NCE 2 Lesson Note (Part A)

[TOC]

L1 A private conversation

1. th-
   • 轻 [θ] like s
   • 浊 [ð] like z
2. turned round = turn a round
3. adj. 和 adv.

• adj. 通常修饰名词
• adv. 通畅修饰 动词/句子/或者其他 adj.
• 总结: adj. 修饰名词, 其他的都由 adv. 修饰

句子成分:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
When	Who	Action	Who	How	Where	When
	Which		Which
	What		What
	主语	谓语动词	宾语

## 单词

• privacy n. 隐私
  • private adj. 私人的
• loud adj. 大声的
  • loudly adv. 大声地
• conversation n. 谈话
• theatre n. 剧院
• seat n. 座位
• attention n. 注意
  • -> May I have your attention , please?
  • -> Attention, please?
  • attract/catch/draw one’s attention
• bear v. 容忍

L2 Breakfast or lunch?

## Key structure

• 现在进行时
• 一般现在时
• 感叹句

## 单词

• until prep. 直到
• outside adv. 在外面
  • upside 上面
  • upside down 上下颠倒
• repeat v. 重复
  • retell
  • rewrite
  • rediscover 再发现
  • rebroadcast 重播
  • I beg your pardon. 能重复一遍么?
  • Pardon? 能重复一遍么?
• aunt 姑, 姨, 婶, 舅妈
  • 父母一辈的 男性 uncle
  • 父母一辈的 女性 aunt
• 过去式 和 过去分词不规则变化
  • ring rang rung
  • sing sang song
  • swin swan swan
  • drink drank drank
  • begin began begun
  • think thought thought
  • come came come

## 时态

• 什么是时态

  • 用于表示动作发生的时间和状态

• 如何体现

  • 谓语动词的变化体现时态

• 一共多少种?

  • 十六种, 会用到的 十三中, 常用 8 种
  • 时态 等于 时间 cross 状态
    • 时间有 四种, 过去/现在/将来/过去将来
    • 状态也有四种, 一般/进行/完成/完成进行

• 一般现在时:

  • 变化: v. 原型 / 第三人称单数 (do/does)
    • 第三人称单数包含如下三种
      1. he/she/it
      2. 可数名词单数
      3. 不可数名词
  • 用法1: 表示现在经常性习惯的动作
    • 常和频率副词连用 , 但不一定出现频率副词就是 一般现在时
      • Always , usually , frequently, often , something(一半一半) , selden(很少) , rarely , hardly(几乎的), never(从不) …
  • 用法2: 表示现在的状态
    • -> I am a teacher.
  • 用法3: 表示永恒
    • 例如 科学事实/ 客观事实 / 名言警句
  • 一般现在时 疑问否定句
    • → He is happy.
    • → He is not happy. (否定)
    • → Is he happy ? (使用 be 动词提前的疑问句)
    • → How is he ?
    • → You is English.
    • → You do not like English.
    • → Do you like English? (谓语动词(非 be)下的疑问句)
    • → What do you like ? (第二人称 疑问句)
    • → What does he like ? (第三人称 疑问句)

• 现在进行时

  • 变化: 谓语 v. = am/is/are + doing
  • 用法1: 表示现在正在/持续进行的事
  • 用法2✩: 表示将来确定要发生的事

• 感叹句

  • What + n. / 名词词组 !
  • How + adj./adv. !
  • →This is a wonderful world !
  • ↘︎What a wonderful world !
  • ↘︎What a world !
  • →It is a surprise.
  • ↘︎What a surprise !

L3 Please send me a card

## Key structure

• 一般过去时 (常用)
• 主谓双宾

## 单词

• spoil v. 使索然无味, 损坏(精神层面)
  • damage 损坏, 可以修复
  • destroy 彻底的坏了, 没法修复, 大范围
  • ruin 彻底的坏了, 日积月累的坏了
• museum n. 博物馆
• waiter n. 服务员, 招待员(男)
  • waitress n. 女服务员
• lend v. 借给, 借出
  • lend sb. sth. == lend sth. to sb.
    • lend me a book == lend a book to me
    • → Can you lend me 200 dollars?
    • lend 借出 / borrow 借入
      • borrow sth. (from sb.)
• decision n. 决定
  • decide v. 决定
    • decide to do std
    • → I decide to go abroad for further education.
• whole adj. 整个的
• public adj. 公共的, n. 公众, 大众
  • public opinions 公共舆论
• be friendly to 对某人友好
  • adj. + ly => adv. e.g. rudely
  • n. + ly => adj. lovely , lonely , timely, brotherly, friendly.

## 课文

• 一般过去时
  • 意思: 表示过去的事, 无论时过去经常性的事还是过去的状态, 还是说过去发生了疑似的事, 都用一般过去时, 不表示当前的状态.
  • 形式: v. 过去式 (did)
  • 考点:
    1. 有过去的时间
    2. 有过去的动作
  • e.g.
    • She had a boyfriend. => 她曾有个男朋友, 但现在没有
    • Tom was a student. => Tom 曾 是个 学生, 但现在不是了.
  • 变否定疑问
    • be:
      • You were happy.
      • You were not happy.
      • Were you happy?
    • 实义动词:
      • They had a meeting.
      • They did not have a meeting.
      • Did they have a meeting.
• 主谓双宾 (这块的解释建议直接看 旋元佑 的 解释, 更加完备)
  • Then he lent me a book. (He 主) (lent 谓) (me 宾) (a book 宾)
  • 双宾语通畅一个是人, 一个是物, 物一定是直接宾语, 人一定是间接宾语.
    • 下面额外解释下 及物动词 和 不及物动词
    • 及物动词: 要带上物 一起使用, 即 及物
    • 不及物动词: 不用带上物一起用
  • 如果一个及物动词能接人 和 物, 那就能接双宾语
    • send, teach, lend, give, ask, tell, oofer, look, buy, get, make, write, bring, show….
  • Then he lent me a book.
    • 双宾语动词 + sb. + sth.
    • 双宾语动词 + sth. + to/for +sb.
      • to 意思: 方向性给
      • for 意思: 表目的, 为了 sb.
    • She gave me book = She gave a book to me.
    • I cooked him a meal = I cooked a meal for him.
• 不规则动词
  • send sent sent
  • spoil spoiled spoiled
    • spoil spoit spoit
  • teach taught taught
  • lend lendt lent
  • read read read
  • understand understood understood
  • make made made
  • buy bought bought
  • speed spent spent
  • write wrote written

一句话只有一个动词(谓语).

pass 经过 n.

past 经过 adv.

人做主语用 spend, spend 可以表示花钱 和 花时间.

L4 An exciting trip

Key structure

1. 现在完成时
2. 同位语: 解释说明前面的名词
   • 一个词, 一个词组, 一个句子, 都可以作同位语.

## 单词

• firm n. 商行, 公司

  • company (区别不大)

• abroad adv. 在国外

  • go to abroad (错误示范)
  • go abroad (正确)
  • live / travel / study + abroad
  • be abroad 一直呆在国外
    • be + ….. 表示保持某种状态

• exciting news

• receive v. 接收, 收到, 客观上(或被动收到) 收到

  • accept v. 接受, 主观上收到
  • → I received an invitation , but I didn’t accept it.

• different adj. 不同的

  • difference n. 不同

• centre(英式) /center n. 中心

  • in the center of … 在…的中心

## 课文

• 现在完成时

  • 形式: have / has + v. 过去分词 (done)

  • 用法:

    • 完成分两种

      1. 全部完成

      2. 部分完成 (未按照预期完成 也算是一个完成的结果)

    • 1. 现在全部完成, 对于这个时态, 做完 或者 没做完其实不重要, 关键在看待 事情的角度
      2. 现在部分完成

    • 用法: 现在的之前(角度), BTW: 表达从当下看之前.

    • e.g.

      • → He has finished the homework.
      • → We have learned English for ten years.

    • 否定疑问:

    • → Hehas not finished the homework.

    • → Has he finished the homework.

    • → What has he done ?

    • Have/has + just + done

    • ​ alerady 已经

    • ​ ever 曾经

    • ​ never 从未

    • for + 时间 : 持续了多久

    • for + 名词 : 为了 sb.

    • → He has been there for six months. (there 作 adv, 可直接修饰 v. , 无需介词)

    • → He is working for a big firm.

    • → He has been in Australia for six months. (been 后接名词, 需要介词, 名词无法直接修饰动词)

    • → He is working for a big firm and he has already vicited a great number of different place in Australia.

      • a great/large number of 许多, 大量
      • a number of + 可数名词复数
      • a great deal of + 不可数名词
      • –
      • have gone to … 去了(单程, 人还没回来)
      • have been to … 去过 (往返, 人已经回来了)
      • spring
        • 春天
        • 泉水
        • 弹簧

    • 现在完成时, 常搭配

      • just / already / ever / never
      • yet 已经(否定句/疑问句)
      • so far /up to now / before /lately
      • for + 一段时间
      • e.g.
        • → I have had breakfast.
        • ↘︎ I have just had breakfast.
        • –
        • → He has been in prison.
        • ↘︎ He has been in prison for six months.
        • –
        • → The police have not caught the thief.
        • ↘︎ The police have not yet caught the thief.
        • –
        • → Have you met him?
        • ↘︎ Have you ever met him before?

• up to now 到目前为止

• otherwise 否则

• thousands 数千

• 区别动词的 过去式 和 过去分词

  • 过去式 (did)
    • 一般过去式
  • 过去分词 (done)
    1. 完成时态 (所有)
    2. 被动语态
    3. 非谓语动词

• buy bought bought

• ring rang rung

• find found found

L5 No wrong numbers

## 单词

• pigeon n. 鸽子
  • dove n. 鸽子, 鸽派
• cover v. 越过
• distance n. 距离
  • distant adj. 有距离的, 遥远的,
  • 部分名词 把 ce 后缀 改为 t, 词性会从 n. 变成 adj.
    • distance n. 距离 -> distant adj. 有距离的, 遥远的
    • disfference n. 不同 -> different adj. 不同的
    • importance n. 重要 -> important adj. 重要的
    • confidence n. 信心 -> confident adj. 有信心的
    • convenience n. 方便 -> convenient adj. 方便的
• spare part 备件
  • spare adj. 空余的 v. 节省
  • spare time 空闲时间
    • → What do you do in your spare time ?
    • → I cannot spare the time
  • a spore room 一个空房间
  • → He spare the slave’s life 饶命
• urgent messages 紧急消息
  • short message 短信
  • send/receive/get/leave + a message
  • leave message 留言 (落叶信息)

## Key structure

现在完成时 vs. 一般过去时

## 课文

• up to now / so far 截止到现在 (用现在完成时)

• a (great/large) number of + 可数名词

  • a great deal of + 不可数名词
  • a great many + 可数名词

• one … the other (一个…另一个)

  • from one garage to the other

• some… others (一些 … 另一些)

• in this way 这样

---

• 现在完成时 vs. 一般过去时

  • 现在到的之前, 如果已经全部完成, 其实可以换成一般过去式

    • → He has finished the homework.
    • ↘︎ He finished the homework

  • 区别

    1. 强调过去的时间, 用一般过去式
       • → He finished the homework two hours ago.
    2. 某些事虽然做完了, 但对现在有影响, 想强调对现在的影响, 用 过去完成时
       • → He has finished the homework, so he can have a rest now.
    • ✩ 现在完成时中, 全部都做完的, 可以换成 过去, 知识两个时态强调的侧重点不同.
      1. 换而言之, 如果事情到现在之前都没做完的, 则不可以换成一般过去时
         • e.g.
           • →We have learned English for ten years. 我学了十年英语
           • → We learned English for ten years. 我十年前学了英语
           • 上面两个例句的意思不一样

  • 搭配

    • 现在完成时, 常搭配
      • just / already / ever / never
      • yet
      • so far / up till now / up to now/ before / lately
      • for + 一段时间
    • 一般过去时, 常搭配
      • last year / month
      • ten days ago
      • yesterday / this morning

  • 一般现在时 / 一般过去式 / 现在完成时 之间的本质区别

    • →He is there. 他在那 (只表示现在) 一般现在时
    • →He was there. 他曾在那 (只表示过去) 一般过去时
    • →He has been there for six months 他在那呆了 六个月, 一直到现在 (有部分在过去, 有部分在现在) 过去完成时
    • →He has finished the homework (虽然事做完了, 但强调影响现在, 例如, 他可以出去玩了)
    • →We have learned English for ten years.

