n. 麦克风
- micro- 微型的
- MicroSoft
- microwave oven 微波炉
- microscope 显微镜
erect v. 建起

## key structure

复习课

## 课文

→ When you visit London, one of the forst things you will see is Big ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.
- 分析长难句要先找从句, 但要先看主句
If 条件句: L16, L40, L64
- 真实条件句 & 虚拟条件句
- if 虚拟条件句 (假设过去)
  - 从句往前推, 主句 4+1
  - 从句
    - had done
    - had been done
    - had not been done
  - 主句
    - would have done
    - would have been done (被动)
    - would never have been done (被动否定)
  - → If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected
  - responsible 负责
  - be responsible for 负责某事
  - → It is not only of immense size, but (主语省略) is extremely accurate as well
  - → Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked(使被检查(使役)) twice a day.
  - rarely adv. 很少
长难句分析
- 在找到了从句的开始后, 从句会在第二个谓语动词前结束
  - 如何判断谓语动词
    1. 除了 doing/done/to do (非谓语), 其他都是谓语
    2. 谓语动词包含三态一否
扩展 - hang 单词
- hang
  - v. 悬挂 hung , hung
  - v. 绞死 hanged, hanged
- → The hero was hanged.
- → We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately — Benjamin Franklin

L72 A car called Bluebird

## words

racing n. 竞赛(速度)
per prep. 每
- per day 每日
- per minute 每分钟
Utah n. 犹他
horse power n. 马力
burst v. 爆裂
- burst burst burst
- burst into(爆发出) tears/laughter
- burst out crying/laughing
average adj. 平均的
- average speed / cost / price
- on average 平均来说

## Key structure

复习课

## 课文

tyre n. 轮胎
reached a speed of … 达到某个速度
had great difficulty in 有巨大的困难
the first run 第一圈
disappoint v. 使失望
600 miles an hour = 600 miles per hour
扩展, 内容回顾
- 第一单元, 简单句, 三态一否, 时态(8种重要时态), 语态, 情态, 否定
- 第二单元, 并列句, 主从复合句 (定语从句, 状语从句, 名词性从句)
- 第三单元, 复习和从句简化, 非谓语动词
- 每单元 24课
- L16+24 If 条件句
- 如何复习
  - 用 Lesson + 24 来复习一系列的知识点
  - 逻辑迭代 + 重点循环 + 不同的生活场景

L73 The record-holder

## words

record-holder n. 记录保持者
- set up a new world record
- hold/keep a record
truant n. 逃学的孩子
- play truant (from school) 扮演逃学的孩子
unimaginative adj. 缺乏想象力
- imagine v. 想象
- imagination n. 想象, 想象力
- imaginative adj. 富有想象力
shame n. 惭愧, 羞耻
- What a shame!
- put sb. to shame 使某人感到羞耻
meantime n. 期间
- in the meantime 在那个期间, 与此同时
  - 同义: meanwhile adv. 期间,同时
evade v. 逃避, 逃离
- evade school 逃学

## key structure

复习简单句/ 并列句 / 复合句

## text

…. fishing (动名词作主语)… is usually as far as they get
- fishing , or seeing the file … is usually as far as they get.
- A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, in usually as far as they get.
→ They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles.
- who travelled 1600 miles while (he was) playing truant.
→ He hitch hiked to Dover and , towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep.
→ When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais.
→ The next car(主) the boy(主) stopped(谓) did not take(谓) him into the center of Paris,
扩展: 如何连接句子
- 提升水平可以练习连接句子, 连接句子的关键在于连接词
  1. 并列句
    - → The climbers reached the top of the mountain.
    - → They spent the night there
    - (not only … but … as well)
    - →→ The climbers not only reached that the top of the mountain but spent the night there as well
  2. 主从句
    - → He gave me a fright.
    - → I knocked the teapot over
    - → (such … that … )
    - →→ He gave me such a fright that I knocked the teapot over
  3. 主从句
    - → A fire broke out in the cinema
    - → Several hundred people tried to leave the building
    - → A number of them were injured
    - → (when … and …)
    - →→ When a fire broken out in the cinema, several hundred people tried to leave the building and a number of them were injured.
  4. 主从句
    - → James Sullivan will give a lecture at the local library
    - → His book on the Antarctic was published recently
    - → (whose)
    - →→ Jame sullivan, whose book on the Antarctic published recently, will give a lecture at the local library.

L74 Out of the limelights

## words

limelight n. 舞台灯光
precaution n. 预防措施
fan n. 狂热者
shady adj. 遮荫的
- shadow n. 影子
sheriff n. 司法长官
notice n. 告示 v. 注意到
sneer n. 冷笑

## key structure

复习现在进行时 / 一般现在时

## 课文

非限定性的定语从句
- → Among them will be Debbie’s mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.
- → This is the wall which they built last week. (限定)
- → This is the Great wall, which is would-famous.(非限定)
非限定定语从句, 可以修饰整句话, 连接语必须用 which/as, 需要用逗号隔开
→ But as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfact.
basket n. 篮子
扩展
- 动词 get 的词组
  - → Now you get out of here, all of you!
  - → The door is locked, I can’t get out.
  - → I’ve lost my key, I can’t get into the house.
  - → How is he getting on his new job?
  - → Get on with you work.
  - → He’s so difficult, I can’t got on with him
  - → Tom was punished, but Jim got off lightly.
  - → I can’t get the cap of this pen off
  - → He has now got over his illness.
  - → I want to get this interview over as quickly as possible.