  • 过去到现在 + 将来 = 永恒

    • I love you, Always have , Always will. (I always have loved you , and i always will love you) (并列句的省略)

## 关于 way 的短语

• → In this way , he has begun his own private ’telephone’ service.
  • In this way 用这种方式
• → Please move this chair, it is in the way.
  • In the way 在路上
• → On the way to school, he bought a pen.
  • On the way 在去…的路上
• → By the way , have you seen harry recently?
  • By the way (BTW) 在去 … 的路上
• →In a way , it is an important book.
  • In a way 在某种程度上来说

## cover -> 英文词义理解, 为什么一个单词有十几种意思

• cover 覆盖
  • →Snow covered the ground.
  • →We covered five miles on foot yesterday.
  • →The bird covered five miles.
  • →The book covered 10 chapters.
  • →I laughed to cover my nervousness.
  • →Cover me! I’m going in!
• cover 放到上下文中, 根据不同的场景, 翻译成了不同的中文意思, 但其本意 仍为 “覆盖”
• 记单词记本意, 所谓 词本无意, 意由境生, 根据上下文, 使用合适的中文意思.

begin began begun.

L6 Percy buttons

## 单词

• call v. 拜访, 光顾
  • call on sb. (拜访某人) / call at sp. (拜访某地)
  • → He calls on his graphpa every week,
  • → He calls at every house in the street once a month.
  • visit sb./sp. 拜访, 光顾
• beg v. 乞讨, 乞求, 恳求,
  • → I beg your pardon? = Pardon? 能再说一遍么?
• pocket meney n. 零用钱

## Key structure

• 冠词 (a,an,the) (名词的帽子- 此处关于名词片(短)语的详细描述可以参考 旋元佑文法的名词片语部分)
  • 定冠词 the 表示特指
  • 不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指
  • 零冠词 - 不加冠词

## 课文

• 冠词

  • 泛指 - 不明确的对象

    • → I am hungry , I want an apple.
    • 首次提到的对象
      • →I saw a dog in Bridge street yesterday.

  • 特指 - 明确的对象

    • → I want the apple in your hand.
    • 再次提到的对象
      • → The dog was really cute.

    冠词	泛指	特指
    接 可数名词单数	a/an	the
    接 可数名词复数	some/不加冠词	the
    接 不可数名词	some/不加冠词	the

• What is that?

  • 正确但是不地道的说法
    • This is …..
    • That is….
    • There are ….
    • Those are …
  • 地道的说法
    • The …. (表特指)

• 冠词练习

  • 1
    • → ___ air pollution is serious problem.
    • → The air pollution of Beijing must be solved at once.
  • 2
    • → Lisa gave me ___ tea as a gift (首次提到)
    • → The tea tasted good.
  • 3
    • → Last month I bought a CD (首次提到)
    • → The CD is about the Civil War, and I found the CD very interesting.
  • 4
    • → I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street.
    • → Yesterday, a begger knocked at my door.
  • 5
    • → He asked me for a meal and a glass of bear.
      • Ask sb. for sth.
      • Ask for sth.
    • → In return for this, the beggar stood on his head(倒立) and sang songs.
    • → He ate the food and drank the bear.
  • 首次提到一定是泛指

• 短语动词, 词在短语中意思会变, [意由境生]

  • 1

    • → I put your book on the shelf.
    • → I put on my hat and left the house.

  • 2

    • → Come and look at my photograph album.
    • → I am looking for my pen, I lost it this morning.
    • → Will you look after the Children for me please?

  • 3

    • → I knocked the vase off the table and broke it.

    • → He finishes his work and always knock off at 6:00

    • → A beggar knocked at my docker

    • → A car knocked the boy over.

    • → In the fight , the thief knocked the policeman out.

    • → The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill

• 不规则动词变化

  • stand stood stood
  • sing sang sung
  • give gave given
  • eat ate eaten
  • drink drank drunk
  • put put put
  • tell told told
  • know knew known

L7 Too late

## 单词

• detective n. 侦探
  • detect v. 探测
• valueble adj. 贵重的
• parcel n. 包裹
• steal v. 偷
• airfield n. 飞机起落的场地, 机场
  • at the airport 在机场
  • on the airfield 在停机坪上
• precious adj. 珍贵的 (精神)
  • value n. 价值
• port n. 港口
• expect 预期
• main streets 主路 / side streets 辅路
  • main roads
  • main idea 主要内容
• guard n. 警戒, 守卫.
  • keep guard v. 警戒, 守卫
• when … while 当…时
  • as 当… 时
• Customs house 海关大楼

able 结尾 (adj. 后缀 )

ous 结尾 (adj. 后缀)

## Key structure

1. 过去进行时 (常搭配 When/while/as)
2. 过去将来时
3. 陈述句 变 宾语从句 (That 引导)

## 课文

• 过去进行时
  • 形式: was/were doing
  • 用法: → She was reading a book at 11:00 last night.
  • 否定疑问:
    • → She was not reading a book.
    • →Was she reading a book ?
  • 过去进行时 常 搭配 when / while (当…时/ 尽管) / as
    • → While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, the others opened the pavcel.
  • While/as 通畅搭配持续性动词, when 则不挑剔
    • → Two detectives were keeping guard at the door, when two others opened the parcel.
    • → When the plane arrived (瞬时动作, 只能用 when.).
    • → While/as/when they were sleeping, a thief sneaked in.
    • → They were sleeping, when a thief sneaked in .
  • 过去进行时, 用于描述过去的故事, 或者用于描述铺陈 事件的背景
    • → While they were sleeping , a thief sneaked in .
    • → While he was reading the letter, he was heard a knock at the door.
    • → When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
• 过去将来时
  • 形式:
    • would do
    • was/were going to do
  • 用法:
    • 过去的将来
    • → He said that he would travel abroud next year.
• 宾语从句
  • 主句包裹着从句, 外面是主句, 里面是从句.
  • 写法: 陈述句 变 宾语从句 (从句前加 that)
    • → I think (that) you are right.
• 不规则变换
  • try tried tried
  • steal stole stolen
  • take took taken
  • keep kept kept

L8 The best and the worst

## 单词

• competition n. 比赛, 竞赛
  • compete v. 比赛, 对抗
• path n. 小路, 小径, 路线, 途径
  • the path to success
• neat adj. 整齐的
  • neat paths
  • a mountain path
• race n. 比赛 (竞速)
• wooden adj. 木头的

## Key structure

1. 形容词副词的用法
2. 形容词副词的比较级和最高级

## 课文

• 形容词/副词的作用
  • 形容词 (adj.) 修饰名词
    • → This is a wonderful world.
    • → We are living in a beautiful new house.
    • → Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable.
  • 副词 (adv.) 修饰动词/句子/其他的形容词或者副词
    • → Roy acted quickly.
    • → Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball.
    • → It rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
    • → The students from elite uniersities catch up very quickly.
• 形容词副词的三种比较级
  • 原级比较
  • 比较级
  • 最高级
• 形容词副词的最高级
  • adj. / adv. 的最高级 + (介词短语) (表示比较的范围)
  • 意思是 ‘(…范围内) 最…’
  • 通常用于 三者或以上的比较
  • 例句
    • → My yonger sister is the tallest in her class
    • → The most serious problem of the project is the lack of power.
  • 介词短语
    • in+ (地点/场所)
      • → He is the tallest of all the students.
    • of+ (比较的对象)
      • → He is the tallest in our class.
• 形容词副词的比较级
  • adj. / adv. 的 比较级 + (than 比较的对象)
  • 意思是 ‘(和…相比) 更…’
  • 通畅用于两者之间的比较
  • 例句
    • → I am taller than you
    • → Air tickets are more expensive than train tickets.
• 不规则变化的比较级 和 最高级
  • good/well better best
  • Bad/ill(生病, 坏的) worse worst
  • many(可数)/much more most
  • Little (消极, 没多少了) / a little (积极, 有一点) less least
  • old older oldest (物品的老)
  • old elder eldest (人年龄年长)
  • far farther farthest (距离上远)
  • far further furthest (也表示距离上远, 但意义更加深远, 更远一步, 更深一步)
    • further eduction.
• 不规则变化动词
  • win won won
  • grow grew groun
  • build built built

L9 A cold welcome

## 单词

• crowd n. 群

• gather v. 聚集

• shout v. 喊叫

• refuse v. 拒绝

• laugh v. 大笑

  • smile 微笑
  • laugh at 嘲笑

• welcome n. 欢迎 v. 欢迎 adj. 受欢迎的

  • a cold/warm welcome
  • you are welcome.

• hand n. (表或者机器的)指针, v. 传递

  • hand sth. to sb.
  • minute hand 分针
  • hour hand 时
  • second hand (二手的 / 秒针)

• town hall 市政厅

• pass v. 经过

  • past adv. 经过

• true adj. 真实的

  • false adj. 不真实的
  • truth n. 事实, 真相

## Key structure

• 表示时间的介词

## 课文

• 介词例句:

  • 1
    • on Wednesday evening 出现具体的( 日期/星期) 用 on
    • in the evening
  • 2
    • in twenty minutes’ time 20 分钟之后
    • in + 时间 , (在过去将来时/一般将来时, 表示在这个时间之后发生)
  • 3
    • at five to twelve 12点差五分 (11:55)
    • at + 时间点
    • vi. 不及物动词 (look), 需要介词来后接名词
    • vt. 及物动词

• 介词用法

  1. 介词要接词用
  2. 介词只能 接 名词 / 代词 / 动名词
  3. 介词接了词之后, 叫 “介词短语”, 介词以短语形式出现, 也叫 “介宾结构”
  • 介词短语 是 强大的 对句子结构的补充

• 表示 时间的介词

  • in (表示在时间段内)
    • 在 xx 时间内
      • In 1992 / January / summer
      • In the morning / afternoon / evening
    • 在 xx 时间后
      • In twenty minutes’ time
  • at (强调具体的时间点)
    • at 8 o’ clock / 8:00
    • at midnight/noon
    • at night
  • on (强调 某一天)
    • on Monday
    • on July 7th
    • on Wednesday evening
    • on the morning of July 7th
  • before
  • after
  • since (自从)
    • → since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.
  • until (直到)
  • during 在某个时间段内
    • → It rained hearily during the night.
  • for (持续了多久时间)
    • → He has been there for six months.
  • by (截至到 xx 时间)
    • → workers will have completed the new roads.
  • from … till/to (从 … 到 …)
    • → The shop are open from 9 till/to 5

L10 not for jazz

## 单词

• musical adj. 音乐的
  • al 是 adj. 后缀, 通常由名词 + al 变 形容词
• instrument n. 乐器
• clarichord n. 古钢琴
  • piano n. 现代钢琴
• recently adv. 最近 (用过去时)
• damage n./v. 损坏
  • spoil 损坏 (精神上未真正损坏)
  • dectroy 短时间 猛烈的 摧毁, 无法修复
  • ruin 长时间的一点一点损坏, 无法修复
• string n. (乐器的)弦, 线
• shock v. 使不悦 或 生气, 使震惊
• surprise v. 使人吃惊/不悦/开心

## Key structure

• 被动语态
  1. 由来
  2. 及物动词, 被动
  3. 被动与时态结合
• 双重所有格

## 课文

• 被动语态 ☆
  • 语态 分为 主动语态(默认) 和 被动语态
  • 例句
    • → The dog ate the cake. (主动)
  • 把上面主动的宾语提前, 变成 蛋糕被 狗吃了, 也就需要用到被动语态
  • 形式:
    • be + done
      • be 用来搭配时态 表示被动的时间, 以及表示主语单复数
        • am / is / are / was /were / will be
      • done 表示被动的动作
    • 例句:
      • →Classrooms are cleaned every day.
      • →The new building was built last year.
      • 他每天被打 → He is beaten everyday,
      • 他昨天被打了 → He was beaten yesterday.
      • 他明天将要被打
        • → He will be beaten tomorrow.
        • → He is going to be beaten tomorrow
    • 通常 及物动词动词可以组成被动语态, 不及物动词 变成介词词组也可 被动
    • 时态下的 被动
      • 现在进行时的被动 am/is/are being done.
        • 他现在正在被打 → He is being beaten now.
      • 现在完成时的被动 hava/has been done
        • 他现在已经被打了 → He has been beaten.
        • → A new machine has been invented.
        • → People are being influenced by advertisements.
  • 双重所有格
    • a friend of my father’s (friends)
    • 名词所有格 (使用 ’s 形式)
      • Lily’s books
      • students’ books (strudent 的复数的所有格)
      • James’ books / James’s books (上面两者都对, 詹姆斯的 书)
      • the workers’ club
      • the children’s toys
      • twenty minutes’ time.
    • 名词所有格 (使用 of 形式)
      • the door of the room / the room’s door
  • 不规则动词
    • strike struck struck
    • break broke broken

L11 one good turn deserves another

## 单词

• turn n. 行为, 举止 v. 变得, 旋转
  • n. 轮流的机会 (我的回合!)
    • → My turn had come.
• deserve v. 应得到, 值得
• bank n. 银行 , 河岸
• salary n. 月薪, 工资
  • wages 日薪
• immediately adv. 立刻 (at once)
• promotion n. 晋升

## Key structure

• 复习
  • L2 一般现在时, 现在进行时
  • L3 一般过去时
  • L4,L5 现在完成时
  • L7 过去进行时

## 课文

• → I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele come in
• → He has never borrowed money from me. 过去到现在都没向我借过钱.
• 对比: → He never borrowed money from me. 过去没向我借过钱.

一般现在时: do/does

一般过去时: did

现在进行时: am/is/are + doing

过去进行时: was/were + doing

现在完成时: have/has + done

L12 Goodbye and good luck

## 单词

• luck n. 运气
  • good lunk
  • bad luck
  • lucky adj. 幸运的
    • lucky dog 幸运儿
  • luckily adv. 幸运地
    • → Luckily , the are wined the match
• captain n. 队长(船长, 机长, 舰长)
• sail v. 航行
  • → sail across the Atlantic
• sailor n. 水手
  • sailing n. 航行, 航海
    • go sailing 去航海.
• harbour (英) n. 港口 / harbor (美)
  • the Pearl Harbor n. 珍珠港
  • colour(英) - color (美)
  • neighbour(英) - neighbor (美)
• proud adj.自豪的
  • be proud of
    • → we are very proud of him. (介词后加宾格)
• importance n. 重要性
  • important adj. 重要的
    • adj. 变 n. 去 t 加 ce

## Key structure

1. 一般将来时
2. 非延续性动词 + 一段时间
3. be 动词搭配的词组

## 课文

• 一般将来时
  • 形式
    • shall + do (只能跟在 第一人称 后)
    • will + do
    • be (am/is/are) going to + do
  • 用法: (现在的) 将来
    • → I will study abroad.
    • → I shall study abroad.
  • 变 否定/ 疑问
    • → He will not be a teacher.
    • → Will he be a teacher?
    • → He is not going to be a teacher.
    • → Is he going to be a teacher?
  • 将来时只表示 事情在之后可能会发生, 不表示一定会发生.
• small 只表示 小, little 表示 小 又精致
• the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
  • Atlantis 亚特兰蒂斯
  • Atlanta 亚特兰大
• set out = set off 出发
• plenty of 许多, 大量 (言外之意: 充足的)
  • plenty of time/ideas
• → He will be away for two months
• → He will leave for two months (错误的)
  • leave 是瞬间动词 / 非延续动词, 不能加时间段
  • be+adv. 表示 状态
• take part in 参加
• be 动词搭配的词组
  • be (am/is/are) going to + do
    • 用于表示此前有计划 有预谋的要做
      • → It is so dark outside, It is going to rain.
  • will + do
    • 用于表示临时决定的
      • → Be careful ! The box is too heavy. I will help you.
    • will 本身是情态动词, 表示愿意做某事.
      • → Will you marry me ?
  • be 动词短语, 表示持续的状态
    • → He will be away for two mouths.
    • → I’m going out now , I’ll be back at six o’clock.
    • → I’ll be out all morning.
    • → I went to Ted’s house and asked to see him but he wasn’t in.
      • be in 意思是在家
    • → Why don’t you forget about it? It’s all over.
    • → What’s on at the local cinema this week.

L13 The Greenwood Boys

## 单词

• a group of POP singer
  • pop ← popular
• give five performances 演出了五场
• occasion n. 场合
  • on these occasions
  • occasionally adv. 偶尔

## Key structure

1. 将来进行时
2. 名词所有格

## 课文

• 将来进行时
  • 形式:
    • will be doing
    • shall be doing
  • 用法
    • 将来某时正在进行 或者 确定教要发生的将来
      • → I will be waiting here at 10:00 tomorrow.
      • → They will be coming by train.
  • 否定 / 疑问
    • → They will not be coming by train.
    • → Will they be coming by train?
  • 将来进行时 vs. 一般将来时
    • will be doing vs. will do
    • shall be doing vs. shall do
    • 将来进行时
      • 强调正在进行
      • 强调确定要发生
    • 一般将来时
      • 事情之后可能会发生, 不一定会发生
• at present 在现在
  • present 有两个意思
    1. 现在
    2. 礼物
• country
  1. 国家
  2. 乡村
     • all over the country
     • all parts of the country
• most of 大多数的
• live 长期住
• staying 短期停留
• during this time 在这段时间内
• As usual 跟往常一样
  • usually adv.
• → Yesterday is history. tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift - That’s why it is called “The present”.
  • 今日为金

L14 Do you speak English?

## words

• amusing adj. 好笑的, 有趣的
  • funny adj. 好笑的
• experience n. 经历
  • working experience
• wave n. 波浪 v. 招手, 波动
• lift n. 搭便车 n. 电梯(英)
  • ask (sb.) for a lift
• reply vi. 回答
  • reply to sb./sth.
  • answer sb. sth.
• a foreign/native language.

## key structure

• 过去完成时
• 过去完成时 与一般过去时的搭配使用

## text

• 过去完成时
  • 形式: had + done
  • 用法: 过去的之前 (全部完成 / 部分完成)
    • 例子:
      • → When he got there, she was not there.
      • → She had left.
  • 否定疑问
    • → She had left.
    • → She had not left.
    • → Had she left.
    • What had she done?
  • 过去完成时 与 一般过去时 的 搭配使用
    • 用于表示先后顺序, 过去完成时 表示先, 一般过去时 表示后
    • → When he got there, she had left.
    • → He finished work. He went home.
    • → After he finished work, he went home.
    • → After he had finished work, he went home.
    • → He went home, after he had finished work.
    • –
    • → He finished lunch. He asked for a glass of water.
    • ↘︎ When he finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.
    • ↘︎ When he had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.
    • –
    • → The sun set .We returned to our hotel.
    • ↘︎ As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.
• on 可以作为副词修饰动词, 表示继续做某事
  • drive on 继续开车
  • go on 继续进行
• apart from 除了…
• neither of sb. 二者都不
  • neither of us …
  • neither of the soldies.
• none of … 三者或以上都不
  • → neither of the twins liked sleeping during the daytime.
  • → none of the leaves can be green forever.
  • → It’s none of your bussiness.
• learnt 了解,知道, 得知, 懂得, 学会
• 过去完成时 vs. 现在完成时
  • had done vs. have/has done
  • 过去的之前 vs. 现在的之前
  • 例句
    • → It is 10:00, I have waited for 2 hours.
    • → It was 10:00, I had waited for 2 hours.
• 过去完成时 vs.一般过去时 vs. 过去将来时
  • had done vs. did vs. would do
  • 过去的之前 vs. 过去 vs. 过去的之后
  • → The plane was late, a few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves world try to steal the diamonds
  • → On wednesday evening. We went to the Town Hall, a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes.
• 不规则的动词变化
  • leave left left
  • drive drove driven
  • speak spoke spoken
  • learn learned learned
  • ​ learnt learnt

L15 Good news

• secretary n. 秘书
  • secret 秘密
• nervous adj. 精神紧张的
  • feel nervous / be nervous 在精神紧张的
  • nerve n. 精神
• irritable adj. 易怒的
• afford v. 负担得起
  • can/be able to + afford + sth. / to do sth.
    • → Student can afford the E-books.
    • → The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
• interrupt v. 插话, 打断
  • → Don’t interrupt!
• inter—: 通常表示两者或多人之间的前缀
  • internet n.
  • interview v./n.
  • 前缀一般改变词意不改变词性

## Key structure

• 直接引语变间接引语
  • 直接引语: 别人说的原话
  • 间接引语: 转述别人的话 (宾语从句)

## text

• 他说: “我是笨蛋” (直接引语)

• 他说他是笨蛋 (间接引语)

• 例句

  • 1
    • → He says, ‘I am a fool.’ (直接引语)
    • → He says (that) he is a fool (间接引语)
  • 2
  • → He said, ‘I’m a fool’
  • → He said (that) he is a fool.
  • 3
    • → He said, ‘i will go to Italy.’
    • → He said (that) he would go to Italy.
  • 4
    • → He said, ‘I went to Italy’
    • → He said he had gone to Italy.

• 步骤:

  1. 转换为宾语从句
  2. 变换 人称, 角度, 以及时态 (时间地点)
     • 主句时过去式, 从句也对应向过去推一个时态
  • 例句
    • 1
      • → The secretary told me ‘Mr.H will see you’
      • ↘︎ The secretary told me (that) Mr.H would see me.
    • 2
      • Why did you did say that you were/had been busy?

• 不规则动词

  • feel felt felt

L16 A polite request

## words

• park n. 公园 v. 停放 (载具)
  • parking n. 停车场, 停车位
  • parking signs n. 停车指示牌
  • No packing areas.
• reminder n. 提示
  • remind v. 提示, 提醒
• fail v. 无视, 忘记, 失败
  • fail to do sth.
    • → fail to obey it.
    • → They fail to finish the work on time obey the rule.

## Key structure

• if 条件状语从句 (真实条件句 / 虚拟条件句)
• 状语从句
  • 状语: 描述
  • 状语从句: 用一个句子作从句, 补充描述性的信息, 针对主句进行进一步的描述
  • 分类
    • 条件状语从句
      • if 条件状语从句 / once 条件状语从句…
    • 时间状语从句
    • …

## text

• if 条件状语从句 (真实条件句)

  • → You will miss the train, if you don’t hurry.
  • 真实条件句 vs 虚拟条件句
    • 真实条件句 表示 可以实现的假设
    • 虚拟条件句 表示 可能无法实现的假设
  • e.g.
    • → If tall chimneys were built above sea level, the runnel would be well-ventilated. (假设过去)
    • → If he is out, I will call him tomorrow. (假设现在)
    • → If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. (假设将来)
    • → If you park your car in the wrong place, traffic policemans will find you soon.

  	If 从句	主句
  假设过去	过去的各种时态	过去将来时
  假设现在	现在的各种时态	一般将来时
  假设将来	一般现在时 (替代将来)	一般将来时 aka. 主将从现

  • If 条件状语从句 (真实条件句) - 主句的变化
    • If he finds something wrong. He may tell you. (主句使用情态动词 (aka. 语气助动词))
    • If you make a mistake, correct it. (祈使句)
    • 结论: 主句不一定是将来时

• police 警察(复数)

• policeman 警察(单数)

• 副词放在助后实前 - 助动词后, 实意动词 前

  • → will never pass

• 状语从句的连词决定状语从句的类型 (9种)

  • → You will miss the train, if you don’t hurry (条件状语从句)
  • → When he was driving, he saw two thieves … (时间状语从句)
  • → I can’t go with you, because I don’t have (原因状语从句.)
  • 结论: 条件状语从句 和 时间状语从句 假设将来的时候, 需要改变时态

• 不规则变化动词

  • let let let

L17 Always young

## words

• appear v. 登场, 出现
  • disappear v. 消失
  • appearance n. 出现, 外貌
• stage fright 怯场
• bright adj. 鲜艳的 (光明的, 聪明的)
  • Bright red/colour 亮红色/ 亮色
  • bright future / prospect 明亮的未来
  • → look on the bright side of things

## Key structure

• 情态动词 (情绪, 态度) (预期助动词)
  • must
  • have to (have got to)

## text

• 情态动词 和它的过去式
  • 一方面可以时过去式, 另一方面也可以表示更加委婉的预期
    • must - 没有过去式
    • may - might
    • can - could
    • will - would
    • shall - should
  • 用法:
  1. 情态动词 + 动词原型
  2. 情态动词没有人称变化
  3. 情态动词 只有现在和过去两种时态
  • 否定
    • 情态动词后加 not
  • 疑问
    • 情态动词提前
• must
  • 表示 推测 “肯定, 一定”
  • 英文中的 情态动词 每一个都能表示 “肯定, 一定”
  • 只是 可能性 和 推测的把握度也不同
  • must 时里面可能性 最高的, 把握度最大的, 接近于现实
    • 非常有把握的推测, 用 must be/ must + 动词原型
      • → She must be 35 years old. (推测)
        • → She is 35 years old. (事实)
      • → You must be the new teacher.
      • → He must set overthere.
  • must 还可以表示不可避免的义务 “必须”
    • → I must do it now.
    • → She must do it now.
    • → You must do it tomorrow. (英文潜规则, 现在可以表示将来)
  • must 不能表示过去的必须, 用 have to (情态动词词组) (意思是 不得不), must 等于 have to , 但 have to 比 must 能表示更丰富的变化
    • → I have to do it now.
    • → She has to do it now (人称变化)
    • → You will have to do it tomorrow. (将来)
    • → They had to do it yesterday. (过去)
      • have got to 等于 have to
• at least 至少
• In spite of 尽管
  • 等价 despite (介词)
  • although / though (连词, 后接句子)
• take part in 参加
• in + 服装 表示穿着 (在服装里面就是穿着)

## extend

• 情态动词 must
  • 意思
    1. 表示推测 “肯定, 一定” must be
    2. 表示不可避免的义务 “必须”
  • 推测现在
    • → They must be waiting for you.
  • 推测过去 (处于现在推测过去)
    • must have done
      • → It must have rained last night.
      • → She must have cried just now.

L18 He often does this!