L75 SOS

## words

thick adj. 厚的
- thin adj. 薄的
stamp v. 跺脚
- stamp out 踩出来
signal n. 信号
- send a signal
survivor n. 幸存者
- survive v. 幸存, 幸免于难
SOS
- save our souls

## key structure

复习一般过去时

## text

light passenger plane 轻型客机
on the course 在轨道内
- off the course 脱离航线/ 轨道
- fly flew flewn
turn a to/into B , 把 A 变成 B
- → When it grow dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find.
as near as she could 尽可能的近
call out 喊出来, 叫出来
- point out 指出来
- write out 写出来
扩展
- 表示 “变得”
  - → He grew angry when I told him about it .
  - → The leaves are turning yellow.
  - → This apple has gone bad.
  - → Coal got scarce last winter.
  - → Everything you said came true.
  - → She fell ill while she was on holiday.
  - → become
- by 的用法
  1. 通过某种方式方法(工具/事)
    - → I’ve just arrived by train.
  2. 被谁做
    - → It was bought by my grandfather.
  3. 在旁边
    - → They told stories and sang songs by the campfire.
  4. 加时间, 表截止到 … 时候
    - → Worker will have completed the new roads.
  5. 表示差额
    - → It cleared the mountain by 400 feet

L76 April Fools’ Day

## words

bulletin n. 简报
- news bulletin 新闻简报
announcer n. 播音员
- announce v. 宣布
leading adj. 主要的
- lead n. 领头的
grower n. 种植者
splendid adj. 极好的
gather v. 收庄稼
thresh v. 打(庄稼)
process v. 加工 n. 过程, 进行
- n.
  - → The crop is processed
- v.
  - → in the process (of doing)
present adj. 目前的 n. 现在/礼物 v. 赠送礼物
- adj. the present champion
champion n. 冠军
fool n. 傻瓜
- → I am such a fool
- foolish adj. 愚蠢的
studio n. 工作室
- → We’re now going back to the studio.

## key structure

复习:
- 现在完成时
  - have/has done
- 现在完成进行时
  - have/has been doing

## text

sb. said 等于 said sb.
- → ‘To end our special news bulletin’, said the voice of the television announcer, ‘we’re going over to the macaroni field of calabria’
英文中某人说, 用逗号和单引号
进行时态有表示主动的意味
拓展, 易混淆词
- 区别: usual adj. / usually adv.
  - usual practice 通常的管理
  - as usual 与往常一样
  - than usual 与往常相比
  - do sth. usually
- 区别: between 两者之间/ among 三者以上之间
  - between you and me
  - among all the student
  - latter 后者

L77 A successful operation

## words

temple n. 庙
mark n. 斑点; 痕迹; 表示; 符号; 分数 v. 使有斑点; 留下痕迹; 做标记; 打分数
plate n. (照相)底片; 盘子
last v. 持续
skin n. 皮肤
section n. 一部分, 部门
figure n. 人的体型, 人像; 数字; 图像
normally adv. 通常的
Egyptian adj. 埃及的, 埃及人的, n. 埃及, 埃及语
- Egypt n. 埃及
disease n. 疾病
- a rare disease 少见的病
- a family disease 家族病
- prevent and cure a disease 预防和治疗疾病
prove v. 显示出, 证明, 证实,
- → The operation proved to be very difficult
- → His idea proves fantastic
- → The boy proved his courage in the game.
survive v. 幸免于
- survivor n. 幸存者
- → The mummy successfully survived the operation.
- survive from…
- → Luckily , the little boy survived from the earthquake.

## key structure

复习 : 一般过去时/ 现在完成时/现在完成进行时
- did
- have/has done
- have/has been doing

## text

→ The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died of 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
→ The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thobes
→ As there were strange mark on the X-rag plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
→ The only way to do this was to operate.
for 接时间表持续
last 也表持续
扩展: 区别 ago/since/for
- → They won the match three days ago.
- → Since 1992, we have lived in the city.
- → They have been practicing for a year.
- ago 表示时间点, 通常放在时间之后
- for 后跟时间段, 表持续
- since 表截止到目前, 通常放在时间之前

L78 The last one?

## words

entitle v. 以 … 为名
produce v. 生产, 难处
urge v. 力劝, 怂恿
satisfaction n. 满意, 满足
delighted adj. 欣喜的
calm v. 使镇定 calm down adj. 镇定的, 沉着的
- keep calm
nerve n. 神经
- calm my nerve
- nervous adj. 神经紧张的, 神经系统的
suffer v. 受苦, 受害
- suffer from …
- → He suffered terribly from the headache.
temper n. 脾气
- a bad temper
- lose one’s temper 发火

## key structure

复习冠词

## text

light v. 照亮, 点燃
- 两种等价的
- light lit lit
- light lighted lighted
cigarettes 香烟
- cigars 雪茄
made no effort 不努力掩饰
extremely adj. 极其的
→ It was more than I could bear.
→ I took one guiltly, lit it and smoked with satis faction.
- 三个动词用并列句连接, 省略相同的成分.
→ Disguises can sometimes be too perfect, which they soon discovered.
- 等价于 → Disguises can sometimes be too perfect, as they soon discovered
  - which 作非限定性定语从句的连接词只能放句尾,
  - as 作非限定性定语从句的连接词可以放句尾或句首.
- Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.
扩展: 动词 keep 搭配的词组
- → My friends kept on offering me cigarettes
- → Please keep off the grass.
- → He kept away from the party
- → Under my essay, the teacher wrote, Good work, keep it up.
- → He ran so fast, I could not keep up with him.
- → A big notice on the door said, ‘keep out!’
- → The cat was kept in during the fireworks.