## word

• pub n. 酒吧, 酒馆
• landlord n. 房主, 房东, 地主
• bill n. 账单, 单据, 清单/钞票/法案/广告
  • pay the bill
  • US dollar bills 美元纸币
  • a crime bill
  • a bill board 广告看板

## key structure

• have 的用法
  • 实义动词
  • 助动词

## text

• have 的用法

  • 实义动词 , 表示 “有” ( own/ possess)
    • → I have a book.
    • → He had a suprise.
  • 实义动词 , “吃喝玩乐做”
    • have a meal
    • have breakfast
    • have some water
    • have fun
    • have a good time
    • have a swim
  • 助动词: (完成时态中)
    • → I have received a letter.
    • → She has bought a gift.
    • → He had left.
  • 如果 have 是实义动词, 变否定或者疑问需要搭配助动词, 如 do (能直接提前的只有助动词)
    • e.g.
      • → I have a book
        • → I do not have a book
      • → She has lunch
        • → She does not have lunch
      • → He had a good time
        • → He did not have a good time.
  • 如果have 是助动词, 变否定或者疑问可以直接提前
    • e.g.
      • → I have not received a letter.
      • → She has not bought a gift.
      • → He had not left.

• have 的用法补充

  • had had (have 的过去完成时)
    • 表示过去的之前有, 过去之前的吃喝玩乐做
    • 第一个 had 是助动词, 用于体现 过去完成时, 第二个 had 是实义动词
    • → I had had lunch at a village pub.
  • have/has had (have 的现在完成时)
    • 现在的之前有, 现在的之前吃喝玩乐做
  • 表示实义动词有的时候, have(实义动词) = have(助动词) got
    • 例句
      • → I have got a book.
      • –
      • → You have a lot of money
      • → You have got a lot of money.
      • –
      • → You don’t have a lot of money
      • → You have not got a lot of money
      • –
      • → Do you have a lot of money?
      • → Have you got a lot of money? (不建议)

• 易混淆词

  • beside 在旁边
  • beside the door
  • besides 除了 (注意这两个词,意思完全不同)
    • → Besides this book, I have some others
    • 词义和 expect 类似

• 关于 give 的短语动词

  • give sth. back to sb.
  • give in 上交, 投降
    • → Give in your exercise books to me.
    • → He can’t continue fighting. He will soon give in.
  • give away 送给
    • → I gove away my collection of stamps to the little boy.
  • give up 放弃
    • → I have given up smoking
    • → Three of our officers gave them up to the enemy.

L19 sold out

## word

• hurry v. 匆忙
  • hurry to the ticket office (hurry to 赶去)
  • hurry up
  • hurriedly adv. 匆忙的
    • do std. hurriedly
• pity n. 遗憾
  • What a pity!
• return v. 退回(返回) n. 返回, 回来
  • return the books
  • → Sir, may I see your return ticket?

## key structure

• 情态动词 may/can 动词前

## text

• 情态动词 may(might)

  • 推测 “可能”, (可能性比 must 小)
    • may do / may have done
    • e.g.
      • → “The play may begin at any moment”, I said.
      • → “It may have begun already.”, susan answered.
  • 请求允许? “可以吗?”
    • May 只能 疑问句加 I
      • → “May I do sth?”
  • 允许 , “可以”
    • I/You/They may.
    • 例子:
      • → A: May I come in?
      • → B: You may come in and have sth to drink.
  • may 和 might 的区别
    1. might 表示过去, may 表示现在
    2. may 和 might 都表示现在, might 表示现在 (更委婉的语气)

• 情态动词 can

  • 能力 “能, 能够”
    • → Trust youself! You can do it.
  • 请求允许? “可以吗?” 用在 I/You/He/They 中
  • 允许 (陈述句) “可以”
    • → A: Can I help you? / What can I do for you?
    • → B: You can help me to find my size please.
  • 推测(常用于 否定) can’t/couldn’t 不可能
    • → He is abroad. It can’t be him
    • → I might as well(勉为其难的) have them.
    • → with the help of the new technology, you can email(名词动用- 名词当动词用) you friends by mobile phone
    • → We couldn’t ask for(要求, 索取) a better one.
    • → This TV program is quite boring, we might as well listen to the music (不妨听听音乐).

• 不规则变化的动词

  • sell sold sold

L20 One man in a boat

## word

• catch v. 抓到 (caught, caught)
  • catch fire 着火
  • catch a bus 赶车
  • catch a cold 感冒
• waste
  • n. 浪费
    • → It’s a waste of time/money/food
  • v. 浪费
    • → Don’t waste your time.
  • n. 垃圾, 废物
    • recyclable 可回收的
    • other waste 其他垃圾
• realize
  • v. 意识到
  • v. 使…. 成真
    • realize your dream

## key structure

• doing 动名词

## text

• doing 动名词

  1. 作主语

     • → Fishing is my favourite sport .(doing)

     • → Playing basketball is my favourite sport. (doing sth.)

     • → Playing basketball with my friends every Sunday(主语) is my favorite sport.

  2. 介词后, 作宾语 (介词后只能接名词 / 代词)

     • → I often fish for hours without catching anything.

• 介词 + doing 动名词 改写句子

  • → He sat there . He did not say anything (without)
    • → He sat there without saying anything.
  • → He turned off the radio. He left the room (before)
    • → Before leaving the room, he turned off the radio.
  • → I have spent whole mornings on the river. &&→ I always go home with an empty bag (after)
    • → After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag.

• 生词 和 固定搭配

  • worry + sb. 使某人担心
  • unpleasant 不愉快的
  • unimportant 不重要的
  • uninteresting 没有兴趣的
    • boring
  • be interested in …. 在某方面感兴趣

• doing 和 having done 的区别

  • doing 表示主动 或 正在进行
    • → I must apologize for interrupting you.
  • having done 强调发生在之前 (不是很懂这是个什么时态… 查了下似乎是完成时态动名词)
    • → I must apologize for having interrupted you.

L21 Mad or not ?

## 生词

• drive v. 驱使

• mad adj. 发疯 (疯狂的, 气愤的, 狂热的)

  • drive sb. mad
    • → Everybody says I must be mad.
    • be+ adj. 傲视处于某种状态, 强调持续做某事
  • go/get mad 强调变疯的过程

• reason n. 原因

  • for some reason 因为某种原因
  • for some reasons 因为某些原因
  • for no reason

• a large sum of money.

• determined adj. 坚定的, 下决心的

  • be determined to do sth.

## key structure

1. 被动语态 与 时态相结合 (复习 L10)
2. 被动语态 与 情态动词 或 词组相结合
3. 主语的单复数

## 被动语态 be+done

• done 1. 被动的动作
• be 2. 被动的时间

## 被动语态 x 情态动词

• Planes are heard.
• Planes can be heard.
  • Planes may be heard.
  • Planes must be heard.
• 这封信必须马上寄出 (特指一般用 the 表达)
  • → The letter must be sent immediately.
• 天气不能被人们所控制
  • → The weather cannot be controlled by people.
• Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad .
  • Aeroplanes 是英式写法, Airplanes 是美式写法
  • drive a car
  • drive sb. mad
  • drive away 驱赶某人离开
• come into stop 进入停止状态
  • come into + n. 进入某种状态.
• → Over a hundred people s away from their homes by the noise.
  • must have done (be done)
    • = must(推测) have(过去) been(被动) driven
  • must have been done 推测过去的被动
  • → My cell phone must have been stolen.
  • → His keys must have been lost.
  • → … the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers.
• knock down 击倒, 撞倒
  • → I have been offered a large sum of money to go ways, but i am determined to stay here.

## 主动语态 vs 被动语态

• → He will repair you watch (主动, 突出主语)(who)
  • → Your watch will be repaired (by him ) (被动) (what) (突出事情)
    • 被动使用突出事来体现客观性
• → They must test this new car
  • → This new car must be tested
  • 时态和情态要一起迁移
• → I can’t find my bag. someone bas stolen it.
  • → I can’t find my bag, It has been stolen.

## doing / done 修饰名词 (作定语) (限定)

• doing

  • → … passing plane can be heard night and day.

  • → I am one of the few peole left(定语-遗留).

  • doing 修饰名词 (作定语) 通常表主动, 或者正在进行

    • a waiting car
    • boiling water 沸腾的水
    • a developing country 发展中国家
    • a woman wearing a white coat

  • 英语中习惯长的词组放后面

• done 修饰名词 (作定语)

  • 通常表被动, 或 已完成
    • used car
    • a deserted car park 被废弃的停车场
    • a ploughed field
    • a developed country 发达国家
    • wasted time 被浪费的时间
    • a car called blue bird 被叫做蓝鸟的汽车

• 不规则动词变化

  • hear heard heard

L22 A glass envelope

## words

• dream v. 做梦 n. 梦想, 梦
  • → I always dream of/about flying(介词 + 动名词) like a bird
  • → Your future depends on your dreams, so go to sleep.
  • → I dreamed a dream in time gone by. - Anne Hathaway
• The Channel
  • the English Channel
  • The British Channel
  • 以上三者都是英吉利海峡
• throw v. 扔, 抛 (threw , thrown)
  • throw the bottle into the sea.
  • throw away 扔掉

## text

• → a girl of her own age 同年纪的女孩

• with prep. 伴随着有

  • without prep. 伴随着没有
  • → a piece of paper with here name and address on it
    • with + n. + 介词短语
      • → a wallet with 200 dollars in it.
      • → a bus with 500 people on it.

• → Letters with cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster

  • a little 修饰比较级, 更 … 的 程度
  • mush / a lot / for
  • even 甚至

• 后面可接 of / from/ in /on 的 动词 (背诵)

  • 后面可接 on 的动词 (在 … 上面)
    • act on 遵守
    • base on 在…基础上
    • comment on 评论
    • concentrate on 集中
    • lean on/against 倚靠于
    • live on 靠…为生
    • operate on 起作用 / 做手术
    • count on 依靠依赖
      • depend on
      • rely on
  • 后面可接 in 的动词 (在 … 里面)
    • believe in 信仰
    • delight in 喜欢
    • interest in 感兴趣
    • include in 包括
    • involve in 卷入
    • engage in 正做(参与)
    • experience in 在… 有经验
    • fail in 没有尽到 (失败)
    • help in (with) 帮助
  • 后面可接 from 的 动词 (来源)
    • borrow from 从… 借
    • receive from 收到 来自于…
    • escape from 从…逃出
    • draw from 从…拉过来
    • suffer from 从… 受苦受难
    • differ from 有别于
    • separate from 从.. 分开
    • protect from 保护… 使免于
    • defend from 保护 … 使免于
    • prevent from 阻止 … 使免于
  • 后面可接 of 的 动词 (属于, 属性)
    • consist of 由…组成
    • think of 思考
    • complain of/about 抱怨
    • dream of/about 幻想, 梦到
    • accuse of 控告
    • approve of 赞成
    • assure of 让…方向
    • beware of 注意, 小心
    • be/get rid of 摆脱
    • tired of 对…感到厌烦
    • convince of/about 使 … 信服

• 不规则变化的动词

  • dream dreamed dreamed
    • dreamt dreamt
  • travel traveled traveled traveling
    • travelled travelled travelling
  • throw threw thrown
  • cost cost cost

L23 A new house

## words

• complete v. 完成 adj. 完整的
  • a complate story
• modern adj. 新式的, 与以往不同的
• strange adj. 奇怪的
  • → We heard a strange sound.
  • → The modern building looks strange to some people.
  • stranger n. 陌生人 / 奇怪的
• district n. 地区
  • CBD = central Business District

## text

• There be 句型
  • There be + n. (有 => 客观存在)
  • 倒装句
    • → There is a girl.
      • → Girl is there.
  • There be + n. + 介词短语 (常用)
    • → There is a girl in the classroom.
    • → There was a book on the table.
    • → There is still some honesty in the world.
  • There be + n. + doing (有什么正在做某事)
    • → There is a girl crying.
    • There be + n. doing / 介词短语
      • → There is a girl crying in the classroom.
      • → There were some people rowing on the river.

L24 It could be worse

## word

• upset adj. 不安
  • be upset 处于不安的状态
  • fell upset
    • → I’m felt very upset.
• complain v. 抱怨
  • complain about sth. 抱怨 某事
    • → He always complain about the weather.
  • complain to sb.
  • complain about sth. to sb.
• wicked > bad
• contain v. 包含
  • 表示能实实在在的包含 (物理)
    • → The envlope contained $50.
  • include v. 包含 (抽象)
    • → The list include 500 people.
• honesty n. 诚实
  • honest adj. 诚实的
    • an honest man.
• in the way 挡路
  • on the way 在路上
• salary 月薪
  • wages 蓝领薪水
• borrow 借给别人
  • lend 找别人借钱给自己
• look after 照着
  • pay attention to 注意
• besides 除了
  • beside 在旁边
• Its 它的
• excited 激动
• exciting adj. 令人激动的
• 不规则变化的动词
  • lose lost lost losing

L25 Do the English speck English

## word

• railway n. 铁路
  • rail 轨
  • tailway station
  • train station
• several (量词) 几个
  • several times
  • serveral people
• foreigner n. 外国人
  • foreign adj. 外国的, 外国人的
    • a foreign language
  • TOEFL = Test of English foreign language
• wonder v. 感到奇怪 n. 奇迹, 奇观
  • feel surprised
  • seven wonders 七大奇观
  • wonder 有 want to kown 的意思

## text

• 并列句

  • 句子的分类

    1. 简单句, (unit1) 描述清楚一件事
    2. 并列句, (英语是形合的预演, 词语 或分句 用语言形式手段连接 (连接词))
       • (n.+v.)+conj.+ (n.+v.)+conj.(n.+v.)
    3. 复合句
       • (n.+v.)+conj.+ (n.+v.)+conj.(n.+v.)

  • 并列句

    • 含义: 多件事, 一样重要, 如果不一样重要, 要写成复合句 (主从复合句)

    • 并列连词 (顺接, 转折, 选择, 因果)

      1. 顺接
         • 一样
           • …and… / both … and … 一样
         • 不但…而且…
           • not only … but … as well
           • not only … but also
           • not only … but …
      2. 转折 (前后两件事, 后面的事 有出乎意料的结果)
         • … but …
         • … yet … 然而
      3. 选择 (或者)
         • … or … / either … or … 二选一
         • neither … nor 既不 … 也不 …
      4. 因果
         • … for … 因为 (because, as 用在原因状语从句)
         • … so …

    • 并列连词 例句:

      • → She locked the door, for she was afraid of thieves. (因为)
      • → She Locked the door, and she was afraid of thieves (顺接)
      • 上述二者皆可
      • → I did not know the way to my hotel,so I asked a porter.
      • → My brother bought her a gift and she accepted it.
      • → Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him.
      • → (Either) you hurry up, or you will be late

  • 并列句的特点

    • 相同的可以省略, 余下的保持不变 (主语/谓语/宾语)
    • → I ran to the station, I missed the train.
      • → I ran to the station but I missed the train.
        • → I ran to the station but missed the train.
    • → I spoke English very carefully, I spoke English very clearly.
      • → I not only spoke English very carefully, but I spoke English very clearly as well.
        • → I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well . (虽然 看起来不像变列举, 因为主谓被省略了, 但是可以根据并列连词判断)
          • → I spoke English not only very carefully, but very clearly as well.
    • → He did not speak English, I did not speak English.
      • → Neither he nor I spoke English.

  • 总结并列句

    • 含义: 多件事一样重要
    • 写法: 多个简单句, 用宾列连词连接
    • 特点: 相同的可以省略, 余下的保持不变

## text

• arrive

  • arrive in 到..里面

    • I arrived in London at last

  • arrive at 把低点当成一个点来说

• or 否则, 或者

• → My sister went shopping, I went shopping (both … and)

  • →Both my sister and I went shopping.

• →I wash my face , brush my teeth, and comb my hair every morning

L26 The best art critics

## word

• critic n. 评论家
  • critical adj. 批评的
  • critically adv. 批评地
• paint
  • v. 画(涂油漆, 涂抹, 化妆)
    • paint + pictures/ a house
  • n. 涂料, 油漆, 化妆品
  • painting n. 油画, 水彩画, 绘画艺术
• pretend v. 假装
• pattern n. 图案
• curtain n. 窗帘, 幕布
• material n. 材料
• appreciate v. 鉴赏 (欣赏, 感激, 感谢)
  • → appreciate modern pictures
  • → I really appreciate your help.
• notice v. 注意到 n. 通知
• whether conj. 是否
  • weather n. 天气
• hang
  • v. 悬挂, 吊
    • hung, hung
  • v. 绞死
    • → We must all hang together , or assuredly. We shall all hang separately. - Benjamin Franklin
• upside down 上下点到
• inside out 里外颠倒

## key structure

• 宾语从句

## text

• 宾语从句

  • 定义:
    • 在一个句子中, 每个成分都是一个词, 当 某一个成分变成句子的时候, 就有了从句.
    • 宾语从句就是一个句子作宾语, 放在另一个句子(主句)里
    • 宾语从句是主从复合句
  • 写法
    1. 陈述句 变 宾语从句 -> 直接变
       • → Many people pretend (that) they understand modern art.
    2. 特殊疑问句 变 宾语从句 (WH Question) – 疑问句变陈述句语序, 用特殊疑问词 作连词
       • → They always tell you what a picture is ‘about’?
    3. 一般疑问句 变 宾语从句 (YN Question) – 疑问句变陈述句语序, 用 if/whether 作连接词
       • → She always tells me whether/if my pictures are good or not.
  • 总结
    1. 连接词 + 陈述句
    2. 连接词 看 从句 缺少的内容
       • 缺 “什么” 用 what
       • 缺 “谁” 用 who
       • 缺 “低点” 用 where
       • 缺 “时间” 用 when
       • 缺 “是否” 用 whether
       • 什么都不缺用 that

• 宾语从句的位置

  • 分类
    • 动词(及物动词) + 宾语从句 (动宾)
      • 动单宾 (及物动词直接加从句)
        • → Many people pretend that they understand modern art.
      • 动双宾 (及物动词直接加从句)
        • → They always tell you what a picture is about?
    • 介词 + 宾语从句 (介宾)
      • → He was astonished at what he found
    • 形容词 + 介词(可省略)+ 宾语从句
  • 例句
    • → You never told me what you had done to my computer (动双宾)
    • → I wonder when we will set out.
    • → They don’t know whether they will finish the work on time.
  • 总结
    • 宾语从句 写法: 连接词 + 句子
    • 名词性从句
      • 宾语从句
      • 表语从句
      • 同位语从句
      • 主语从句

• Speech marks 引号

  • 习惯
    • 英式 常用 单引号
    • 美式 常用 双引号
  • 用法
    1. 位于一行之上, 句尾其他的标点 (都好, 句号, 问号)
       • e.g. : ‘What are you going ?’
    2. 引语的第一个词, 以大写字母开头
       • e.g.: ‘What are you doing?’
    3. 在 said, asked 等词 后面用逗号
       • e.g. : ‘It’s all right’, she said, ‘but isn’t it upside down?’
    4. 只有 said , asked 等词, 位于句尾 用句号
       • e.g.: ‘What are you doing’, she asked
    5. said, asked 等词置于 引语之间时, 句子后半部分以 小写字母开头
       • e.g.: ‘It’s all right, ’ she said,‘but isn’t it upside down?’
    6. 当一个新的人说话时, 要另起一段

L27 A wet night

## word

• tent n. 帐篷
• field n. 田地, 领域
• smell smelled smelled v. 闻起来(系动词)
  • smelt smelt
• campfire n. 营火
  • by the campfire 营火旁边
• creep crept crept v. 爬行
• comfortable adj. 舒适的
  • uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的
• soundly adv. 状况良好的
• leap leapt leapt v. 跳跃
• heavily adv. 大量的
• wind wound wound v. 蜿蜒 n. 风
  • wind one’s way 使某些路蜿蜒
    • → The stream wound its way across the field
  • wind round sth. 缠绕某物
    • → A snake wound round the wires(电线).
• form v. 形成 构成
• right adv. 正好
• sleeping bag
  • doing 表示功能, 用途
    • a swimming pool
    • a fishing boat
    • a packing case
    • a waiting room
  • sleep soundly / deeply / well 睡得好的
    • be fast asleep 睡得深

## key structure

• 复习一般过去时

## text

• put up a tent = set up a tent

• in the middle of … + 地点/时间

  • in the center of… + 地点

• as soon as 不久

• by the campfire 在 营火旁

• some time 一段时间

  • → It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field

• 短语动词 put

  • → … the boys put up their tend in the middle of a field.
  • → You needn’t go back to London tonight. We can put you up for the night. 安排住宿
  • → The teacher sent the boy to the headmaster, He could not put up with him any longer. 忍受
  • → … they put out the fire and crept into their tent.
  • → Take out your notebooks. Put down all the sentences that are on the blackboard.
  • → Close your books and put them away.
  • → We cannot have the meeting tonight. We shall have to put it off until tomorrow
  • → I put on my coat and left the house
  • put up 搭起/ 安排住宿
  • put up with sb. 容忍
  • put out the fire 扑灭火
  • put down 放下, 写下来
  • put away 放到一边, 收起来
  • put off 推迟
  • put on 穿上

• 不规则动词变化

  • smell smelled smelled

    • smelt smelt

  • creep crept crept

  • sleep slept slept

  • weak woke woken

  • leap leaped leaped

    • leapt leapt

  • wind wound wound

L28 No parking

## word

• rare adj. 罕见的
  • rare people
  • a rare disease 罕见病
    • rare steak 较生的牛排 (一分熟)
    • medium-rare 三分
    • medium steak 5 分熟
    • medium-well 七分
    • well steak 10 分熟
• ancient adj. 古代的
• myth n. 神话故事
• trouble n. 麻烦, 问题
  • have trouble with n.
  • have trouble (in) doing sth.
  • be in trouble
  • run into trouble 陷入麻烦
  • ask for trouble 自找麻烦
• effect n. 结果, 效果
• have effect 有效果
• have no effect 没有效果

## key structure

• 定语 从句
• 复习现在完成时
• 复习宾语从句

## text

• 定语从句
  • 含义
    • 一个句子作宾语, 修饰/限定名词叫 定语, 限定名词的范围
  • 位置
    • 所修饰的名词后, 也称 后置定语.
  • 写法
    • → This is the job.
    • → I have dreamed of the job for years
      • → This is the job which I have dreamed for years.
  • 定语从句的关系词(连接词)
    • the job 先行词
    • which 关系词
  • 公式
    • n.(先行词)+关系词 + 陈述句 (定语从句)
    • 关系词 的选择 要看 先行词 , 对应着选 关系词(连接词)
    • 先行词 - 关系词 的选择
      • 事/物 - which/that (常用)
      • 人 - who/whom/that (常用)
      • 人/物 (某人的/某物的) - whose
      • 时间 - when
      • 地点 - where
      • 原因 - why
  • 定语从句关系词的几点注意
    • 定语从句的关系词 每一个都作成分, 包括 that (宾语从句中, 连接词不作成分)
    • whom 指人, 只能在宾语时使用,
    • 关系词在 定语从句 中 作宾语时, 可以省略 (只针对 人 / 事物)
  • 练习
    • → I have a class which begin at 8:00 am. (which 在定语从句中作主语)
    • → The lawyer (who/whom/that) my bother called didn’t answer the phone .
    • → My daughter asked me a question (which/that) I couldn’t answer
    • → Leo is the student who bike was stolen.
    • → Australia is one of the few countries where people drive on the left.
    • → Sunday is the day when people usually don’t go to work
    • → Is there any particular reason why you can’t come?
    • → I lost the book (which/that) I borrowed from the library last week.
    • → The woman whom I saw in the park was feeding pigeons.
    • → I cannot remember the day when we met last time.
• Because + 句子
• Because of + 单词
• 定语从句 注意
  • 关系词 在定语从句中 作 宾语时, 可以省略 修饰人和物

L29 Taxi!

## word

• text n. 出租车 BrE
  • cab AmE
• flat n. 公寓房 BrE
  • apartment AmE
• land v. 着陆 n. 陆地
  • lend v. 借
• plough v. 犁地
• lonely adj. 偏僻的 人迹罕至的, 感到孤单的
• Welsh adj. 威尔士的
  • Wales n. 威尔士的
  • → The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
    • = Scotland + Wales + England + Northern Ireland
  • Great Britain = Scotland + Wales + England
• roof n. 楼顶
• block n. 一座大楼 v. 堵住
  • → a block of flats/apartments
  • → an office block
  • → traffic block/jam

## key structure

• 复习现在完成时
• 表语从句 (名词性从句)

## text

• 现在完成时
  • 形式: have/has + done
  • 用法: 现在的之前(是否完成不太重要)
• 插入语
  • however , 前后会有成对的标点, 也可以去掉不看
• 英文冒号
  • 表示解释说明
• 表语从句 (主系表) seem as 宾语从句
  • 一个句子作表语, 放在系动词后.
  • 写法
    • 同宾语从句, 连接词 + 陈述句 , 陈述句缺什么 , 连接词就填什么 (what,whether,), 什么都不缺就用 that, that 不能省略
  • 什么是什么的句子 可以用 表语从句
    • → The most surprising/interesting/embarrassing thing … is that …
    • → His suggestion is that we should keep calm.
    • → The question is when he will arrive here.
    • → The point is whether the new plan is feasible.
• → A roof of a block of flats 一座公寓楼的楼顶
• once .. and on another occasion 一次… 另一次
  • → I met him once at a conference, and on another occasion we ran into each other at a restaurant
  • 我曾在一次会议上见过他，另一次我们在一家餐厅里偶遇了
• refuse a request 拒绝一个请求
• deny 否认
• take (拿走)/bring(带上)/fetch(去取)
• very/too (过度了)
• 现在完成时, 常搭配
  • have/has + just/already/ever/never + done
  • up to now/up till now (到目前为止)
  • so for (目前位置 )
  • for + 一段时间
  • since + 过去的时间
    • since + 过去的动作 (一般过去时的句子)
    • since 从…到现在
    • → He has lived in Beijing since 1993
    • → He has lived in Beijing since he was born.
• 不规则变化的动词
  • fly flew flown

L30 Football or polo

## word

• polo n. 水球, 马球
• cut v. 穿过 (切割, 削减)
  • → A small river cuts across the park near my home.
  • cut paper/one’s finger
  • cut sth. into pieces
  • cut and paste
• towards prep. 朝, 向
• nearly/almost adv. 几乎
• sight n. 眼界, 视域
  • in sight
  • out of sight / out of mind
  • catch sight of
  • love at first sight

## key structure

• 冠词 L6
  • 定冠词 the 表示特指
  • 不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指
  • 零冠词 不加冠词
  • 地名和人名的前面, 一般不加冠词
    • → John lives in England, He has a house in London.