L79 By air

## words

parent n. 父母亲之一
- parents 父母双方
flight attendant 空服员
- flight n. 飞行, 航班
- attendant n. 服务员, 陪同者
frightened adj. 害怕, 担惊
- frighten v. 使害怕, 吓唬
- fright n. 害怕
curious adj. 急于了解, 好奇的, 奇怪的
- be curious about 对… 好奇
- be curious to do sth. 好奇的去做某时
- curiosity n. 好奇心
bomb n. 炸弹
- bomber n. 轰炸机
- plant a bomb 安放一个炸弹
- plant v. 种, 安放

## key structure

used to do sth. / be used to doing sth.
倒装句 (部分倒装)
复习一般过去式/ 过去进行时 / 过去经常发生

## text

used to do sth. 习惯做某事
a great deal 大量
would do sth. 过去常常做某事
take charge of 管理/照顾某人
be used to + doing sth. 习惯做某事
- → My friend is used to swimming in winters.
- → He is used to sleeping during the daytime.
- be/get used to … (get 是表示变得习惯于)
- be/get accustomed to … 习惯于…
  - accustomed 习惯
- used 和 use 的意思不一样
  - used
    1. 过去常常做
    2. 熟悉
    3. 旧的, 用过的, 二手的
倒装句
- → Only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened (倒装句) (部分倒装)
  - (正常语序) I have ever felt frightened only one occasion.
- 倒装句就是把一个句子的正常顺序倒装
  - 成分倒装分类
    1. 主谓倒装 (通常)
    2. 主宾倒装
    3. 主表倒装
  - 倒装程度分类
    1. 完全倒装 - 谓语动词全部放到主语前
    2. 部分倒装 - 谓语动词部分放到主语前
- 为什么要倒装 (what)
  - 为了强调前者
    - 比方说强调 Only on one occasion, 把介词短语放到句首后, 要交换主谓位置, 提示倒装
- 部分倒装 (How)
  - 部分倒装怎么变 - 用从陈述句变一般疑问句的方法即可
    - → I like English.
      - → Do I like English ?
    - → He likes English
      - → Does he like English.
- 何时用部分倒装 (When)
  1. 否定词位于句首
    - not /never / hardly
  2. only + 词/词组/句子位于句首, 用部分倒装
    - → You will never know the truth.
      - → Never will you know the truth.
      - 否定词和系动词也提前
    - → He cares little for my words
      - → Little does he care for my words.
    - → I had no sooner go the invitation than I refused
      - → No sooner had I got the invitation than I refused.
    - → We can learn English well only in this way.
      - → Only in this way can we learn English well.
    - → He achieved his goal only by working hard
      - → Only by working hard did he achieve his goal
take off 出发
→ A flight attendant told us to keep calm and to get off.
- → A flight attendont told us to keep calm and (a flight attendant told us) to get off
- 并列句相同的成分省略, 可以用动词来定位省略了什么内容
as soon as 一… 就…
- while 在… 的时候
on board 在板上(飞机加班, 船的甲板) (在飞机上, 在船上) (在董事会上)
VIP: very important person
被说: 被告知
thoroughly adv. 彻底地
扩展 : take 搭配的词组
- → After taking off起飞 , we were flying over the city
- → He took off 脱掉his cost
- → He is always taking his teacher off模仿某人并嘲笑他.
- → That wardrobe takes up 占 a lot of space
- → He has taken up 开始学French
- → When his wife died , he took to开始做, 并称为了习惯 drinking.
- → Young Tom takes after his father 长得像
- → He was so persuasive that I was taken in. 被骗了
- → The reporter took down every thing I said. 记下来
- → That business was doing very badly. until Jones took over 接管

L80 The crystal Palace

## words

extraordinary adj. 不平常的, 非凡的
exhibition n. 展览
profit n. 利润
- cost n. 成本
collage n. 学院
machinery n. 机器(总称) 一类 (不可数)
- a great deal of machinery
- a piece of machinery = a machine
display n. 展览, 显示器
- on display = on show
steam n. 蒸汽
- steam boats 蒸汽船
- a steam hammer 蒸汽锤
iron n. 铁
various adj. 各种各样的
palace n. 宫殿

## key structure

复习形容词/副词比较

## text

as … as 和 … 相比一样
on doing 一… 就…
扩展: 介词 On 的搭配
- on display / on show
- → He has gone to Frankfurt on business
- → I asked to see the officer on duty. 当班中
- → On the whole , it has been a very successful year. 整体上
- → On the average, I make six telephone calls a day.
- → I didn’t catch the bus, I came here on foot.
- → Look at that smoke, the building must on fire.
- → I don’t think it was an accident, He did it on purpose. 故意
- → You mustn’t on any account sign the contract before you read it. 在任何情况下
- → I know I had agreeed to let you go to the cinema, but on second thoughs, you should stay at home and finish your homework. 转念一想 /又想了下

L81 Escape

## words

bush n. 灌木丛
- Bush n. 布什(人名)
uniform n. 制服
shoulder n. 肩膀 v. 肩负起
march v. 行进
- March n. 三月
blaze v. 闪耀, 发光, 燃烧 n. 火焰, 光辉
grey adj. 灰白的
- grey hair
sharp adj. 锋利的, 尖的; 猛烈的;精明的; 反应快的
blow n. /v. 打击
prisoner n. 囚犯
- a prisoner of was = POW 战俘
- prison n. 监狱
repidly adv. 迅速地
- → The man acted rapidly
- 同义词
  - quickly
  - fast
  - promptly
  - fleetly
boldly adv. 大胆地
- → The prisoner marched boldly.
- bold adj. 大胆的; 冒险的; 突出的; 粗体的;
- a very bold action 一个非常大胆的行动
- → I draw a picture in a few bold lines.