## text

• 海洋, 河流, 山脉 和 部分国名之前, 加 定冠词 the

  • the Atlantic 大西洋
  • the Alps 阿尔卑斯山
  • America / the United States

• in afternoons 限定的上午, 下午, 晚上用 on

  • on fine afternoons.

• There be 句型, 是倒装句, 表示有

• There be + n.

• There be + n. + 介词短语 : 强调方位, 位置

• There be + n. + doing : 补充说明在干嘛

  • → There is a girl crying in the classroom

• so…that … 如此以至于, 过于…

  • → The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water L35

• 扩展 some/any

  • some/any + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词
  • 当 some 都表示 一些/许多 的时候, some 用于肯定句 , any 用于否定和疑问, 当他们表示别的意思的时候就没这个区别了

• 不规则动词变化

  • cut cut cut
  • fall fell fallen
  • run ran run

L31 Success story

## word

• retire v. 退休
• bicycle n. 自行车
  • bi 前缀 表示 双的
  • tri 前缀 表示 三个的
    • tricycle 三轮车
    • recyclable 可循环使用的
• save v. 积蓄
  • save money for the rainy days
  • save time
  • save the games
• grandson n. 孙子
• success n. 成功
  • successful adj.
  • successfully adv.
  • succeed v.
• company n. 公司, 同事, 伙伴
• employ v. 雇佣
  • employ ten workers
  • employment n. 雇佣, 就业
  • unemployment n. 失业
  • unemployment rate n. 失业率

## key structure

• 复习 一般过去时/ 过去进行时
• used to do sth. (过去常常做某事)(言外之意, 现在已经不这样做了, )(通常与一般过去时连用)

## text

• used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
  • → I used to drink a lot of coffee
    • → I drinked a lot of coffee
  • → We used to live in the country side.
  • → People used to be happy when they were young.
  • → He saved money for years(持续了多年)
• → He bought a small workshop of his own (佳) 他买了一个属于自己的小作坊
  • → He bought a small his own workshop. 显得头重脚轻
• spare part 备件, 零件
• In his twenties 在他二十多岁的时候
• → In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed some people.
• 并列句中, 一部分是过去完成时, 一部分是过去时, 表示一先一后
• 形式主语
  • → It was his job to repair bicycles…
    • = → To repair bicycles was his job.
  • it 做形式主语, to do sth. 做 真正主语, 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 可以做主语
  • 上述 两句的语法都正确, 第一句在应试中更容易得分, 更优雅
  • 动词不定式 是动词的基本形式中的一种, 不定式的一般式为 to+ 动词原型
  • 不定式用以形容 “动词的 简单, 不变形 不被限定 的形式,”, 表达其原本的意义
  • 动名词/不定式都是名词单数
  • 例子
    • 环游世界是我的梦想
      • → It was my dream to travel around the world.
      • → It is very important to study English.
      • → It is necessary to think about the future.
      • → It is necessary for student to think about the future.
      • → It is my honer to be here.
• 不规则动词
  • become became become

L32 shopping made easy

## word

• once adv. 曾经, 以前, 一度
  • 一次 once a week
  • 一旦 once you know the truth, please let us know
• temptation n. 诱惑
  • the temptation to do sth. 去做某事的诱惑
  • → the temptation to eat
  • → the temptation to steal
• article n. 物品, 东西, 文章
• wrap v. 包裹
  • wrap sth. up 把 … 包起来
• simply adv. 仅仅地, 简单地
  • simple adj. 简单的
  • simplify v. 简单化
• arrest v. 逮捕

## key structure

• 形容词/副词 的 原级比较 (同级比较)
• 复习 形容词/副词的比较级 和 最高级

## text

• 形容词/副词 的 最高级
  • adj./adv. + est 或 前面加 most (+介词短语表示比较的范围, 也可以不加)
  • 通常用于三人或以上
• 形容词 / 副词的比较级
  • adj./adv. 的 比较级 (+than 比较的对象, 也可以不加)
  • 通常用于两者之间的比较
• 形容词 / 副词 的 原级比较
  • as + 比较的内容(adj./adv. 原型) + as + 比较的对象
    • as … as
  • “和 … 相比一样的…”
  • 例子
    • → I am as tell as you.
    • → He works as hard as before
    • → I will do it as quickly as possible 尽可能的快
• 原级比较的否定
  • not + as/so + 比较的内容(adj./adv. 原型)+ as + 比较的对象
    • not as/so … as
  • “和 … 相比 还不如”
  • 例子:
    • → People are not so honest as before.
    • → People are not so honest as they were.
    • → People are not so honest as they once were.
    • → The temptation to steal is greater than ever before , especially in large shops
• 形容词 / 副词 的 原级比较 (比较对象的多样)
  • 现在 和 过去 比
    • → Her mother is as beautiful as before.
    • → Her mother is as beautiful as she was.
    • → Her mother is as beautiful as she used to be.
  • 过去和现在比
    • → Traveling was not as easy as today
    • → Traveling was not as easy as it is today
  • 与可能的相比
    • → I will do it as quickly as possible.
    • → I will do it as quickly as I can.
  • 和想象相比
    • → You are as clever as I think.
    • → The problem was not as complicated as we though
• 不规则动词变化
  • choose chose chosen
  • wrap wrapped wrapped

L33 out of the darkness

## word

• darkness n. 黑暗
  • dark adj.
  • -ness 名词后缀
    • happiness 高兴
    • nervousness 紧张
    • carelessness 粗心
• explain v. 解释, 叙述
  • explanation n. 解释
• coast n. 海岸
• storm n. 风暴
  • rain storm
  • snow storm
  • sand storm
  • brain storm
• towards prep. 向, 朝, 逐渐接近(过程感强)
  • 介词接词, 接 名词, 代词, doing
  • towards evening 逐渐接近, 傍晚
  • walk towards the door 一步一步的逐渐接近 门, 更生动
    • 对比 walk to the door 走向门
    • the ball flew towards me.
• rock n. 岩石, 礁石, 摇滚
• shore n. 海岸
• ahead adv. 在前面
  • → She saw a light ahead.
  • go ahead 你先走, 你请便

## key structure

• 表示地点的介词

## text

• 介词
  • 介词接名词, 代词, doing , 构成介词短语, 介宾结构用于补充说明 (地点, 时间)
  • 介词 (介系词) 前面是 与 介词 搭配的词, 可能是动词/名词/形容词/介词, 其 宾语 一般放在后面, 宾语的形式主要是 名词, 还有相当名词的代词/数词/动名词/名词性从句
  • in 是静态的, 表示一直在里面, into 是动态的, 表示之前不在里面, 后来到了里面
  • on doing 表示一做… 事 就…
  • 表示 地点的介词 (prep.)
    • set out from the coast
    • swam to the shore
    • toward the light she had seen
    • set out for the village
    • jumped into the sea
    • out of darkness
    • arriving at the shore
    • on the cliff
    • in a small boat
  • at 强调 点, 地点/时间点
  • on 强调 面
  • in 强调 体, 在 … 空间里
• pass/past
  • pass 动词
  • past 有许多词性, 但是不能做动词
  • 句中有动词用 past, 没有的话用 pass 做动词
    • → He passed my house this morning.
    • → He walked past my house.
    • → He told me about his past experiences
    • → He seems to live in the past(n.).
• set off/out 出发
• be caught in 被困在
  • → I was caught in the traffic jam yesterday.
• 不规则动词变化
  • swim swom swum

L34 Quick work

## word

• station n. 站点
  • bus station / subway station / railway station
• most adv. 相当, 非常
  • a most interesting story 很, 非常
  • the most interesting story 最
    • most 前有 the 表示 最(最高级), 否则表示 “非常”

## key structure

• 复习被动语态

## text

• call at sp.(地点) 拜访某地
• call on sb. 拜访某人
• 名词 + ing 表示主动
  • asmiling policeman
• pick up 捡起/偶然得到
• → It is now being sent to his home by train.
  • 现在进行时的被动
• be+ adj. 表示处于 状态
• 动词的过去分词有形容词性, 说以 be+done 也可以表示处于某种状态
• 短语动词 call
  • call v. 喊
  • call at sp. 拜访某地
    • → He was asked to call at the station
  • call out 喊
    • → He call out the me but I didn’t hear him
  • call on sb. 拜访某人
    • → I called on George yesterday.
  • call sb. up 等于 call sb. 打电话给某人
    • → She will call you up tomorrow.
  • call off 取消
    • → It began to rain so we called off the match.

L35 Stop thief!

## word

• while n. 一段时间, conj. 当… 时候
  • a short while age 连词
  • for a while 持续了一段时间
    • → Some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
• regret v. 后悔
  • regret regretted regretted
  • regret sth.
• far adv. 非常
• act v. 行动
  • action n.
• straight adv. 径直 adj. 直的
  • adv.
    • drive/ run straight at…
  • adj.
    • straight hair/hine
  • → I’m straight (我是异性恋)
• fright n. 害怕
  • get a fright 当动词用
  • frighten v. 受惊吓
• shortly adv. 很快
• afterwards adv. 以后
  • shortly afterwards 不久以后

## text

• 比较级只能表示多, 不能表示多了多少, 可以加词来表示程度 (修饰比较级)
  • a little more exciting
  • far more exciting
  • much more exciting
  • a lot more exciting
• 当过去正在发生事情的时候, 突然被大段, 用过去进行时 + 一般过去时 搭配 when
  • → When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.
• so…that / such … that 如此… 以至于太… , 所以
  • that + 结果状语从句
  • so + adj./adv+ that …
  • such + n. + that …
    • → It is such an interesting story that I want to share it with you.
    • → The story is so interesting that I want to share it with you.
    • → I am so tired that I want to sleep for an entire day.
• 不规则动词变化
  • regret regretted regretted regretting
  • drop dropped dropped dropping

L36 Across the Channel

## word

• record n. 记录 v. 记录, 录
  • set up a new world record
  • hold/keep a record
  • break a record
  • record-holder
• strong adj. 强壮的
  • weak adj. 虚弱的
• succeed v. 成功
  • succeed in sth./doing sth.
  • success n. 成功 (读音不同)
• train v. 训练 n. 火车
• anxiously adv. 焦急地
  • anxious adj. 焦急的
• intend v. 打算
  • intend to do sth.
  • → Debbie intends to take short resets every two hours
  • plan to do
  • mean to do
• solid adj. 固体的, 硬的, n. 固体
  • liquid adj. 液态的, n. 液体
  • gas n. 气体, 汽油, 天然气

## key structure

• 复习表示将来的几种方式
• 非限定性定语从句

## text

• set out 出发
  • 表示将来也可以通过词组的意思来体现
• between 两者之间
  • among 多个人中
    • → Among them will be Debbie’s mother (倒装)
      • → Debbie’s mother will be among them
    • 为什么倒装
      • 为了配合上下文 , 承上启下
      • → Most of Debbie’s school friends will be waiting for her on English wast
      • → Among them will be Debbie’s mother, who …
• 表示将来的方式
  • 一般将来时 :
    • will/shall do
    • am/is/are going to do
  • 将来进行时
    • will/shall be doing (将来某时正在进行, 或者 确定发生的将来)
  • 一般现在时
    • intend to do
• 非限定性定语从句
  • 限定性定语从句
    • → I met your friend who was staying in Paris
      • 由于名词范围不确定, 加上定语从句来限定
      • 名词范围不确定 → 要限定 → 无逗号隔开, 这种定语从句不可以省略
  • 非限定性定语从句
    • → I met your mother, who was staying in Pairs
    • 限定性 和 和限定的区别点在于 名词范围是否需要额外的描述去确定,
    • 每次范围是否确定也分位两种情况
      1. 绝对确定, 独一无二的, 专有名词
      2. 相对确定, 上下文中已指定的对象
    • 非限定性定语从句, 关系词不能省略, 不能用 that, 指人做宾语只能用 whom, 主语用 who

L37 The Olympic Games

## word

• hold v. 召开
  • hold held held
  • → The Olympic Games will be held in our country
  • hold a meeting / conference / party
    • have a meeting
• immense adj. 巨大的
  • fantastic adj. 巨大的
    • fantasy n. 幻想
  • 表示’大的’的单词
    • big, large , huge (实体/抽象都可)
    • vast , gigantic , titanic (实体的人)
    • enormous , tremendous , colossal (抽象的大, 数字…等)
• stadium n. 露天体育馆
  • gym n. 有顶的体育馆
• double standard 双重标准

## key structure

• 将来完成时
  • will be done 将来完成时下的被动 (L10)
  • will be doing 将来完成时 (L13)

## text

• (in+时间) 和 将来时态连用, 表示在多长时间后

• as + 句子的意思

  1. 表示 因为, 引出 原因状语从句
  2. 表示当… 时候, 引出时间状语从句

• 将来进行式: (shall / will)

  1. 将来某时正在进行
  2. 将来确定要发生的事

• by+ 时间: 截止到 … 时间, 通常与完成时连用

  • by + 过去: e.g. by last yesr 用过去完成时
  • by + 现在: e.g. by now 用现在完成时
  • by + 将来: 用 将来完成时

• 将来完成时

  • 形式
    • will/shall + have done
  • 用法
    • 将来的之前
      • → By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium.

• → Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up.

  • as 后跟的是时间状语从句, 用一般现在时表示将来

• look forward to 期盼, (接名词 或者 doing)

• 完成时态

  • 过去完成时 had done
  • 现在完成时 have/has done
  • 将来完成时 will have done

• 完成时都表示 “之前” , 做完没做完都不重要 (阶段性总结), 没做完也是一种结果

  • 过去完成时 表示 过去的之前
  • 现在完成时 表示 现在的之前
  • 将来完成时 表示 将来的之前

• 短语动词 look

  • → We are looking forward to celebrating the Spring Festival.
  • → Look out! A bus is coming (小心)
  • → I don’t understand this word , I shall look it up in a dictionary. (查阅)
  • → Don’t forget to look me up when you return

L38 Everything expect the weather

## word

• complain v. 抱怨
  • complain about/of + sth.
  • complain to + sb.
  • → They complained about the customer service th the manager.
• continually adv. 不断地 (频繁地, 反复地)
  • → It rained continually
  • continuously adv. 连续不断地
    • → The river flows continuously under the bridge.
• bitterly adv. 极其的
  • bitter adj. 味苦的, 强烈的
    • bitterly cold 刺骨的冷

## key structure

• 过去完成时 vs. 一般过去时
• no sooner … than
• hardly … when…

## text

• ⭐ no sooner … than .. 一… 就… (只能搭配 过去完成时 和 一般过去式, 时态固定)
  • → He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
  • no sooner 放在完成时中间, than 放在过去时前面
  • 例子
    • → I had left the house. It began to rain.
      • → I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
    • → We had no sooner hung the picture on the wall than it fell down.
    • → Yesterday, I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door bell rang.
• ⭐ as soon as 一… 就 , 没多久 (时态灵活)
  • → As soon as he had returned, he bought a house and went to live there.
• even though 尽管…. 但是
  • 英文中, 连词不能像 中文里成对出现, 因为/所以 只能出现一个, 尽管/但是 也只能出现一个
  • →… even though it was still summer, it rained continuously
    • = → I was still summer, but it rained continuously.
• even though / though / although /even if 引导让步状语从句, 明让步-暗转折
• go a shock 受到惊吓
• as if 似乎, 好像
• hardly … when 当…时, 几乎没有 (用法与 no sooner … than 一样)
  • → He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.
• → The dream he had had for so many years ended there
  • end v. 结束

## 分析主谓

• 分界长难句, 第一件事, 找连接词断开, 但如果连接词被省略, 只能分析主谓
  1. 找谓语动词, 然后主语必然在谓语前
     • → The dream 主 (he主 had had 谓 for so many years) ended 谓 there.
     • → She 主 knew 谓 she 主 was 谓 near the shore.
  2. 大体上只有两种结构
     1. 主主谓谓, 中间的是从句
     2. 主谓主谓, 后面的是从句

L39 Am I all right?

## word

• operation n. 操作, 手术
  • have an operation 做手术
  • business operation 操作, 运转, 经营
  • rescue operation 救援行动
  • military operation 军事行动
• success n.
  • successful adj.
  • successfully adv.
  • succeed v.
• following adj. 下一个
  • coming adj. 下一个
• patient n. 病人, adj. 有耐心的
• alone adj./adv. 独自的
  • → When he was alone , he telephoned the hospital exchange .
  • be+ alone 处于独自的状态
  • leave me alone
• lonely adj. 偏僻的, 人迹罕至的, 孤单寂寞的
  • lonely 强调内心感受
  • alone 强调一个人
  • → The old lady lived alone, so she felt lonely
• → exchange n. (电话的) 交换台, 交换 v. 交换
  • the hospital exchange
  • exchange students
• inquire v. 询问, 打听
  • =ask
• relative n. 亲戚
  • relation n.亲属

## key structure

• 直接引语 变 间接引语 (宾语从句)
• 需要转换人称角度

## text

• → He says, “I am a fool”
  • → He says (that) he is a fool
• 直接引语变 间接引语 (陈述句 , 一般疑问句, 特殊疑问句)
  1. 引号打开, 变 宾语从句
     • 看句子总的句子类型 (L26)
       • 陈述句 加 宾语从句, 前加 that
       • 特殊疑问句 变 宾语从句, 调整语序, 主语提前
       • 一般疑问句 变 宾语从句, 调整语序, 主语提前, 前加是否 (if/whether)
  2. 设身处地, 转换角度
     • 人称 / 时态 / 代词 或 状语 等 (需要向过去推一个时态)
  3. 例子
     • → ‘I am inquiring about a certain patient’ …
       • → Mr. Gilbert said (that) he was inquiring about a certain patient
     • → ‘Was my operation successful?’
       • → He asked his doctor to tell him whether his operation had successful.
     • → ‘When will Mr. Gilbert be allowed to go home?’
       • → He then asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home
       • → The following day 一天后
     • → ‘Are they tired?’ she asked
       • → She asked whether they were tired?
     • → ‘Will Jack arrive tomorrow?’ Tom asked.
       • → Tom asked whether Jack would arrive the following day.
     • → ‘Have you ever been abroad?’ Tom asked
       • → Tom asked whether you had ever been abroad. (主语可能会变, 视情况而定, 例如上文的 you )
     • → ‘Why didn’t he write to me?’ she asked
       • → She asked why he hadn’t writen to her?

L40 Food and talk

## word

• hostess n. 女主人
  • host n. 男主人
  • -ess 女性后缀
    • waitress 女服务生 waiter 男
    • goddess 女神 god 男
• tight adj. 紧的
  • a tight dress
  • tight shoes
  • tight schedule
• fix v. 固定, 修理
• globe n. 地球
  • global adj. 地球的, 全球的, 球状体的
  • global economy 全球的经济
• despair n. 绝望
  • in despair
  • desperate adj. 绝望的
  • desperate house wife 绝望主妇
• be busy doing sth. 忙于做某时
  • be busy with sth
• 将来进行时在口语表示更委婉的语气

## text

• 虚拟语气
  • If 条件, 状语从句
    1. if 真实条件句
    2. if 虚拟条件句 (虚拟语气)
       1. 假设与事实不符合
       2. 有些事假设了之后, 实现的可能性很小 或 没有
  • ⭐ 虚拟语气是 谓语动词的特殊形式, 利用谓语动词的异常, 让人感觉到这不是真的.
    • 通过改变时态
      • If 虚拟条件句
        • 假设现在
          • if 从句, 哪一句跟着 if 就是从句, 从句不一定在后, 主句不一定在前, 从句向过去推一个时态, 在一般过去时, be 动词用 were
          • 主句
            • could + do (能力)
            • would + do (将要)
            • should + do (应该)
            • might + do (可能可以)
        • 例句
          • → If I were you, I wouldn’t be so confident
          • → What would you do if you won a lot of money?
          • → He would enjoy this if he were present(adj. 出席的).
          • → I am not you, so I can’t make the decision.
            • → If I were you, I could make the decision.
          • → You make the arrangements, so it will save us a lot of trouble.
            • → If you didn’t make the arrangements it wouldn’t save a lot of trouble.
          • → If I could rearrange the alphabet, I would put you I together.
• 短语动词 make
  • → I tried to make conversation.
  • → When she had made the beds she went downstairs.
  • → You mustn’t make so much noise.
  • → I made a promise never to see him again.
  • → He’s the sort of person who always makes trouble.
  • → He is learning English but he hasn’t made much progress
  • → He made a lot of money is South America.
  • → I was asked to make a speech.
  • → I’ll nevermake the same mistake again.
  • → I found it difficult to make up my mind.
• 短语动词 do
  • → He always does his best.
  • → When didi you do your homework?
  • → Do me a favour, please. 帮我个忙
  • → I want you to do exercise 24 on page 16.
  • → I did a lot of shopping yesterday.

L41 Do you call that a hat?

## word

• rude adj. 无理的
  • rudely adv. 无礼地
  • → A rude man was shouting rudely.
• mirror n. 镜子
  • look at oneself in the mirror 照镜子
• remind v. 提醒
  • remind sb. of sth.
  • Remind sb. to do sth.
  • reminder n. 提醒, 提示的

## key structure

• need
  • 实义动词
  • 情态动词

## text

• need 实义动词
  • need sth./sb.
    • 否定形式 : don’t(doesn’t/didn’t/won’t) need
  • need to do / need sb. to do
  • need doing
  • need 实义动词时, 接名词 或 相当于名词的词 , 比如 动名词 或 不定式
  • → He needs some time.
  • → He needs to have a rest.
  • → Her bag needs mending
• need 情态动词
  • need do (常用于 否定/疑问)
    • → Need I go to the meeting?
    • → No , you needn’t (go to the meeting)
  • 否定式
    • need do / needn’t do
      • 真实表达
    • need have done (虚拟)
      • 本来需要做某事, 但事实上没做. (虚拟表达)
  • 实义动词用法搭配
    • need sth./sb.
    • need to do / need sb. to do.
    • need doing
    • 否定形式: don’t need (doesn’t/didn’t/won’t)
  • 情态动词 用法搭配
    • need do /needn’t do
    • need have done / needn’t have done
    • 否定: needn’t
    • needn’t do = don’t have to do
• in front of … 在…面前
• in the front of … 前半部
  • → My wife was still in front of the mirror
  • → I sat in the front of the bus.
• → We mustn’t buy(整体) things we don’t need(整体).
  • 谓语动词 时态/语态/情态 算 一个整体
• at once 立刻
• regret 遗憾, 后悔
  • regret sth. 遗憾, 某件事
  • regret doing sth. 后悔做过了某事
  • regret to do 遗憾要求去做某事, 还没做
• too many 表否定
  • → A man can never(否定) have too many ties(否定).
    • 否定 + 否定 = 肯定
• mustn’t 禁止 / needn’t 没必要
  • → Must I finish my homework today?
    • Yes , you must
    • No , you needn;t
• 不规则动词的变化
  • wear wore worn

L42 Not very musical

## word

• musical adj. 精通音乐的
  • natural adj. 自然的
  • musial instrument n. 乐器
• charm n. 美丽
  • charmer n. 有魅力的人
    • snake charmer 用音乐控制蛇的人
  • charming adj. 有魅力的人
• tune n. 曲调, 曲子
  • play a tune.
• glimpse n. 一瞥
  • quick a look
  • have a glimpse of …
    • → We had our first glimpse of the snake.
• continue to do = continue doing
• obviously adv. 显然地
  • obvious adj. 显然的
• tell the difference between A and B
  • difference n. 差别
  • different adj. 不同的

## key structure

• 复习 have 的用法 (实义动词/助动词)
• have a + n. = 对应的 v.

## text

• have 的用法
  • 实义动词
    • 表示 “有” “吃喝玩乐做”
  • 助动词词 (无实义, 用于完成时态中)
  • 新增 have 实义动词 “做”
    • have a walk(n.) = walk (v.)
    • 只要一个词 既能当 动词 v., 又能当 名词 n., 就可以使用上述 用法
      • have a + n. = 对应的 v.
        • have a rest = rest
        • have a look = look
        • have a swim = swim
        • have a sleep = sleep
      • 此处可以对 n. 作更多的修饰
    • → As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of old Delhi.
      • Long 和 后面的 表语都修饰名词 walk
        • have a look = look
        • have a look at = look at
    • → I wanted to smoke
      • → I wanted to have a smoke
    • → I swam in the sea this morning.
      • → I had a swin in the sea this morning
    • → She is resting.
      • → She is having a rest.
    • → Did you sleep(v.) well last night?
      • → Did you have a good(adj.) sleep(n.) last night?
• as soon as 一…就…
• pick up
  • … he picked up a long pipe…
  • I’ll pick you up in the car this evening.
  • I picked up a lot of English while I was I England.
• rise rose risen 上升
  • rise 不及物 vi.
    • → The sun rises every day
    • raise vt. 及物
      • You raise me up.
• but 是连词, however 是副词, 修饰动词等, 但不是连词
  • 可以放在句首/句尾/句子中间, 插入到 主谓之间
  • → The snake, however, continued to dance slowly.
  • → However, the snake continued to dance slowly.
  • → The snake continued to ‘dance’ slowly, however.