## key structure

复习介词

## text

rifle n. 来福枪
drag v. 拽
Up and down 来回,前后
- here and there 到处
feel sorry for … 对某人感到抱歉
扩展: 复习介词
- in/into
  - in 一直在里面
  - into 进到里面
- to/towards
  - to 只表示朝向
  - towards 不仅表示朝向, 还表示一步一步的接近
- at
  - 表示某个点, 时间点/地点都可
- with
  - 伴随着有
- for
  1. 为了 sb. / sth.
  2. 针对 sb. / sth.
  3. 原因, 因为 sth.
复习和联系的方式可以多样化
- 跟读课文
  - 初级: 对方先读, 我方跟读
  - 中级: shadow reading, 慢半拍一起读
- 背诵课文/ 复述课文
- 完形填空
- 英汉互译

L82 Monster or fish

## words

sailor n. 海员
- sail v. 航行, 航海
- go sailing 去航行
sight n. 视野, 视线 v. 见到
shining adj. 闪闪发光的
- shin v. 闪光, 发亮
monster n. 怪物
creature n. 生物, 动物
peculiar adj. 奇怪的
oarfish n. 桨鱼

## key structure

复习被动语态

## text

at times 有时
occasionally 偶尔
however 然而, 但是
made every effort 尽所有的努力
as 因为
扩展: 非谓语动词 to do/ to have done
- to do 不定式(不受限定的动词形式)
- to have done 不定式的完成时
- → Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen (在此之前去过了) monsters in the sea.
- → Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to seen (准备去还没去) monsters in the sea.
- → It is my pleasure to have helped you.
- → It is my pleasure to help you.

L83 After the elections

## words

election n. 选举
- election campaign 选举活动
- election debate 选举辩论
- elect v. 选举, 推选
former adj. 从前的
- the former Prime Minister 前首相
- the former president 前总统
- the former … 前者 (文章)
- the latter … 后者 (文章)
fanatical adj. 狂热的
- fan n. 粉丝
progressive adj. 进步的
- Radical Progressive Party 激进党派
- a progressive policy 一个激进的策略
- progress n./v. 进步, 前进, 发展
suspicious adj. 怀疑的
- suspicious behavior 可疑行为
- be suspicious of … 怀疑
- suspect v. 怀疑, n. 嫌疑犯

## text

retire adj. 退休的
political adj. 政治的
→ My friend has always been a fanatical opponent of A
- has been 从过去到现在一直都是
the policeman on duty 当班的警察
if 有两种用法
1. 表条件
2. 表是否
扩展 : 区别 temper / mood
- temper 脾气, 性情, 情绪
- mood 情绪, (only 情绪)
- → This time, the policeman lost his temper
- → Keep your temper!
- → You should apologize to him , he’s in a bery bad temper mood.
- → Don’t disturb him, He’s in a bery bad mood.
  - in bad temper (He’s angry)
  - in bad mood (He is not cheerful, but not necessarily angry.)
- 在某种情绪中, 想要做某事, 只能用 mood
- → I’m in the mood for a drive into the country.

L84 on strike

## words

state n. 州, v. 正式提出
agreement n. 协议
volunteer v. 自愿, 志愿
Press n. 新闻界, 出版社
pressure n. 压力, 麻烦
- relieve the pressure
- the pressure of life/work/study
- press v. 按, 压
strike n. 罢工 v. 敲打
- go on strike 进行罢工
- be on strike 罢工
busman n. 公共汽车司机
relieve v. 减轻
extent n. 程度
gratitude n. 感激
object v. 不赞成, 反对

## key structure

复习一般将来时

## 课文

due adj. 按期的
to some extant 从某种程度上
in + 时间 with 将来时, 则表示之后
扩展: 形式宾语 it / 真正的宾语 to do
- → Even so , people are going to find it difficult to get to work.
- 形式宾语 it
- 真正的宾语 to do
- 用形式宾语有两个条件
  1. 真正的宾语太长
  2. 主谓宾补结构中
- → He thought it easy to pass the exam.
- → We find it very important to learn English well.
- → I feel it right that he should be punished
- → They know it impossible that they will win the match.

L85 Never too old to learn

## words

headmaster n. 校长
gift n. 礼物, 赠品, 天赋
honour n. 敬意
- 相同 honor
gardening n. 园艺
inform v. 告诉, 通知
- inform sb. sth.
- information n. 消息, 通知
contribute v. 捐助, 援助;贡献
- contribute towards the gift
  - → They contribute food and clothing to the refugees
album n. 相册, 签名册, 专辑
- a photo album 相册
- a stamp album 集邮册
patience n. 耐心
- patient adj. 耐心的 n. 患者, 病人
- impatient adj. 不耐心的, 不耐烦的
encouragement n. 鼓励
- kindly encouragement 善意的鼓励
- encourage v. 鼓励
  - encourage sb. to do sth.
farewell n. 告别
- a farewell dinner
- a farewell parth
honor n. 敬意
- in honor of sb. = in one’s honor 为庆祝, 为纪念
devote v. 致力于 … , 献身于…
- devote oneself to ….
  - to 表示目的时, 可用to do
  - to 表示向, 朝着方向, to 是个介词, 后跟名词 / 代词/ doing
- → He will devote himself to gradening.
- → I devote myself to helping the poor
- contribute 偏物质
- devote 偏精神

## key structure

复习一般将来时/将来进行时/将来完成进行时

## 课文

pupils n. 小学生, 中学生; 瞳孔
- → All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmaster’s home.
shall 智能用于第一人称后 (单数 / 复数)
强调句 L58
将来完成进行时强调将来的之前的过程
for + 句子表因为
扩展: too … to …
- too + adj. /adv. + to do sth. (太…以至于不能….)

L86 Out of control

## words

speedboat n. 快艇
water ski (由快艇牵引水橇) 滑水
dismay v./n. 沮丧
tremendous adj. 巨大的
swing v. 转向
- swing swung swung
- → Swing the speedboat round
desperately adv. 绝望地
- desperate adj. 绝望的
- despair n. 绝望
  - in despair
companion n. 同伙
petrol n. 汽油
gently adv. 轻轻地

## key structure

复习过去完成时/ 过去完成进行时
had done/had being doing

## text

hardly 几乎不, 几乎没有
do sth. with dismay 伴随着失望做某事
roared n. 吼 v. 咆哮
v. + on 表示继续做某事

扩展: 时态总复习

时态 = 时间+ 状态
通过位于动词的变化来体现
一共 16 种, 2册 13种, 8种重点
时态对写句子很重要

	过去	现在	将来	过去将来
一般	L2 did 被动 was/were done	L3 do/does 被动 be done	L12 will do/be going to 被动 will be done	L7,L9 would to 被动 would be done
进行	L7 was/were doing 被动 was/were being done	L2 be doing 被动 am/is/are being done	L13 will be doing
完成	L9,L14 have/has done 被动 have/has been done	L4,L5 had done 被动 had been done	L37 will have done
完成进行	L62,L86 have/has been doing	L52,L53,L76,L77 had been doing	L61,L85 will/shall have been doing

L87 A perfect alibi

## words

inspector n. 探长
- inspect v. 探查
suggect v. 提示, 暗示
alibi n. 不在场证明, 托辞, 接口
- a perfect alibi
- → he had an airtight alibi for that night.
commit v. 犯(罪, 错) ; 保证, 承诺
- commit a crime(犯罪)/ a murder (谋杀)
- → The murder was commited
- commitment n. 承诺
employer n. 雇主
- employee n. 雇员
- employment n. 雇佣关系, 就业
- unemployment n. 失业
- unemployment rate 失业率
confirm v. 确认, 证实
- → My employer will confirm that I was there on time.
- → Could you please help me to confirm the appointment?
- → I will call the restaurant to confirm the reservation .
truth n. 真相
- true adj. 真实的

## key structure

复习课
平行结构

## text

at the time = at the moment when ….
catch an train 赶车
at ten to eight 7:50
口语中, 不一定需要疑问词开头, 语序相对灵活随意
- → I suggest that you did not catch the 8 o’clock train, but that you caught the 8:25 which would still get you to work on time.
拓展: 平行结构 (并列结构) (并列句的省略)
- invent 投资
- → The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony
- 等价于
  - The English
  - ,The Germans
  - ,The Dutch
  - and the French
  - were investing in Britain’s former colony
- 平行的成分, 词性相同, 形式一致
- 平行的连接: 并列连词/逗号
- 词/词组/句子都可以平行结构
- → We resolve to (1)get up earlier each morning ,(2)eat less, (3) find more time to play with children, (4)do a thousand and one jobs about the house, (5)be nice to people we don’t like, (6)drive carefully and (7)take the dog for a walk every day.

L88 Trapped in a mine

## words

surface n. 地面, 表面
explosive n. 炸药
vibration n. 震动
collapse n./v. 坍塌
layger n. 层
beneath prep. 在… 之下
lower v. 放长, 降低
smoothly adv. 顺利地
- smooth adj. 光滑, 顺利, 平稳
trap v. 陷入, 使陷入困境 n. 困境陷阱
- trap trapped trapped trapping
- be trapped in a mine(矿井)
- n.
  - → It is a trap, Don’t trust then
drill v. 钻孔
- drill a hole
progress v. 进展, 进行 n. 进展, 进步, 前进
- → … rescue operations are progressing smoothly.
- make progress 有了进展
- economic progress 经济方面的进展

## key structure

if 条件状语从句(真实/虚拟)

## text

lose their lives 失去生命

扩展: if 条件句

if 后是从句, 另一句是主句
真实条件句, 假设可以成真
虚拟条件句, 假设的事不太可能成真
1. 与真实情况对比, 发现事情不是真的
2. 与假设的情况对比, 事不太可能成真
虚拟语气, 改变时态

If 条件状语从句 (真实条件) L16

	If 从句	主句
假设过去	过去的各种时态	过去将来时
假设现在	现在的各种时态	一般将来时
假设将来	一般现在时 (代替将来)	一般将来时

If 条件状语从句 (虚拟条件句) L40, L64

	If 从句	主句
假设过去	had done	would/could/should/might + have done
假设现在	Did/were	would/could/should/might + do
假设将来	Did/were, were to do , should do	would/could/should/might + do

口诀: 从句往前推, 主句 4+1 , 将来同现在

L89 A slip of the tongue

## words

dull adj. 枯燥, 无味
- boring
slip n. 滑倒, 小错误
tongue n. 舌头
comedy n. 喜剧
tragedy n. 悲剧
present n. 礼物, 现在 v. 演出, 赠送 adj. 出席的, 到场的
queue v. 排队, n. 队伍, 长队
- → We had to queue for hours…
- → wait in the queue
- → jump the queue 插队
advertiser n. 报幕员; 登广告的人, 广告商
- advertise v. 做广告
- advertisement n. 广告 (Ad.)
- advertisement company 广告公司
- commercial advertisement 商业广告

## key structure

复习情态动词或词组
- must / have to / should /need
复习三大从句
分裂结构

## text

do anything 做任何事
the news got round 消息传开
→ When the news got round that a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and V. Bird Seed Company, we all rushed to see it
- 由于 that 后的从句太长, 所以把从句和主句分开, 的结构叫分裂结构
- 从句本应紧跟修饰的词后
must have done 推测过去 L17
sb. have ever seen 曾见过的
→ Those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed, as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come.
need + have done (虚拟用法)
→ The only funny things 主 we主 heard谓 that evening came谓 from the advertiser at the beginning of the progamme.
扩展: 情态动词; 分裂结构
- 情态动词
  1. 情态动词不表示动作, 只表示情绪, 态度, 可能性
  2. 情态动词后通畅会加上动词原型 (L17,L19,L41,L65,L89)
    - must/have to L17
    - will/would 将来时用情态动词 + 原型表将来
    - may /might L19
    - can / could
    - should / ought to L65
    - need L41
- 情态动词作用
  - 表示情态
  - 表示推测
    - 可能性高: must
    - 可能性中: 其他情态动词
    - 可能性低: can/could
  - 表示虚拟 L41,L65
    - (五个情态动词和一个词组表虚拟) 都可以翻译成 ‘本来’
      - need have done
      - should have done = ought to have done
      - would have done
      - could have done
      - might have done
- 分裂结构, 因为一些原因
  - 原本连贯的句子, 调整了顺序, 让其不再连贯
  - 英文中的分裂结构有两大类
    1. 后移 (从句后移)
    2. 插入 (插入语)
  - 通畅前后会有成对的逗号

L90 What’s for supper?