L43 Over the south pole

## word

• pole n. (地球的) 极
  • the South Pole 南极
  • the North Pole 北极
• flight n. 飞行
  • have a good flight
  • Flight CA112 is boarding, Please get ready.
• explorer n. 探险家 (探测器)
  • Internet Explorer (IE)
  • explore v. 探测, 探险, 探索
  • exploration n. 考察, 探险 (科研)
• lie v.
  • 趟/处于, 位于 lie , lay , lain ,lying
    • 表示过去的 “躺/处于,位于”
      • → The beggar lay there yesterday.
  • 说谎 lie, lied , lied , lying.
  • 不表示过去, 作动词原型, 表示 放置/摆放, 产卵/下蛋
    • lay, laid , laid
• serious adj. 严重的(严肃的)
  • → The proble of are pollution is serious
  • → I am serious, I’m not joking.
• point 各种点 (地点, 时间点, 小数点, 圆点, 泥点)
  • n. 地点
    • at one point
  • v. 点出, 指出
    • → They pointed out the problem
  • point at/to 指着某个方向
• same adj. 相同
  • seem v. 相似
• endless adj. 无尽的
  • endless white plains
  • -less adj.->adj. 否定后缀
    • careless 不小心的
    • worthless 不值钱的
      • worth 之前的

## key structure

• can/be able to
• 主语从句

## text

• though 尽管
  • think thought thought
  • through 穿过
  • throughout prep. / adv. 自始至终
  • thorough adj. 仔细的, 彻底的
  • tough adj. 结实的
• teach taught taught
• can/be able to
  • 相同点: 都 表示能力, “能够”
    • (be able to 时态比 can/could 更灵活)
  • 不同点:
    • was/were able to 表示过去有能力做, 而且做到了
      • be able to 只能表示能力
    • could 只能表示过去有能力做, 具体做没做没说
      • can 还可以表示猜测/允许
      • → It could only get over the mountains. if it rose to 10000 feet. (could之表示可能, 不表示真的这么做了)
• at once 立刻
• → The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. (by 在这表示 差距, 上升了, 下降了, 增加了, 这一类都用 by 表差额)
  • by 10 percent
• at one point 在某个地点
• in sight 视野中
• seem certain 好像是确定的
  • → It(形式主语) seemed certain that their plane would crash.(主语从句) (It 形式主语 )
• 主语从句
  • 含义, 主语作从句
  • 位置
    1. 放在句首
    2. 放在句尾 (推荐, 避免头重脚轻)
  • 写法: 同宾语从句
    • 主语从句
      1. that 不能省
      2. 条件从句用 whether 不用 if
    • 例句:
      1. → It seemed certain that their plane would crash.
         • → That their plane would crash seemed certain.
      2. 你不能跟我们一起去 真是个遗憾
         • → That you can’t go with us is a pity.
           • → It is a pity that you can’t go with us.
      3. 他们是否将会准时到达, 这不确定
         • → Whether they will arrive have on time is uncertain.
           • → It is uncertain whether they will arrive here on time.
• at 介词短语
  • at first 起初
  • at once 马上
  • at present 在现在
  • at last 最后
  • at any rate 在任何程度上来说, 不管怎么样
  • at time = sometime 优势
  • at heart 在内心深处
  • at a loss 非常困惑

L44 Through the forest

## word

• risk n. 危险, 冒险 v. 冒险, 使面临风险
  • take the risk 冒险 (v.)
  • → They took the risk of losing their lives to put out the fire.
• picnic n. 野餐
  • have a picnic v. 野餐
  • go for a picnic 去野餐
• edge n. 边缘
  • at the edge of …
  • at the edge of a forest / a cliff(峭壁)
• possess v. 拥有
  • possession n. 拥有
    • in one’s possession
    • → The bag is in their possession
• breath n. 呼吸
  • be out of breath 上气不接下气
    • → She was soon out of breath
  • hold one’s breath 憋气
  • take a deep breath 深呼吸
  • breathe v. 呼吸
• contents n. 内有的物品 (常用复数)
  • the contents of the bag
• mend v. 修理
  • repair
  • fix

## key structure

• doing 动名词

## text

• start doing sth. = start to do sth.
• begin doing sth. = begin to do sth.
• → and with the bag in their possession in one’s possession 插入语
  • with + n. + 介词短语, 伴随什么在哪里
• so … that … 太… 所以 ..
  • so + adj./adv. + that
  • such + n./n.词组 + that….
• → She were going through the contents of the bag.
  • 这里 through 不表示 穿过, 表示 清点/浏览 bag 里的东西
• need doing sth. 需要被修, 主动表被动
  • → The windows need cleaning.
• doing 动名词
  • 含义: 动词 当名词用
  • 用法:
    1. 作主语
       • → Fishing is my favorite sport.
    2. 介词后作宾语
       • → I often fish for hours without catching anything.
• 特殊的介词 to
  1. to 表示 向…. , go to school , 后加名词 或 动名词
  2. to 动词不定式, 表 目的
     • → I am looking forward to seeing him tomorrow.
     • → I am accustomed to getting up early.
     • → I am used to getting up early
  3. 有些动词后, 做宾语
     • → The men started to run through the trees.
       • = → The men started running through the trees.
     • start/begin/continue 接 doing 与 to do 意思一样
     • 反例:
       • → I hate to disturb you, but can I come in?
       • → I hate disturbing people when they are busy.
     • 有的动词 加 to do 表示 一次, 偶尔做
     • 有的动词 加 doing 表 always, 经常做
• love/like/hate/dislike 接 doing 与 to do
• need + doing 表被动, 其他动词 + doing 表主动
• iron v. 熨衣服 n. 铁

L45 A clear conscience

## text

• clear adj. 清白的
• conscience n. 良心, 道德心
  • have a clear conscience
  • have no conscience
• wallet n. 皮夹, 钱包
  • purse n. 女士手包
• learnt 得知
• pay back
  • → I’ll pay you back for what you did to me.

L46 Expensive and uncomfortable

## word

• unload v. 卸货
  • unload boxes
  • unload passengers
    • load v. 装(货) , 放入
    • download / upload
• wooden adj. 木制的
• extremely adv. 非常, 极其
  • 比 very 的程度更高
  • too 比 extremely 的程度更高, 过于
• occur v. 发生
  1. sth. occur to sb. 某人 (突然) 想起某事
     • → A good idea occurred to me
       • = → I suddenly got a good idea
  2. To do sth. = occur to sb. 某人 (突然) 想起来去做某事
     • to do 可以相当于名词做主语
     • 例句
       1. 我突然想起来给我妈打电话
          • → It occurs to me to call my mon.
       2. → It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open the box
• astonish v. 使惊讶
  • be astonished at / be surprised at 被某事弄得惊讶
  • → I am astonished at news
• pile n. 堆
  • a pile of 一堆
• woollen adj. 羊毛的
  • wool n. 羊毛
• discover v. 发现 (c 读得时候浊化)
• admit v. 承认
  • admit sth. 承认某事
    • → I’m wrong , and I admit it.
  • ⭐ admit doing sth. 承认做了某事
    • → The man admitted hiding in the box
• confine v. 关在 (一个狭小的空间里)
  • be confined to … 被关在
• normal adj. 正常的,通常的
  • abnormal adj. 反常的, 异常的
    • ab+… 否定前缀

## key structure

• 同位语从句 (名词性从句)
• 介词后的宾语从句
• being done

## text

• arrive

  • arrive in 到达里面, 强调里面
  • arrive at 到达地点, 仅仅强调地点

• 开始做某事 begin to do / begin doing

• a number of 许多, 大量

• account for 解释 = explain

• 同位语从句

  • 含义: 解释说明前面的名词, 一个句子作同位语
  • 位置: 所解释的抽象名词后
  • 抽象名词: fact,news, theory, idea, suggestion, report
  • 写法: 同宾语从句
    • 名词性从句 : 宾语从句, 表语从句, 主语从句, 同位语从句
  • 常见: that+ 陈述句
    • → No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was wxtremely heavy .
    • 例句
      1. 我毫不怀疑他将会帮我的忙
         • → I have no doubt that he will help me.
      2. 我们支持这种观点, 校车问题必须被严肃对待
         • → We support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously.
      3. 我们讨论了是否这个会议应该举行这个问题
         • → We discuss the question whether the meeting should be held.
      4. 一个新的地铁站将会建在这里
         • The plan that a new subway station will be built here is welcome.

• → It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box

  • It occurs/occurred to sb. to do sth.

• 介词后的宾语从句 (介宾)

  • → He was astonished at what he found
  • 其他的是动宾

• being done

  • → He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away
  • doing 通常主动 / being dong 被动
    • → He was so surpried at discovering. (主动发现)
    • → He was so surpried at being discovered. (被发现)
    • → He was delighted at being promoted to senior manager.

• for

  • for + 句子表示因为
  • for + 时间表示持续了多久
  • for + 名词表示目的

• 后面可以接 to /at /for / with 的动词

  • with 伴随着有
    • communicate with 与.. 联系
    • compare with 与… 比较
    • compete with 与… 竞争
    • correspond with 与… 一致
    • contrast with 与… 对比
    • quarrel with 与 … 争吵
    • mix with 与 … 混合
    • confuse with 与… 混淆
    • agree / comply with 同意/服从
    • begin/finish with 开始 / 结束
    • cope with 处理

• for , 后面可以接 for 的动词

  • 意思

    1. 目的

       • wait for 等候
       • thank for 感谢
       • prepare for 准备
       • pay for 付钱
       • search for 搜寻
       • look for 寻找
       • hope for 希望
       • ask for 请求

    2. 针对某一对象, 对于 sb. 来说

    3. 原因, 因为

       • account for 解释
       • apologize for 道歉
       • blame for 责怪

• 后面可接 at 的东西 (表示某个点)

  • look / stare(盯着看) / glance(L42 扫了一眼) at 看
  • amused at 兴趣点
  • 吃惊
    • astonished at 感到吃惊(偏惊奇)
    • shocked at 感到吃惊(不高兴)
    • surprised at 感到吃惊(高效/生气 都有可能)
  • Point at 指着
  • knock at 敲
  • arrive at 到达
  • work at 工作

• 后面可以接 to 的动词

  • go to 走向
  • turn to 转向
  • Submit to 服从
  • surrender to 投降
  • yield to 屈服
  • Reply to 回答
  • respond to 响应
  • react to 反应
  • apply to 适用于
  • attach to 附属于
  • belong to 属于
  • confine to 限制
  • listen to 听
  • object to 反对
  • prefer to 更喜欢

• BTW: 介词 + 名词 / 代词 / doing

L47 A thirsty ghost

## word

• thirsty adj. 口渴的
  • hungry adj. 饿的
  • a thirsty ghost
  • → I am thirsty / I feel thirsty
  • → The man was thirsty for power/knowledge.
• haunt v. 闹鬼 v.(不愉快的事情) 萦绕心头
  • → People say ghosts haunt the old house
  • → The house is haunted (by the ghosts)
  • → If something unpleasant haunts you, try to ignore it and move on
  • → She was haunted by bad feeling might and day
• block v. 堵
  • → The doors had been blocked by chairs
  • → The clouds blocked his view of the mountains
  • n. 拥堵/ 大楼 / 街区
  • traffic block / jam
  • a block of flats 一座大楼
  • → She walked three blocks down the main street .
• a piece of furniture 一件家具
• shake v. 摇动
  • shake shook shaken
  • shake one’s hand 摇头
  • shake hand with sb. 和某人握手

## text

• receive 被动接收
• accept 主动接受
• A plublic house 小酒馆
• be up for sale 可供出售
• 句子的分类 按照结构划分
  • 简单句
    • 主语 + 谓语
      • 谓语动词变化多样 , 包括 时态/语态(主/被动)/情态(情绪/态度/可能性)/否定/虚拟
      • 主语通常是名词, 用 adj. 修饰
      • 通常 adv. 修饰谓语
  • 并列句
    • (n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)
    • 句子一样重要
  • 复合句
    • (n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)
    • 复合句 = 主语 + 从句:
      • 名词性从句 (主L43/宾L7L15L26/表L29/同位L46)
      • 定语从句 L28
      • 状语从句 L36

L48 Did you want to tell me something?

## word

• pull
  • pull out one of my teeth
• cotton 棉的
  • wool 羊毛
  • cotton wool 药棉
• collect v. 收集
  • collect evidence 证据 / information
  • collect match boxes / stamps
  • collection n.
• match 火柴
• meanwhile adv. 同时
• dentist 牙医
• impossible 不可能
• rest 同时有 v. 和 n.
• to rest (v.)= to have a rest (n.)
• → He then asked me how my brother was 从句1 and(连接词) whether I liked my new job in London从句2
• In answer to 作为对 … 的回答
• either .. or … 并列连词 (二选一)
• take 拿走, fetch 取回
• past adv./介词
  • passed v.
• continuously 持续不断的
  • continually 频繁的
• steal 偷, rob 抢