## words

chip n. 炸薯条, 薯片, 芯片
overfish v. 过渡捕捞
- overact 过渡反应
giant n. 巨大 adj. 巨大的
diver n. 潜水员
- dive v. 潜水
whale n. 鲸鱼
variety n. 品种, 多样
- favourite eating varieties
- a varity of …
wit n. 理智, 头脑
cod n.鳕鱼
skate n. 鳐鱼
factor n. 因素
crew n. 全体工作人员

## key structure

复习 have 的用法
复习 it 形式主语 / to do 作真正主语
复习非限定定语从句
标号: 冒号, 分号

## text

dish n. 菜, 餐具
→ So it comes as a surprise to learn that giant fish are terrifying the divers on North Sea oil rigs.
be frighten out of their wits. 吓得要死
非限定定语从句
- 非限定定语从句, 用于在上下文的被修饰的内容非常明确的情况下, 用逗号加定语从句, 对上下文进行补充说明 (否则需要用分裂结构)
had sth. done 使某事被做
had special cages made
…. not … but 不是 … 而是 …
冒号引出进一步的解释说明
扩展: 主语的变化 (5种)
1. 名词/ 代词
2. doing
  - doing (sth.)
    - → Fishing is my favourite sport.
    - → Playing basketball on the ground every morning(主语) is my favourite sport
3. to do
  - → It was his job to repair bicycles.
  - → So it comes as a surprise to learn that giant are terrifying the divers on North Sea oill rig(主语)
4. 并列多个
  - → A young man and a young women were sitting behind me.
  - → A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as for as they get.
  - 并列多个有时候算单数
    - fish and chips 一道菜
    - bread and butter
    - bacon and eggs
    - a knife and fork
5. 从句
  - → It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.
  - → It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die.

L91 Three men in a backet

## words

royal adj. 皇室
- royal family 皇室
- a Royal Air Force Station
spy v. 侦查 spy on the station n. 间谍, 密探
track n. 轨迹, 踪迹
- → Keep track of the strange object 保持追踪奇怪的对象
- → lose track of … 追丢了
- back on track 回到轨道

## key structure

复习 can/be able to / manage to do

## text

can/be able to
- 相同点:
  - 都表示能力, “能够”
  - (be able to 时态比 can/could 更灵活)
- 不同点:
  - 表示过去已经能够成功做到的, 用 was/were able to, 不用 could
  - cloud 只表示能做, 不表示做没做
  - can 还可以表示猜测, 允许
- 区别
  - could do
  - was/were able to do
  - managed to do 想方设法的做, 并做到了
at once 立刻
扩展: make 搭配的词组
- → A balloon seemed to be making for a Royal Air Force station. 朝向
- → He could make out three men in a basket. 看得出来
- → Please make out a fresh copy. 做出来
- → I could not make out what he said. 理解
- → He made up a story about two men and a horse.
- → She spends hours making up in front of the mirror.
- → I must make up for the time I lost this morning. 补偿
- make for
- make out
- make up

L92 Asking for trouble

## words

fast adv. 熟睡
- be fast asleep
sarcastic adj. 讽刺的, 讥笑的
- a sarcatic voice
- sarcastic humour 讽刺式的幽默
- sarcasm n. 讽刺, 挖苦, 嘲笑

## key structure

复习 doing 的用法
否定前移

## text

→ It must have been about two(两点钟) in the morning when I returned home.
介词 + doing
→ I think the windows don’t need cleaning at this time of the night.
- → I don’t think the windows need clearning at this time of the night.
  - 英文中, I think 后, 从句如果有否定, 会否定前移
否定前移
- → I don’t think you are wrong 我认为你不是错的
- → Last year he didn’t believe that the plan would fail. 去年他相信这个计划将不会失败
regret 后悔, 遗憾
- regret + doing 后悔做过了某事
- regret + to do 后悔现在要做某事或将要做
enjoy + doing
so do I 我也是
- Excuse me 原谅我
excuse + doing
祈使句的主句默认是你(you)
扩展: so + 助动词 + I
- A: I enjoy cleaning windows at night
- B: So do I
- A: I can swim
- B: So can I
- so do i 我也是
  - so + 助动词 + sb. 某人也是
- A: I felt excited after the party
- B: So did I / your friends.
- so + 助动词 + sb. 某人也是
  - so do I
- Neither + 助动词 + sb. 某人也不是
- A: I will not miss the meeting
- B: Neither will I / the candidates.

L93 A noble gift

## words

noble adj. 高尚的, 壮丽的, 贵族的
- a noble soul 一个高贵的人(灵魂)
- a noble sight 一个壮丽的景色
- a noble family 一个贵族家庭
liberty n. 自由
- the Statue of Liberty 自由女神像
- the liberty of speech 言论自由
present v. 赠送; 提出;表示;引见
- → The winner was presented a gold medal.
- → The committee will present a report next month.
- → He presented his apologies.
- → May I present Mr. Smith to you?
sculptor n. 雕刻家
- sculpture n. 雕刻品
framework n. 框架, 构架, 体制, 结构
- → the framework of the tower
- → the framework of the society 社会
transport v. 运送
- → The goods were transported by plane.
- transportation n. 运输, 运送; 运输工具

## key structure

复习表示被动

## text

被动语态和情态/时态结合, 被动语态想强调动作是被谁做的, 可以用介词 by
be made of 可以看得出原材料
be made from 看不出原材料
被动的两种方式
- be done 被动语态, 位于动词
- done 过去分词, 非谓语动词
扩展, 位于动词的四种变化
- 主语 + 谓语 v.
  - 位于有四种变化
    - 时态 L86 复习
    - 情态 L89 复习
    - 语态 L93 复习
    - 否定
复习被动语态
- be + done
- be
  - 表示被动的时间
  - 主语的单复数
- done 表示被动的动作
- 时态 + 被动语态
  - 不同时态对应的被动语态
    - 一般过去时 was/were + done
    - 一般现在时 am/is/are + done
    - 一般将来时 wil be + done
    - 过去将来时 would be + done
    - 过去进行时 was/were being + done
    - 现在进行时 am/is/are being + done
    - 过去完成时 had been + done
    - 现在完成时 have/ has been + done
- 情态 + 被动语态
  - → Before it could be transported to the United States, a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built.
- 谓语动词无论前后加多少成分和变化, 它们都是一个整体

L94 Future champions

## words

Los Angeles 洛杉矶
underwater adj. 水下的
tricycle n. 三轮车
yard n. 码 (0.9+ 米)
gasp v. 喘气
instruct v. 指导 , 传授
- instruct sb. to do sth.
- instruction n. 指导, 指示, 用法说明
- gvie/follow the instruction
reluctant adj. 勉强的, 不愿意的
- be reluctant to do
- → Students are reluctant to study English.
weight n. 重物, 重量
- pick up weights
- put on/lose + weight 增重/ 减重
- weigh v. 称重量; 权衡, 考虑
compete v. 比赛, 对抗
- compete against each other
- compete with ..

## key structure

复习课

## text

become expect at … 在某方面成为专家
holding their breath 屏住呼吸
A of B = B 的 A
appear to 看起来…
be reluctant to do 不情愿的做某事
be accustomed to doing 习惯于做某事
- to do 目的
- to doing
  - 这种情况下 to 是介词 (btw to 在什么情况下做介词?)
so … that … 太 … 所以 ….
line n. 线 v. 排成一条线
英文中名词经常作动词
pedal n. 踏板 v. 踩踏
prefer to 更愿意做某事
tell v. 说, 区分, 分辨
- → Whether they will ever become future. Olympic champions, only time will tell.
  - → Only time will tell whether they will ever become future Olympic champions (更优)
拓展: 五步阅读法
1. 第一遍初读 (不要查单词, 用猜词, 是必要能力) (计时做题, 18min (考研))
  - 测试自己的水平 / 时间感 / 猜词能力
2. 第二遍查读 (对完答案后, 再次阅读, 并划出生词, 并查出生词词意) (用生词本) (避免生被单词, 建议把单词放到上下文中背)
  - 单词的积累
3. 第三遍精读(分析句子结构/ 成分/ 语法/时态)
  - 语法的巩固
4. 第四遍复读 (上下文意思结合, 结合整篇文章)
  - 阅读的提高
5. 第五遍选读(选出好的词 / 词组/ 句子, 摘抄)
  - 写作的提高

L95 A fantasy

## words

fantasy n. 幻想故事
drily adv. 冷淡地, 枯燥无味地
heaven n. 天, 天堂
basement n. 地下室
frightful adj. 可怕的, 令人吃惊的
- in a frightful state
- a frightful accident/disaster
- frightful news
- fright n. 惊恐, 惊吓, 害怕
  - get a fright
definitely adv. 肯定地, 明确地
- → He is definitely going to the morning
- → I cannot tell you definitely when we will finish it.
post v. 委任; 设岗; 邮寄 n. 职位, 岗位; 邮政, 邮件, 邮局
- 动词的意思由名词的意思变化而来

## key structure

复习课

## text

get a shock 受到了一个不太愉快的惊吓
pale 脸色苍白
Good heavens! 天哪!
at time 当时
aim v. 瞄准 n. 目标
fellow 家伙
fire a shot 开火(开枪)
扩展: 状语从句
- 三大从句
  - 名词性从句
    - 宾语从句 L26
    - 表语从句 L29
    - 主语从句 L43, L51
    - 同位语从句 L46
  - 定语从句
  - 状语从句
- 状语从句
  - 含义: 状语用于更细节的描述
    - 状语从句: 一个句子作状语, 表达描述性的意思, 对主句进行补充
  - 位置: 主句的前/中/后
    - → When he comes back, I will let you know.
    - → I will let you know , when he comes back.
    - → I , when he comes back, will let you know.
    - 如果放句子中间, 通常放主谓中间, 作插入语
  - 写法
    - 主句 + 从句连词 + 完整的陈述句 (不缺失任何的成分的陈述句)
      - 后面的部分就叫状语从句
      - 从属连词不作句子成分
  - 分类: 由从属连词决定
    - ⭐️时间状语从句
      - when, while,as, (当… 时候) ,before, after , since , until, as soon as …(一…就…)
    - 地点状语从句
      - where
    - ⭐️原因状语从句
      - because, since, as
    - ⭐️结果状语从句
      - so that … (所以), so/ such … that .. (太… 所以)(so + adj./adv. , such +n.)
    - 目的状语从句
      - so that … (+ 情态动词), in order that
    - ⭐️条件状语从句
      - if , unless (if not 除非)
    - ⭐️让步状语从句
      - although, though, even though, even if
    - 比较状语从句
      - than , as
    - 方式状语从句
      - as (按照 … 的方式)

L96 The dead return

## words

festival n. 节日
- traditional festival 传统节日
- Spring Festival
- Dragon Boat Festival 龙舟节
- celebrate a festival 庆祝节日
lantern n. 灯笼
spectade n. 景象, 壮观, 场面

## key structure

分析长难句

## text

the + adj. 表示一类人
- the living 活人
- the dead
- the rich
- the poor
- the deaf 聋人
- the blind 失明的人
- the old
- the new
cheerful adj. 高兴的
前后两个句子, 中间用 for 表因为
lay v. 放置
- lay laid laid
specially-made 特制的
- adv. + done = adj.
  - well-dressed
  - Well-ventilated
  - newly-arrived
分析长难句的关键 L38
- 谓语动词 ⭐️
  - 一句话中只有一个谓语动词, 几个谓语动词就是几件事
  - 谓语动词不一定只有一个词, 可能是一个整体, 多个词 (被动/情态动词/时态/否定)
- 连词 ⭐️
  - → In the early morning, the food that had been laid out of the dead is thrown into a river or into the sea as it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it .
扩展: lay L43
- lay laid laid
- lay v. 放置, 下蛋

NCE2 总复习, 句法图谱

句法
- 按照结构划分
  - 简单句
    - 核心
      - 构成
        
        主谓 L1
        
        主谓宾 L1
        
        主谓双宾 L3
        
        主谓宾补 L4
        
        主系表 L1
      - 变化
        
        有两种变化, 位于动词的变化, 主宾表语的变化
        
        谓语动词的变化⭐️
        
        有四种变化, 时态/情态/语态(被动)/否定
        
        时态 (时间和状态) (公式和用法)
        
        一般时态
        
        一般过去 L3
        
        一般现在 L2
        
        一般将来 L12
        
        进行时态
        
        过去进行 L7
        
        现在进行 L2
        
        将来进行 L13
        
        完成时态 (表之前)
        
        过去完成 L7/L9/L14
        
        现在完成 L4/L5/L29
        
        将来完成 L37
        
        完成进行时态
        
        过去完成进行 L62
        
        现在完成进行 L52/L53
        
        将来完成进行 L61/L85
        
        情态
        
        must/have to L17
        
        may/might/can/could L19
        
        need L41
        
        should/ought to L65/L89
        
        语态 (被动语态)
        
        被动语态与时态相结合 L10/L34
        
        被动语态与情态相结合 L21/L45
        
        双宾语动词的被动 L58
        
        主宾表语的变化 (非谓语动词)
        
        doing 和 to do 可以代主/宾/表语
        
        doing
        
        doing 作动词 L20
        
        doing 作介词后的宾语 L20
        
        doing 作动词后的宾语 L44/68
        
        to do
        
        to do 做主语 L31
        
        to do 作动词后的宾语 L44
    - 简单句的扩展 (修饰/限定/补充说明)
      - 分为词性角度的扩展和成分角度的扩展
      - 词性角度的扩展
        
        限定词
        
        名词所有格 L10
        
        冠词 L6/30
        
        形容词/副词
        
        adj./adv. 的作用 L8
        
        adj. 修饰名词, adv. 修饰其他
        
        adj./adv. 的三种比较级别
        
        原级比较 L32 / L80
        
        比较级 L8/L32 / L56
        
        最高级 L8/ L32/ L56/L80
        
        介词短语
        
        表示时间的介词 L9
        
        表示地点的介词 L33
        
        其他介词 L22 /L46 / L70
      - 成分角度的扩展
        
        同位语/插入语 L4/L43
        
        非谓语动词 (⭐️) L55
        
        非谓语动词作定语 L21
        
        非谓语动词作状语 L49
  - 并列句 L25
    - 描述多件事, 多件事一样重要, 多句之间可以共享资源 (并列句的省略)
  - 复合句
    - 多件事不一样重要, 主句+ 从句
      - 名词性从句(4中的写法基本相同)
        
        宾语从句
        
        动词后的宾语从句 L26
        
        介词后的宾语从句 L46
        
        表语从句 L29
        
        主语从句 L43/51/58
        
        同位语从句 L46
      - 定语从句 (限定名词)
        
        限定性定语从句 L28
        
        非限定性定语从句 L36
      - 状语从句 (修饰主句) 九种
        
        时间L35, 地点, 原因, 结果L30/L35, 目的L59, 条件L16, 让步L38, 比较L36/80, 方式 L63
- 按照用途划分
  - 常用用途句式
    - 陈述句 L1
    - 疑问句
      - 一般疑问句 (YesNo Question)
      - 特殊疑问句 (WH Question)
      - 选择疑问句
      - 反意疑问句 L68
    - 祈使句 L66 (省略了主语)
    - 感叹句 L2
  - 特殊用途句式
    - 倒装
      - 全部倒装 L36
      - 部分倒装 L79
    - 强调句 L58
    - 虚拟
      - If 条件状语从句的虚拟 L40/64/88
      - 宾语从句的虚拟 L64
      - 情态动词的虚拟 L41/65/89

FIN.

NCE 2 Lesson Notes L49-L96

NCE 2 Lesson Notes (part B)

L49 The end of a dream

L50 Taken for a ride

L51 Reward for virtue

L52 A pretty carpet

L53 Hot snoke

L54 Sticky fingers

L55 Not a gold mine

L56 Faster than sound

L57 Can I help you, madam?

L58 A blessing in disguise?

L59 In or out?

L60 The future

L61 Trouble with the Hubble

L62 After the fire

L63 She was not amused

L64 The Channel Tunnel

L65 Jumbo versus the police

L66 Sweet as honey!

L67 Volcanoes

L68 Persistent

L69 But not murder

L70 Red for danger

L71 A famous clock

L72 A car called Bluebird

L73 The record-holder

L74 Out of the limelights

L75 SOS

L76 April Fools’ Day

L77 A successful operation

L78 The last one?

L79 By air

L80 The crystal Palace

L81 Escape

L82 Monster or fish

L83 After the elections

L84 on strike

L85 Never too old to learn

L86 Out of control

L87 A perfect alibi

L88 Trapped in a mine

L89 A slip of the tongue

L90 What’s for supper?

L91 Three men in a backet

L92 Asking for trouble

L93 A noble gift

L94 Future champions

L95 A fantasy

L96 The dead return

NCE2 总复习, 句法图谱